Understory Flora Composition Assessment of Jabonga, Agusan del Norte
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UNDERSTORY FLORA COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT OF JABONGA, AGUSAN DEL NORTE
JONI REY H. CAMPILAN
An Undergraduate Thesis Submitted to the Science Department
College of Natural Science and Mathematics Mindanao State University
Fatima, General Santos City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGY
MARCH 2013
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This undergraduate thesis entitled ―UNDERSTORY FLORA COMPOSITION
ASSESSMENT OF JABONGA, AGUSAN DEL NORTE‖, prepared and submitted
by JONI REY H. CAMPILAN, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology, has been examined and approved.
THESIS COMMITTEE
______________________________
JAIME NAMOCATCAT, Ph.D. Adviser
__________________________ _______________________ PROF. CARMEN R. NISPEROS FLORENCE L. ZAPICO, MS Member Member ________________________________________________________________
This undergraduate thesis is hereby officially accepted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Biology.
__________________________ ____________________________ PROF. CARMEN R. NISPEROS MA. LOURDES dM. GALIA, Ph.D Chairperson Dean
______________________ ______________________ Date Date
iii
PERSONAL DATA
The researcher was born in Tboli Evangelical Clinic and Hospital, Inc. on
January 6, 1993. He is the eldest of the two sons of Ptr. Nicolas P. Campilan and
Mrs. Joan H. Campilan.
When he was four years old, he took his preschool education at TLDFI
(Tribal Leaders Development Foundation, Inc.) Learning Center where he finished
as second honors. His primary education was completed at Lugan Central
Elementary School where he graduated as first honors. He pursued his secondary
education at Edwards National High School and graduated as the class
valedictorian.
With great dedication in the field of science, he took the degree BS Biology
at Mindanao State University-General Santos City. His learning experiences
taught him that life is not perfect but it was very good, time is never lasting, and
relationship must be prioritized than any other things.
Now as he continue to delight himself in the Lord let it be that the desires of
his heart will be fulfilled.
JONI REY H. CAMPILAN
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JONI REY H. CAMPILAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study will not be accomplished without our Almighty God who brought
all possibilities in the life of the researcher and the completion of this paper. To
God be the glory and honor!
The researcher would like to express his great gratitude to his family for the
love, support and encouragement they had shown; to his mother who teaches him
how to sacrifice, to his father who taught me him how to trust God and to his
brother who taught him how to care for others.
To his adviser, Dr. Jaime Namocatcat, who taught him to excel in all things.
To Dr. Apolinario Remollo, who never ceases to share his knowledge. And to his
team mates, Victoria Mijares, Dwight Invidiado, Angelie Abistano, Joan De Asis,
and to the two guides who strengthen him in his study. To Ms Catherine Aguilar,
who took care of him during the field work, and to the people of Jabonga, Agusan
del Norte who inspire him to pursue this study.
To his friends Vanessa Bidad, Paolo Tagaloguin, Adrian Peñaflorida, Anne
Tarazona, Ressy Mae Ruelan, Ruth Jean Maratas, and Cherry Mae Labrador. To
his ‗Nanays‘, Dory Magabullo and Jane Villarosa. To my SRM family- Tay Dodz,
Steph, Dave, Benj, Bem, Bea, Joy, Love, Jonivee, & Jebee. Thank you for
bringing joy in his life.
Not only that I was knit together in my mother’s womb, I was on the right
place with the right people on the right time.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................................ ii
PERSONAL DATA ..........................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT…………………………………..……………………………………………….….ix
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 2
1.2 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 2
1.3 Scope and Limitation ...................................................................................... 3
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................................. 4
2.1 Philippine Biological Diversity ....................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Philippine Biodiversity Conservation and Management Strategies ............ 4
2.2. Understanding Understory Vegetation Diversity .......................................... 6
2.2.1 Effects of Disturbances to Understory Vegetation Diversity ....................... 7
2.3 Belt Transect Sampling Method ..................................................................... 8
2.4 Sampling Parameters ....................................................................................10
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .........................................................................12
3.1 Description of Study Site...............................................................................12
3.2 Sampling Method ...........................................................................................14
3.2.1 Sampling Materials ........................................................................................15
3.2.2 Species Processing and Identification .........................................................15
3.3 Data Analysis .................................................................................................16
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................19
4.1 Species Composition and Richness .............................................................19
4.2 Ecological Measurement ...............................................................................21
4.2.1 Dinarawan, San Pablo, Jabonga ...................................................................21
4.2.1.1 Transect 1 .......................................................................................................21
4.2.1.2 Transect 2 .......................................................................................................23
4.2.1.3 Transect 3 .......................................................................................................26
4.2.1.4 Transect 4 .......................................................................................................27
4.2.2 Kabugaw, San Pablo, Jabonga .....................................................................29
4.2.2.1 Transect 5 .......................................................................................................29
4.2.2.2 Transect 6 .......................................................................................................31
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4.2.3 Uba, San Pablo, Jabonga ..............................................................................33
4.2.3.1 Transect 7 .......................................................................................................33
4.2.3.2 Transect 8 .......................................................................................................35
4.2.3.3 Transect 9 .......................................................................................................37
4.2.4 Magdagooc, Jabonga ....................................................................................39
4.2.4.1 Transect 10 .....................................................................................................39
4.2.4.2 Transect 11 .....................................................................................................41
4.3 Diversity Index ...............................................................................................43
4.4 Assessment of Conservation Status ............................................................44
