Unit 3 Seminar. Welcome to Unit 3 Seminar !!! Project 2 due by the end of Unit 4.
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Welcome to Unit 3 Seminar !!!Welcome to Unit 3 Seminar !!! Project 2 due by the end of Unit 4Project 2 due by the end of Unit 4
Compare and contrast the current dominant approaches to crime prevention.
Examine approaches used by the three components of the criminal justice system, i.e., law enforcement, courts, and corrections, for the prevention of crime.
Minimum of 5 sources outside the textbook, which may include academic papers, journal articles, or books available from the Kaplan online library.
You may include only one web site as a source.
Minimum of 3 pages of written text (not including the cover page and reference page), you will provide the following:
Identify the dominant approaches to crime prevention currently used by law enforcement, courts, and corrections
Compare the dominant approaches used for crime prevention
Contrast the dominant approaches used for crime prevention
Analyze which approaches are most effective
Writing should be well ordered, logical and unified, as well as original and insightful
Your work should display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics
Appropriate citation style should be followed
Title page: name, class name, date
Introductory and concluding paragraph Viewpoint and purpose clearly stated
Standard American English
Microsoft Word
Length should be 3 – 5 pages
Double-space, 12 point font size
Cite all sources on a separate reference page at the end of your paper, and cited within the body of your paper using APA format
Community justice is a new set of ideas about how justice should be carried out
Community justice favors◦ “Custom fit” crime control◦ Informal controls (families, neighbors, etc.)◦ Innovation◦ Cooperation between the justice system and citizens
Who cares?◦ Community policing is part of the community justice
movement
Assumed jurisdictions differ critically from one community to another.
What works in one place won’t necessarily work in another
Custom-fit crime control is better than an unimaginative, traditional approach.
Formal systems of social control are not the main mechanisms of public safety.
Informal social form the most important foundation for public safety.
What does this mean? What are the formal and informal systems?
Formal Informal Controls
Criminal Justice System◦ Law Enforcement◦ Courts◦ Corrections
Families Neighbors Social organizations Friendship Relations
Community justice emphasizes criminal justice agencies cannot accomplish crime control alone.
Community participation is essential. It is basically an innovative and cooperative
effort to deal with America’s crime problem. One of its hallmarks is collaboration
between the justice system and the community.
Specific component of community policing
Geared to identifying & solving problems
Resembles directed patrol and community policing
Brainchild of Herman Goldstein
Problem Oriented Policing Community Policing
Problem-oriented policing focuses on innovation, independently of contact with citizens
Community policing often relies on citizen involvement and contact as ends unto themselves
Three historical policing eras◦ Political era◦ Reform era◦ Community era
Community authorization Broad mandate (including service) Decentralized organization Strong relationships with citizens Quality of life preservation Foot patrol and similar tactics
◦ Citizen disenchantment◦ Research showing that preventive patrol and the like did
not work◦ Police frustrated with traditional crime-fighting role◦ Isolation of police from citizens during the reform era◦ Narrow crime fighting image◦ Over-reliance on bureaucratic structure◦ Over-reliance on high-tech gadgetry◦ Insulation of police administration from community input◦ Concern for human rights
◦ Failure of police, traditionally, to “reach out”◦ Desire to appear “with it”◦ Change goals of police work from crime control to
service◦ To shape public opinion◦ To deflect attention◦ Saves money◦ Community characteristics◦ Political culture◦ Improved public image◦ Increased control over the community
What is community policing?◦A new philosophy◦A new set of strategies◦A combination of both
What are the four principal dimensions of community policing?
◦Philosophical - Ideas and beliefs citizen input, broaden police function,
and personal service◦Strategic Re-oriented operations (from cruise
to foot patrol) Geographical permanency (officers
assigned to one area for extended time),
Emphasis on crime prevention (officers as mentors/role models
◦Tactical Constructive interactions between the
police and citizens, improved partnerships between law enforcement and the public, and problem solving
◦Organizational Change back to decentralized form of
management strategic planning, and program evaluation.
Two studies show◦ Symbolic changes
Revised mission statements Revised performance criteria
◦ Clinging to crime control role◦ Little to no structural change
◦Perceptions that community policing officers are not “real cops”
◦Doubtful whole departments will buy in
◦Community policing assignment doesn’t appear to affect officers’ use of coercion
Important aspects of police culture mitigate against change:
Resist intrusion of civilians (who “can’t really understand”) into their business.