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................51
LITERATURE CITED .....................................................................................................55
APPENDIX 1. Understory Flora Assemblage Transects and Quadrats
in Jabonga, Agusan del Norte ..........................................................66
APPENDIX 2. Transect Coordinates .......................................................................65
APPENDIX 3. Study Sites and Transect Lines .......................................................76
APPENDIX 3. Understory Flora Sampling ..............................................................80
APPENDIX 4. Species List of Understory Flora In Jabonga, Agusan Del Norte ..81
APPENDIX 5. DENR Assessment of Conservation Status
of Threatened Plant Species (DAO 2007-1) .....................................95
APPENDIX 6. Guingab (1994) Assessment of Floral Species
Conservation Status .........................................................................98
APPENDIX 7. Ecological Measurements of Understory Flora Species In Jabonga, Agusan Del Norte ..............................................................................99
APPENDIX 8. Photographs of Understory Flora in Jabonga…………...…………130
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Ecological Measurements for Transect 1 in Dinarawan, Jabonga
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Table 2. Ecological Measurements for Transect 2 in Dinarawan, Jabonga 23
Table 3. Ecological Measurements for Transect 3 in Dinarawan, Jabonga 25
Table 4. Ecological Measurements for Transect 4 in Dinarawan, Jabonga
27
Table 5. Ecological Measurements for Transect 5 in Kabugaw, Jabonga
29
Table 6. Ecological Measurements for Transect 6 in Kabugaw, Jabonga
31
Table 7. Ecological Measurements for Transect 7 in Uba, Jabonga
32
Table 8. Ecological Measurements for Transect 8 in Uba, Jabonga
34
Table 9. Ecological Measurements for Transect 9 in Uba, Jabonga
37
Table 10. Ecological Measurements for Transect 10 in Magdagooc, Jabonga
39
Table 11. Ecological Measurements for Transect 11 in Magdagooc, Jabonga
41
Table 12. Conservation Status of Understory Flora Based on Guingab (1994)
48
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Map of Jabonga, Agusan del Norte, N 090 07' 14.6" E 1250 31' 50.9" 11
Figure 2. Schematic flowchart of study, indicators, method, and metrics for assessment of the understory flora composition, and conservation status
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Figure 3. Total No. of Species in Understory Flora Assessment in Jabonga 18
Figure 4. Transect 1 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Dinarawan, Jabonga 22
Figure 5. Transect 2 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Dinarawan, Jabonga 29
Figure 6. Transect 3 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Dinarawan, Jabonga 26
Figure 7. Transect 4 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Dinarawan, Jabonga 28
Figure 8. Transect 5 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Kabugaw, Jabonga 30
Figure 9. Transect 6 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Kabugaw, Jabonga 31
Figure 10. Transect 7 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Uba, Jabonga 33
Figure 11. Transect 8 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Uba, Jabonga 35
Figure 12. Transect 9 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Uba, Jabonga 38
Figure 13. Transect 10 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Magdagooc, Jabonga 40
Figure 14. Transect 11 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Magdagooc, Jabonga
42
Figure 15. Simpson's Diversity Index of Understory Flora Vegetation in Jabonga
43
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ABSTRACT
CAMPILAN, JONI REY H. ―UNDERSTORY FLORA COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT OF JABONGA, AGUSAN DEL NORTE‖. Undergraduate Thesis, Mindanao State University, General Santos City
Thesis Adviser: DR. JAIME NAMOCATCAT
Understory flora of Jabonga, Agusan del Norte were assessed from May
13-18, 2012 using belt transect method in 11 transects measuring 4, 300 m in
length. 276 species of plants were collected resolved into 95 families and two
hundred ten (210) genera where 9 species are Aroids, 1 Bromeliad, 2 Fern Allies,
12 Ferns, 19 Grasses, 42 Herbs, 2 Orchids, 4 Palms, 90 Saplings, 4 Sedges, 32
Shrubs, 50 Vines, 1 Weed, and 4 Zingibers. Euphorbiaceae (18 spp.) and
Moraceae (17spp.) family were highly represented under 4 and 14 genera,
respectively. Simpson‘s Diversity Index Value was calculated highest at 0.963 for
Transect 1 and lowest at 0.871 for Transect 4, suggesting moderate to high
diversity. Based on DAO 2007-01, Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Forma indicus
(Smooth Narra) is listed as Critically Endangered; Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco)
Vidal (Tindalo) is endangered; Alangium longiflorum Merr. (Malatapay),
Cynometra inaequefolia A. Gray (Dila-dila), Dillenia reifferscheidia Naves
(Katmon Kalabaw), Mangifera merrillii (Pahong Liitan), Securinega flexousa
(Muell,-Arg.) (Anislag), Shorea contorta (White Lawaan), and Vitex parviflora
Juss. (Molave) are vulnerable, and Aglaia luzoniensis (Kuling manok) and Dillenia
philippinensis Rolfe (Katmon Baging) are other wildlife species. The presence of
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Pakong Kalabaw), the most abundant
species, Chromolaena odorata (Hagonoy) and Saccharum spontaneum L.,
(Talahib), invasive species, which considered to have dense population, might
have cause biodiversity loss. With this threats to the biodiversity of the area and
with the observed exploitation activities, the area is considered to be at high risk.
The study reveals the utmost need of Jabonga for biodiversity conservation
strategies.
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1. INTRODUCTION
As one of the world‘s eight biodiversity hottest hotspots (Myers et al,
2000), the Philippines is home to some of the most endangered habitats and
species in the world. Due to the extraordinary rate of environmental destruction,
leaving only 3% of the land with primary forest, this biodiversity is at high risk.
Despite that situation, information on Philippine forest vegetation is fragmentary
and focused on trees (Langerberger et al., 2006). Forest management to
diversify tree species is now being promoted to favor biodiversity (Barbier et al.,
2008).
Understory vegetation is influenced by overstory composition and
structure through modifications of resource availability (light, water and soil
nutrients) and other effects, such as physical characteristics of the litter layer
(Barbier et al., 2008). Vegetation has been widely used to describe habitat
characteristics, water quality and make predictions about the presence and
composition of the surrounding communities (Appelgren and Mattila, 2005). The
composition of understory is usually different from that of the canopy, and thus
supports a different fauna than does the canopy (Gentry and Emmons, 1987).
The physical structure of the understory plants provides food resources for many
species of insects, birds, and mammals, and is responsible for a high percentage
of total diversity in the tropical forests (Tchouto et al., 2006).
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Composition of the vegetative community as well as diversity must be
examined in order to accurately assess differences among communities and the
possible effects of disturbance, including human induced disturbance.
This study investigated the understory flora composition of the remnant
seconcary forests of Jabonga, Agusan del Norte. Conservation status
assessment of plants in the study site was done in order to evaluate the area‘s
biodiversity.
1.1 Objectives of the Study
This study sought to:
1. Collect, classify, and identify understory plants of Jabonga, Agusan del
Norte.