Fear community troublemakers will take over programs
Fear public will use police for their private purposes or for personal revenge.
Researching the effectiveness of community policing is complicated because◦ Many definitions of community policing◦ Many possible outcomes community policing is
expected to address
Citizen contact patrol consists of police officers engaging in door-to-door contacts with citizens
Has been used to◦ Get information about who is carrying guns◦ Provide citizens with burglary reduction tips◦ Give citizens advice about how to deal with
domestic violence What does the research show?
◦ Probably works best where it is needed the least
◦ Much conflicting evidence
Do police efforts to improve their legitimacy in the minds of citizens reduce crime?◦ No clear answer
We do know◦ There is a correlation between citizens’ trust of
police and willingness to obey the law◦ Citizens perceive less crime in areas where
trust in police is high
Neighborhood watch is often undertaken at the urging of local police departments
Does it work?◦ Almost all published research is unsupportive
of the approach Why doesn’t it work?
◦ Tough to organize residents in high-crime areas
◦ May increase fear of crime
Community meetings differ from neighborhood watch insofar as police attend
They are also not surveillance-oriented Do they work?
◦ Little research is available, but that which is available is mostly unsupportive
Neighborhood Watch Community Meeting
Surveillance Oriented Organized in
neighborhoods.
Police officers and community members in the same facility
Ideas on crime prevention/ control
Public places, such as a police station, a community center, or city hall.
Police departments sometimes provide crime control newsletters to community members
Newsletters may contain◦ Information on recent developments◦ Crime statistics◦ Tips for avoiding victimization
Do they work?◦ Most research shows newsletters don’t affect
crime Public relations benefits may outweigh
lack of newsletters’ ability to reduce crime
Do they work?◦ Most research suggests storefronts and
substations do not affect crime Additional problems
◦ In areas where they are needed the least◦ Often staffed by civilian volunteers
Specialized patrols include◦ Foot patrol◦ Bicycle patrol◦ Horse patrol
Issues◦ Specialized patrols are not well-suited to
large areas Foot patrol is the most researched
◦ The evidence is mixed May reduce public order offenses May have no effect on serious crime
Many police departments maintain their own television stations and web sites
The research?◦ Again, there is almost none◦ We can’t conclude these approaches reduce
crime
Some “school resource officers” are stationed in schools
Reasons for police in schools◦ Students know officers better◦ Students develop an understanding of the effects of
violence◦ Students learn consequences of improper behavior◦ Crime control
Does this approach work?◦ Anecdotal evidence suggests it does◦ May reduce truancy and bullying
So far we have looked at community policing strategies in isolation
Question◦ What happens when several are implemented
in the same place at the same time?
Citizen patrols usually consist of volunteers who engage in preventive patrol
Does citizen patrol work?◦ No formal studies have been completed◦ One study of the Guardian Angels in NY
showed that people felt the patrols should have been conducted by police (effects on crime not examined)
◦ Think preventive patrol research
Watered-down version of the police academy for civilians
Do citizen patrol academies work?◦ Unclear◦ Possible criticisms include
No effect on crime Reinforce traditional crime-fighting image of police Overrepresentation of community elites Just another methods of improving the police image
and shifting the focus away from crime
What is third-party policing?◦ Police efforts to persuade or coerce non-
offending persons to take actions which are outside the scope of their routine activities
◦ Use of civil rather than criminal law Dark side?
◦ Coercion?◦ Passing the buck?
Countless forms of community policing exist. Police officers trained, books written, criminal justice classes devoted to it.
Appears that we are witnessing a major paradigmatic shift in the way law enforcement is accomplished in the United States.
But is this a movement in the right direction? Research concerning community involvement
in policing is at least a little disheartening.
The message of this chapter is that most community- policing approaches to the crime problem—by themselves—do not appear to alter crime rates markedly.
Whether police departments move their presence into the community or bring citizens closer to police departments, giving them an eye into the law enforcement world, most research is either unsupportive or uncertain with respect to the effectiveness of each approach.
Does not mean we should throw our arms up in despair.
Some studies do show that an integrated approach to community policing, one that draws on several strategies simultaneously, can have promising effects.
Likewise, third-party policing shows promise, but more research is necessary before we can safely label it “effective.”
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