2. Assess the composition and distribution of the identified specimen in
terms of Density, Relative Density, Frequency, Relative Frequency,
Dominance, Relative Dominance, Species Diversity, and evenness.
3. Evaluate the conservation status of plants documented based on DAO
2007-01 and IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)
Red List on plants.
1.2 Significance of the Study
Results of this study will serve as baseline information on species
richness, composition, distributional range, species‘ population size and
structure, and conservation status of understory plants inJabonga, Agusan del
3
Norte. The given information on the, endemic and endangered plant species will
assist evolving long term habitat conservation, species prioritization, and natural
resources management plan on the area. Furthermore, this will aid the
developing core objectives for the conservation monitoring and decision
makingof the area.
1.3 Scope and Limitation
Composition of understory plant flora was studied in Jabonga, Agusan del
Norte. This study was focused on the inventory and assessment of understory
flora of ≤ 3 m in height of the area. This includes all flora and grass species
including the seedlings, herbs, vines, rattans, saplings and other undergrowths.
Determination of the species composition was confined only on the established
transects along its trails and peripheries. Identification of the different collected
species was based on the directly observable and basic morphological features
of individual species with no extensive anatomical study made. At least, genus
level of documented plant species was identified. Density, relative density,
frequency, relative frequency, dominance, relative dominance, and species
diversity and evenness were the ecological parameters determining the
composition and distribution of understory flora of the area. Conservation status
assessment of understory plants was solely base on the sampled species, and
searched plants.
4
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Philippine Biological Diversity The Philippines has vast natural resources that are source of food,
water, shelter and livelihood for its rapidly growing population. It is one of 17
megabiodiversity countries (containing 2/3 of the earth‘s biodiversity and about
70-80% of the world‘s plant and animal species) due to its geographical isolation,
diverse habitats and high rates of endemism (native, restricted or unique to a
certain country or area). The Philippines is 5th in the number of plant species and
maintains 5% of the world‘s flora (DENR, 2008).
The vegetation of the Philippines is very rich and diverse and a major
proportion of the country is covered with tropical forests. There are varieties of
vines, epiphytes, climbers. Flowering plants including ferns and orchids grow in
large number in the forests of the Philippines (Langenburger, 2004). Philippine
species endemism is very high, covering at least 25 genera of plants. The
Philippines is also one of the world‘s biodiversity hotspots, with a large number of
endangered and threatened species and habitats, making it one of the world‘s
top global conservation priority areas (DENR, 2008).
2.1.1 Philippine Biodiversity Conservation and Management Strategies
Biodiversity maintenance is a key management objective and a requisite
for sustainable forestry (Torras and Saura, 2008). Approaches with a
5
combination of both site-specific biodiversity measures and assessments of
habitat diversity and heterogeneity are not yet established, but in the near future
may lead to a scientifically based evaluation of the potential for increasing
biodiversity by appropriate landscape management (Duelli, 1997).
Philippines, a developing country, works with simple monitoring plan to
work out conservation and management of its biodiversity (Danielsen, et.al,
2000). Providing human resource, as major lacking power, is addressed with the
given strategies. Wherein, the monitoring system aims to identify trends in
biodiversity and its uses so as to guide management action; it also promotes the
participation of local people in the management, stimulates discussion among
stakeholders and builds the capacity of park staff and communities in
management skills. In addition, it seeks to provide people with direction regarding
the aims of protected areas, and reinforces the consolidation of existing
livelihoods through strengthening community-based resource management
systems. The system can be sustained using locally available resources. The
countries‘ approach is useful in where it embarks on shared management of park
resources with local communities, where rural people depend on use of natural
ecosystems, and where the economic resources for park management are
limited.
On forestry, the major strategy is the Community Based Forest
Management, CBFM (Lasco & Pulhin, 2006) CBFM focuses on forest and land
management and it includes management of tropical forests (enrichment
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planting, timber stand improvement or TSI and limited harvesting), rehabilitation
of degraded lands [reforestation, assisted natural regeneration (ANR)] and
agroforestry. The action has positive results that led to conservation of natural
forests and the associated biodiversity. Tree planting in farms and landscapes
has led to soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biomass
production.
In small ways, zoos meet their conservation role through captive
breeding, education, research, animal-welfare, environmental enrichment,
reintroduction, and support for in situ conservation of species and their habitats
(Catibog-Sinha, 2008). Another is ecotourism that has been identified as one of
the measures to achieve biodiversity conservation at both in situ (e.g. protected
areas) and ex situ (e.g. zoos) conditions (Catibog-Sinha, 2010).
2.2. Understanding Understory Vegetation Diversity
The understory layer is a critical component of forest ecosystems typically
supporting the vast majority of total ecosystem floristic diversity (Halpern and
Spies, 1995; Gilliamand Roberts, 2003) and providing habitat elements to
associatedwildlife species (Carey and Johnson, 1995). These communities also
play a central role in the dynamics and functioning of forestecosystems by
influencing long-term successional patterns (Phillips and Murdy, 1985; Abrams
and Downs, 1990; Oliver andLarson, 1996; McCarthy et al., 2001; Royo and
Carson, 2005;Nyland et al., 2006) and contributing to forest nutrient
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cycles(Chapin, 1983; Zak et al., 1990; Anderson and Eickmeier, 2000;Chastain
et al., 2006).
Understory vegetation is influenced by overstory composition and
structure through modifications of resource availability (light, water and soil
nutrients) and other effects, such as physical characteristics of the litter layer.
Overstory light transmittance and diverse properties of forest litter are factors that
have been most fully studied to date, but other factors such as throughfall water
quantity and chemistry may also play a role (Barbier et al., 2008). Understory
plant species assemblages may have different patterns of diversity than tree
species because of variable responses to different abiotic factors.
Forests growing on former agricultural land often have reduced
frequencies of many native forest herbs compared with forests that were never
cleared for agriculture. A leading explanation for this pattern is that many forest
herbs are dispersal limited, but environmental conditions may also hinder
colonization. It is suggested that some plants growing in post-agricultural stands
may be N (nitrogen) limited, whereas undisturbed stands in this region appear to
be approaching N saturation (Fraterrigo et al., 2009).
2.2.1 Effects of Disturbances to Understory Vegetation Diversity
An intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that diversity is highest at
intermediate disturbance levels. Stand improvement treatments increased the
8
number of large diameter trees, tree species richness and diversity (cleaning and
thinning), and shrub species richness (pruning) (Torras and Saura, 2008).
In a study, thinning and burning treatments are a common method of
reducing fire risk while simultaneously promoting understory production. These
ecological restoration treatments did promote a more diverse and abundant
understory community. The disturbances generated by these treatments also
promoted an invasion by an undesirable nonnative species (McGlone et
al.,2009).
2.3 Belt Transect Sampling Method
Numerous vegetation sampling techniques are outlinedin sampling
textbooks (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg1974; Krebs 1989; Kent & Coker 1994;
and Barbour et al.1999) and in the scientific literature (Stohlgren et al.
1995;Etchberger & Krausman 1997; Stohlgren et al. 1998) for quantifying
different plant community attributes.
Although there is no one correct technique for sampling vegetation, the
sampling design chosen may greatly influence the conclusions researchers can
draw from restoration treatments. Considerations when designing vegetation
sampling protocol include determining what sampling attributes to measure, the
size and shape of the sampling plot, the number of replicates and their location
within the study area, and the frequency of sampling (Korb et al., 2003).
Sampling methods to estimate total species richness of a defined area
9
(conservation unit, national park, field station, "community") will play an important
role in research on theglobal loss of biodiversity. Such methods should be fast,
because time is of the essence. They shouldbe reliable because diverse workers
will need to apply them in diverse areas to generate comparabledata. They
should also be simple and cheap, because the problem of extinction is most
severe indeveloping tropical countries where the scientific and museum
infrastructure is often still rudimentary (Coddington et al, undated).
Sutter (1996) outlined four criteria of monitoringtechniques that must be
met to reliably and precisely detect change: (1) Data need to have a known and
acceptable level of precision; (2) data sampling techniques needto be repeatable;
(3) data need to be collected for a longenough time to capture responses to
treatments; and (4) techniques need to be feasible, realistic, and inexpensive
enough to be maintained long term.
Determining the sampling technique that shouldbe used for a particular
study needs to take into consideration numerous factors such as the restoration
goals, sampling attributes, level of sampling precision, and financialand
personnel constraints (Korb et al., 2003). In this study two 1x1m Belt Transect
was spaced 10m apart across ends of 20m transect line. The primary objective of
the belt transect is to obtain a species list of the area (Kent& Coker 1994). All
herbaceous and shrub species within the belt were recorded including their
foliage cover data.
10
2.4 Sampling Parameters
Species diversity is one of the most frequently sampled attributes in
vegetation studies (Ricklefs & Schluter 1993). Species diversity is often used
interchangeably with species richness.Species richness, however, is one of two
components thatdefine species diversity, the other being species evenness (Kent
& Coker 1994). The well-known concept states that an increase in sampling area
will increase species richness detection (Rapson et al. 1997).
Species abundance is some measure of the amount of a species in a
sample (Chiarucci et al. 1999). Plant community attributes that measure species
abundance include plant foliar cover, plant density, and plant frequency. Plant
foliar cover is one of the most widely used abundance measurements because it
is not biased by the size or distribution of individual species as plant density and
plant frequency measurements can be (Floyd & Anderson 1987). Ecologists have
designed numerous sampling techniques to quantify plant foliar cover. The three
most commonly used techniques include the point-intercept, the line-intercept,
and ocular estimation (Buckner 1985).
Visual estimation of plant cover is oneof the most common measurements
in plant ecology and restoration studies (Kennedy & Addison 1987). Ocular
estimates are normally taken within a 1m2 area because one of the requirements
for accuracy is that observations must be made from a vertical perspective within
a bounded plot (Buckner 1985). Ocular estimates can either be estimated to the
nearest predetermined percent (e.g., closest 1%) or they can be categorized into
11
published cover classes (e.g., Daubenmire or Braun-Blanquet) (Mueller-Dombois
& Ellenberg 1974).
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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Description of Study Site
Agusan del Norte Province is located on wide, fertile, coastal plateau in
the northeastern part of Mindanao. This province is bordered on the north and
east by the Province of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur, on the south by
the Province of Agusan del Sur, and on the southwest by the Province of
Misamis Oriental. Fertile, coastal plains and valleys along the Agusan River
characterize the terrain of Agusan del Norte Province. The average elevation is
46 meters above sea level: The climate is classified as tropical wet.
Temperatures of the coolest month are above 18°C, and rainfall in the driest
month is at least 60 mm.
Figure 1. Map of Jabonga, Agusan del Norte, N 090 07' 14.6" E 1250 31' 50.9"
13
There is a minimum of seasonal variation in temperature and precipitation, as
both remain high throughout the year. The province is large, 2,590 square
kilometers (Carney et al., 1978).
In Agusan del Norte, Lake Mainit is located where it is covered by
different vegetative groups: grassland, brush land, secondary forest , limestone
forest, marshland, riparian and lowland rice paddies. Municipality of Jabonga is
one of the Municipalities that surrounds Lake Mainit.
There are four study sites in Jabonga that are strategically selected for the
study of the understory flora namely Dinarawan, Kabugaw, Uba, and Magdagooc
(see Appendix 2). Jabonga vegetation is composed of wetlands, grasslands, and
secondary forest.
Dinarawan, Kabugaw, and Uba were primarily composed of secondary
forests with grassland and agricultural areas, located besides Mamanwa‘s
community, along the shore of Lake Mainit. The forest is the main source of
living for the people as it provides food, water, and income. Utilization of Kaong
[Areaga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.], agricultural area, and the forest timber were the
observed income sources.
Magdagooc is located besides Butuan Bay. The secondary forest in the
area is dominated by Cocos nucifera L.. Coconut and fishing were the main
source of income of the people in the area.
14
3.2 Sampling Method
Belt transect method and transect walk survey was utilized for this study.
All flora and grass species including the seedlings, herbs, vines, rattans, saplings
and other undergrowths of less than or equal to 3-m tall that were physically
intercepted by the transect line or those projection of foliage is intercepted by the
transect lines was identified, counted and recorded. Visual estimation of plant &
soil cover was made by ocular estimation to the nearest 1% percent. Endemic,
threatened and native species were subject for documentation during transect
walk survey. The biological method targeted the determination of the minimal
area and species area curve, density estimation, estimation of plant coverage,
and diversity measurement. A 20m transect tape was used to space successive
sampling stations. Establishment of new stations was made continuously until the
boundary of the study area are reached. Coordinates of sampling stations was
taken using the GPS receiver.
Two (2) perpendicular 1m x 1m belt transect was laid down in to each of
the transect stations established in the line intercept method. This belt transect
was described to be oriented parallel to the axis of the environmental gradient
within an area being sampled. The quadrats were placed five (5) meters apart on
both sides.
Common name, scientific name, family, and genera, abundance and direct
top coverage estimation of each species, as well as the bare ground, were
recorded.
15
3.2.1 Sampling Materials
This study used a 1m X 1m transect belt made of nylon string, and 4
wooden stakes. For preservation of specimens, plastic bags and sacks, wooden
plant pressers, corrugated ventilators, blotters, newspapers, and straps were
used. A digital camera was used to photograph voucher specimens, and
sampling areas, and GPS receiver for determining coordinates of located areas
of belt transects, and track rare species of plants.
3.2.2 Species Processing and Identification
Collected samples were identified with the use of Flora of Manila, USDA
plant database, and Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna. The identification
scheme covered at least up to the genus level. The conservation status of the
identified plants was assessed with the use of IUCN Red List for threatened
species and DAO 2007-1. Journals and publications for conservation focused in
tropical forest and vegetation in Asia and Philippines were used for further
references. Preparation of the species for herbarium purposes followed the
procedures set by Flora of Manila. Specimens for herbarium were gathered
cumulatively. Field pressing procedure was applied on the actual stations.
16
3.3 Data Analysis
Ecological measurements of species composition and distribution were
evaluated by calculating the species density, frequency, dominance, and their
relative measures. Values were derived using the following formulas:
o Density = Total no. of individuals of species A / Total area sampled
o Relative Density =
o Frequency =
o Relative frequency =
o Dominance =
o Relative dominance =
o Importance Value= Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative
Dominance
Diversity per transect was evaluated through the use of Simpson‘s (D)
index as a measure of species richness and evenness of the community using
Microsoft QuickBASIC Application.
17
o Simpson‘s diversity index is calculated by this equation:
D = (∑
)
Where: n = total no. of organisms of a particular species
N = total no. of organisms of all species
Electronic aid offered by Microsoft Excel was used for faster data
computations and analysis.
18
Figure 2. Schematic flowchart of study, indicators, method, and metrics for assessment of the understory flora composition, and conservation status.
RESULT ANALYSIS
METRICS
METHOD
INDICATORS
STUDY UNDERSTORY FLORA DIVERSITY
TARGET SPECIES FOR CONSERVATION
Rare, Endemic, Endagered
Species
QUADRAT SAMPLING
No. of Species Species Status
DATA ANALYSIS & CONSERVATION STATUS ASSESSMENT
UNDERSTORY DIVERSITY
Grasses, Ferns, Herbs, Shrubs
≤ 3 m (height)
BELT TRANSECT & AREA SEARCH
Relative Abundance, Frequency, & Density
of Target Species
Species Diversity and Coverage
19
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Species Composition and Richness
Of the 406 qudrats under 11 transects in Jabonga, Agusan del Norte, two
hundred seventy-two (272) species of understory plants were collected resolved
to a total of 95 families and to two hundred ten (210) genera. On record are 9
Aroids, 1 Bromeliad, 2 Fern Allies, 12 Ferns, 19 Grasses, 42 Herbs, 2 Orchids, 4
Palms, 90 tree Saplings, 4 Sedges, 32 Shrubs, 50 Vines, 1 Weed, and 4
Zingibers. Transect 1 captured the highest number of species (83 species)
followed by Transect 9 (63 species). Transect 6 (57 species) and transect 11
captured the least number of species (43 species).
Figure 3. Total No. of Species in Understory Flora Assessment in Jabonga
83
55 49
55 51
57
48 52
63
52
43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
TRANSECT LINE
Total no. of Species
20
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Pakong Kalabaw) is the most
abundant species recording 875 individuals in 11 transects. Nephrolepsis
biserrata (Sw.) Schott are ever green perennial herb that form congested
colonies in very wet soils, along the edges of streams or marshes and are
sometimes on surfaces of lake and stagnant waters (Omojola, 1997).
Nephrolepis biserrata distribution is pantropical (Hovenkamp and Miyamoto,
2005), they are indigenous to an immense area, covering most parts of tropical
southern hemisphere and has become naturalized in almost every tropical region
of the globe. They have stems often in the form of rhizome by which they
commonly reproduce vegetatively (Robert et al, 1965). Roots are adventitious
and grow usually in clusters from the rhizome which are pteridophyte (ITIS,
2010). The leaves are commonly pinnately compound and consist of two parts:
the frond (leafy portion) and the stripe (stalk). Young developing leaves are
circinate-coiled in on themselves like a watch spring and the tip unrolls
progressively as the lower plants develop (Chee and Faiz, 1991). Nephrolepsis
biserrata have an exponential growth potential and forms dense population which
displaces native vegetation (Weber, 2003). Its fronds form a thick mat on the
ground, preventing any establishment of native plant (Weber, 2003).
Euphorbiaceae (18spp.) and Moraceae (17spp.) families had the most
number of species under 4 and 14 genera, respectively. The Moraceae (37
genera, 1100 species) is primarily a tropical to subtropical family which displays
an amazing diversity of inflorescence structures, pollination syndromes, breeding
21
systems, floral characters, habit, and contains several economically important
genera (Artocarpus, Brosimum, Brousonettia, Ficus, and Treculia) (Swenson et
al, 2003). Euphorbiaceae is generally distinguished by the milky sap, (When
present) unisexual (evolved) flower, ovary trilocular and superior, placentation
axile (Kothale et al, 2011).
4.2 Ecological Measurement
4.2.1 Dinarawan, San Pablo, Jabonga
4.2.1.1Transect 1
There are forty (40) quadrats positioned in Transect 1 covering a total of
five hundred eighty-six (586) individuals resolved to eighty-three (83) species.
Soleria scribiculata Nees (Arat) was the most abundant species recorded (53
individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 1.196 and has a relative
density of 9.39% and the most frequent species (16) with a relative frequency of
6.48%. Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum (Bamban) was the most
dominant species (9.022) with a relative dominance of 11.66%.
Table 1 shows the top ten important species in the transect where Soleria
scribiculata Nees had the highest importance value of 25.554 followed by Donax
cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum and Chromoloena odorata (Hagonoy) scoring
20.397 and 14.095, respectively.
22
Table 1. Ecological Measurements for Transect 1 in Dinarawan, Jabonga
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Chromoloena odorata 8.874 2.834 2.388 14.095
Dioscorea hispida 2.048 3.644 2.949 8.641
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
3.072 5.668 11.657 20.397
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 2.560 2.834 2.528 7.922
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd.
3.242 2.834 1.404 7.481
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott
4.437 2.834 4.635 11.906
Saccharum spontaneum L. 7.850 2.024 1.264 11.138
Selaginella plana Hieron 3.584 4.049 4.073 11.705
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. 1.706 2.834 3.652 8.192
Soleria scribiculata Nees 9.386 6.478 9.691 25.554
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.963 suggest that Trasect 1
understory vegetation has high diversity and there is no species that clearly
dominates area. The Species-Area Curve for Transect 1 (Figure 4) indicates that
there could be uncovered species in the area sampled. Local guides prohibited
the researcher to survey the rest of the trek in accordance to their belief that the
foregoing area is sacred.
Soleria scribiculata Nees is a sedge under Cyperaceae family, considered
to be an abundant species. The stems of Bamban (Donax) is economically
manufactured to laundry basket (FPRDI, 2012). Chromolaena odorata is
considered as one of the world‘s most invasive weeds. It produces huge
23
numbers of windborne seeds within 8–10 weeks after flowering (more than 80
000 seeds per plant per season). Each seed has a tuft of white hairs that allow it
to be transported by wind and water. Seeds will also attach to vehicles,
machinery, clothing, footwear and animals. Most seeds germinate immediately
after rain, though some appear to remain dormant for several years (EDI, 2012).
4.2.1.2 Transect 2
There are forty (40) quadrats positioned in Transect 2 covering a total of
three hundred thirty-one (331) individuals resolved to fifty-five (55) species.
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Pakong Kalabaw) was the most abundant
species on record (101 individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 2.53
and has a relative density of 30.50% and the most frequent species, appeared 27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transect
Figure 4. Transect 1 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Dinarawan, Jabonga
24
times, with a relative frequency of 30.17%. Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K.
Schum (Bamban) was the most dominant species (1.94) with a relative
dominance of 19.9%.
Table 2 shows the top ten important species in the transect where
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott had the highest importance value of 68.02
followed by Saccharum spontaneum L. (Talahib) and Soleria scribiculata Nees
(Arat) scoring 23.46 and 15.76, respectively.
Table 2. Ecological Measurements for Transect 2 in Dinarawan, Jabonga
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.887 suggest that Trasect 2
understory vegetation has moderate diversity and 25% of the area is nearly
dominated (24%) by Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott. The Cumulative
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Blumea balsamifera L. DC 1.511 2.439 4.239 8.188
Caryota mitis 2.115 3.415 3.768 9.297
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
2.719 4.390 5.024 12.133
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 2.417 3.902 3.454 9.773
Ganophyllum falcatum Blume 1.813 2.927 2.512 7.094
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 6.647 4.878 4.239 15.763
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.)
Wedd. 4.532 4.878 3.297 12.706
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott
30.514 13.171 24.333 68.017
Saccharum spontaneum L. 7.855 6.341 9.262 23.459
Soleria scribiculata Nees 6.344 7.805 4.396 18.545
25
Species-Area Curve for Transect 2 (Figure 5) showed that the transect survey
covered the total species in the area sampled.
Figure 5. Transect 2 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Dinarawan, Jabonga
Saccharum spontaneum L., an invasive Asian grass species (Graminae),
one of two wild species of sugarcane (Hammond 1999). S. spontaneum forms
dense, continuous thickets that inhibit the establishment of woody species
(Hooper et al., unpublished data) and are resistant to weed control measures due
to the species‘ deep and extensive root system. S. spontaneum resprouts
vigorously after fire (Peet, Watkinson et al. 1999; Peet, Watkinson et al. 1999).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transect
26
4.2.1.3 Transect 3
There are forty (40) quadrats positioned in Transect 2 covering a total of
three hundred thirty-one (331) individuals resolved to fifty-five (55) species.
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Pakong Kalabaw) was the most abundant
species on record (101 individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 2.523
and has a relative density of 30.50% and the most frequent species, appeared 27
times, with a relative frequency of 30.17%. Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K.
Schum (Bamban) was the most dominant species (1.94) with a relative
dominance of 19.9%.
Table 3. Ecological Measurements for Transect 3 in Dinarawan, Jabonga
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Acrostiqhum aureum L. 3.474 3.286 4.881 11.642
Cylea merrillii Diels. 2.417 5.634 2.232 10.282
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
8.459 11.268 14.505 34.232
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 6.042 3.286 3.208 12.536
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 5.287 7.512 4.184 16.983
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott
27.341 8.451 11.158 46.950
Selaginella plana Hieron 7.553 4.225 5.579 17.357
Soleria scribiculata Nees 4.230 2.817 2.789 9.836
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr.
2.568 4.225 3.626 10.420
Zoysia matrella Linn. 5.891 3.756 3.068 12.715
27
Table 3 shows the top ten important species in the transect where
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott had the highest importance value of 63.56
followed by Saccharum spontaneum L. (Talahib) and Soleria scribiculata Nees
(Arat) scoring 21.77 and 17.74 respectively.
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.897 suggest that Trasect 3
understory vegetation has moderate diversity and there is no species that clearly
dominates area. The Cumulative Species-Area Curve for Transect 3 (Figure 6)
showed that the transect survey might covered more species in the area
sampled.
4.2.1.4 Transect 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transect
Figure 6. Transect 3 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Dinarawan, Jabonga
28
There are forty (40) quadrats positioned in Transect 4 covering a total of
six hundred sixty (660) individuals resolved to fifty-five (55) species.
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott was the most abundant species on record
(203 individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 5.08 and has a relative
density of 30.76% and the most frequent species, appeared 32 times, with a
relative frequency of 15.76%. It is also the most dominant species (19.87) with a
relative dominance of 22.85%.
Table 4 shows the top ten important species in the transect where
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott had the highest importance value of 69.37
followed by Hypyis capitata Jacq. (Dilang Baka) and Donax cannaeformis (G.
Forst.) K. Schum scoring 34.30 and 18.98 respectively.
Table 4. Ecological Measurements for Transect 4 in Dinarawan, Jabonga
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith
2.424 4.433 1.580 8.438
Cylea merrillii Diels. 1.818 3.448 1.437 6.703
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro)
Merr. Babuai 2.727 3.941 3.161 9.829
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
7.727 4.926 6.322 18.975
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 14.697 7.389 12.213 34.299
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.)
Schott 30.758 15.764 22.845 69.366
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 1.818 2.463 2.586 6.867
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 3.788 3.448 4.023 11.259
Piper aduncum 1.364 3.448 1.724 6.536
Soleria scribiculata Nees 3.939 3.941 3.736 11.616
29
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transect
Figure 7. Transect 4 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Dinarawan, Jabonga
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.871 suggest that Trasect 4
understory vegetation has moderate diversity and 25% of the area is nearly
(23%) dominated by Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott. The Cumulative
Species-Area Curve for Transect 4 (Figure 7) showed that the transect survey
had uncovered species in the area sampled.
Hypyis capitata Jacq. is an introduced species originally from tropical
America but now pantropic, it could grow from near sea level to 750 m and is
usually found on degraded farmland and along roads and clearings in lowland
rain forest (Jacquin, 1787).
4.2.2 Kabugaw, San Pablo, Jabonga
4.2.2.1 Transect 5
30
There are forty (40) quadrats positioned in Transect 5 covering a total of
five hundred eighteen (518) individuals resolved to fifty-one (51) species.
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott was the most abundant species on record
(61 individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 1.53 and has a relative
density of 11.78% and the most frequent species, appeared 22 times, with a
relative frequency of 9.74%. It is also the most dominant species (11.13) with a
relative dominance of 12.79%.
Table 5 shows the top ten important species in the transect where
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott had the highest importance value of 34.30
followed by Hypyis capitata Jacq. and Chromoloena odorata scoring 21.46 and
19.06 respectively.
Table 5. Ecological Measurements for Transect 5 in Kabugaw, Jabonga
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Chromoloena odorata 8.880 4.867 5.316 19.064
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 2.510 5.752 5.316 13.578
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 11.583 3.982 5.891 21.456
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 3.282 6.195 3.448 12.925
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 2.510 5.310 3.879 11.699
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott
11.776 9.735 12.787 34.298
Saccharum spontaneum L. 5.405 2.655 3.305 11.365
Selaginella plana Hieron 6.371 5.310 6.322 18.002
Soleria scribiculata Nees 7.336 4.867 4.167 16.370
Zoysia matrella Linn. 6.950 4.425 5.603 16.978
31
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
No. of Belt Transect
Figure 8. Transect 5 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Kabugaw, Jabonga
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.941 suggest that Trasect 5
understory vegetation has high diversity and there is no species that clearly
dominates area. The Cumulative Species-Area Curve for Transect 5 (Figure 8)
showed that the transect survey covered the total species in the area sampled.
4.2.2.2 Transect 6
There are forty-four (44) quadrats positioned in Transect 6 covering a total
of five hundred sixty-five (565) individuals resolved to fifty-seven (57) species.
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott was the most abundant species on record
(99 individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 2.25 and has a relative
density of 17.52% and the most frequent species, appeared 26 times, with a
relative frequency of 11.00%. It is also the most dominant species (14.43) with a
relative dominance of 16.49%.
32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transect
Figure 9. Transect 6 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Kabugaw, Jabonga
Table 6 shows the top ten important species in the transect where
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott had the highest importance value of 45.22
followed by Hypyis capitata Jacq. and Chromoloena odorata scoring 23.26 and
25.68 respectively.
Table 6. Ecological Measurements for Transect 6 in Kabugaw, Jabonga
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.929 suggest that Trasect 6
understory vegetation has high diversity and there is no species that clearly
dominates area. The Cumulative Species-Area Curve for Transect 6 (Figure 9)
showed that the transect survey covered the total species in the area sampled.
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Chromoloena odorata 3.009 3.448 2.468 8.925
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
2.655 3.879 3.766 10.300
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw
3.717 5.172 3.117 12.006
Nephrolepsis biserrata
(Sw.) Schott 17.522 11.207 16.494 45.223
Saccharum spontaneum L. 13.097 3.017 7.143 23.257
Selaginella plana Hieron 6.195 2.586 4.156 12.937
Soleria scribiculata Nees 3.009 3.879 3.247 10.135
Spathoglottis plicata Blurne
9.558 6.897 9.221 25.675
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr.
2.478 4.310 2.987 9.775
Zoysia matrella Linn. 4.071 4.310 2.987 11.368
33
4.2.3 Uba, San Pablo, Jabonga
4.2.3.1 Transect 7
There are forty (40) quadrats positioned in Transect 7 covering a total of
four hundred eighty-nine (489) individuals resolved to forty-eight (48) species.
Hypyis capitata Jacq. was the most abundant species on record (94 individuals).
Also, it is the densest species scoring 2.35 and has a relative density of 19.29%
and the most frequent species, appeared 17 times, with a relative frequency of
9.44%. It is also the most dominant species (9.38) with a relative dominance of
10.85%.
Table 7. Ecological Measurements for Transect 7 in Uba, Jabonga
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith
2.258 2.222 2.894 7.374
Centrosema pubescens Benth.
9.647 9.444 10.999 30.090
Chromoloena odorata 2.258 3.889 2.171 8.317
Donax cannaeformis (G.
Forst.) K. Schum 2.668 2.778 3.618 9.064
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 19.294 9.444 10.854 39.592
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 1.437 3.889 2.026 7.352
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott
18.678 16.667 19.392 54.737
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 8.621 3.889 5.933 18.443
Piper aduncum 2.258 3.333 2.460 8.051
34
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transect
Figure 10. Transect 7 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Uba, Jabonga
Zoysia matrella Linn. 9.442 7.778 6.512 23.732
Table 7 shows the top ten important species in the transect where Hypyis
capitata Jacq. had the highest importance value of 39.59 followed by
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott and Centrosema pubescens Benth.
(Sentrosema) scoring 54.74 and 30.09 respectively.
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.900 suggest that Trasect 7
understory vegetation has high diversity and there is no species that clearly
dominates area. The Cumulative Species-Area Curve for Transect 7 (Figure 10)
showed that the transect survey covered the total species in the area sampled.
Centrosema pubescens is a vigorous, trailing, twining and climbing
perennial herb with trifoliate leaves and is fairly drought tolerant (Skermann,
1988).
35
It is native to Central America (extending to 22° N in Mexico) and South America
(Colombia) and is introduced as forage plant near sea level to 100 m. It is widely
distributed throuout the world but it is mostly found in the New World (Ren and
Gilbert, 2010).
4.2.3.2 Transect 8
There are forty (40) quadrats positioned in Transect 8 covering a total of
five hundred fifty-nine (559) individuals resolved to fifty-two (52) species.
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott was the most abundant species on record
(91 individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 2.28 and has a relative
density of 16.28% and the most frequent species, appeared 23 times, with a
relative frequency of 12.85%. It is also the most dominant species (14.88) with a
relative dominance of 17.07%.
Table 8. Ecological Measurements for Transect 8 in Uba, Jabonga
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith
14.848 6.704 7.747 29.299
Centrosema pubescens Benth.
9.660 9.497 11.478 30.635
Chromoloena odorata 3.220 2.793 2.296 8.309
Cyperus rotundus L. 5.188 1.117 1.435 7.740
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 5.725 2.793 4.161 12.678
Lygodium japonicum 1.431 3.352 2.152 6.935
Neotrewia cumingii (Muell.-Arg) Pax & K.
2.326 2.793 1.865 6.984
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott
16.279 12.849 17.073 46.201
Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
2.504 2.235 3.587 8.326
36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transect
Figure 11. Transect 8 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Uba, Jabonga
Zoysia matrella Linn. 10.197 7.263 6.169 23.629
Table 8 shows the top ten important species in the transect where
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott had the highest importance value of 46.20
followed by Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith (Barik) and Zoysia matrella
Linn. (Barit) scoring 29.30 and 23.63 respectively.
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.921 suggest that Trasect 8
understory vegetation has high diversity and there is no species that clearly
dominates area. The Cumulative Species-Area Curve for Transect 8 (Figure 11)
showed that the transect survey covered the total species in the area sampled.
Alpinia zerumbet (Family Zingiberaceae) is a perennial ginger growing
widely in the subtropics and tropics. It is used in folk medicine for its anti-
37
inflammatory, bacteriostatic, and fungistatic properties (Zoghbi, 1999). Zoysia
matrella (L.) Merr.), commonly known as Manila Grass, is one of the the most
commonly used lawn grass species and it typically grows more slowly and is less
cold-hardy, but is more tolerant to salinity and insect pests among other Zoysia
species (Patton, 2010).
4.2.3.3 Transect 9
There are forty-four (44) quadrats positioned in Transect 9 covering a total
of five hundred three (503) individuals resolved to sixty-three (63) species.
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith was the most abundant species on record
(82 individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 2.05 and has a relative
density of 16.30% and the most frequent species, appeared 16 times, with a
relative frequency of 8.56%. It is also the most dominant species (5.13) with a
relative dominance of 6.03%.
Table 9 shows the top ten important species in the transect where Alpinia
zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith had the highest importance value of 30.89
followed by Paspalum conjugatum Berg. (Carabao Grass) and Selaginella plana
Hieron (Kamariang Gubat) scoring 14.31 and 24.41 respectively.
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.938 suggest that Trasect 9
understory vegetation has high diversity and there is no species that clearly
dominates area. The Cumulative Species-Area Curve for Transect 9 (Figure 12)
showed that the transect survey covered the total species in the area sampled.
38
Table 9. Ecological Measurements for Transect 9 in Uba, Jabonga
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Acrostiqhum aureum L. 3.380 4.813 4.559 12.751
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith
16.302 8.556 6.029 30.888
Arachis pentoi 4.970 1.070 2.500 8.540
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 1.789 4.278 4.412 10.479
Caryota mitis 1.789 2.674 3.971 8.434
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 7.753 4.813 5.441 18.007
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 2.783 5.348 2.941 11.072
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott
2.783 3.209 2.500 8.492
Paspalum conjugatum Berg.
11.531 1.604 1.176 14.312
Selaginella plana Hieron 7.952 7.487 8.971 24.410
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. is a species under the genus Paspalum, one
of the most complex genera containing over 400 species that are largely endemic
to the tropics and subtropics of the world (Clayton and Renvoize, 1986). In
Nigeria, P. conjugatum is one of the species which are mostly straggling plants
grown in damp open places in the genus (Lowe,1989).
Selaginella plana Hieron is a naturally spreading species of Seleinella
through human introduction (Setyawan, 2011). Aging and drought causes the
color of S. plana to become darker reddish brown than young and humid ones
(Lu and Jernstedt 1996). In Sabah, Dayaks use S. plana to treat high fever and
39
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transects
Figure 12. Transect 9 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Uba, Jabonga
headache (Ahmad and Raji 1992). S. plana leaves is drunk in decoction as tonic
for treatment postpartum (Harada et al. 2002).
4.2.4 Magdagooc, Jabonga
4.2.4.1 Transect 10
There are forty-four (44) quadrats positioned in Transect 10 covering a
total of eight hundred forty-three (843) individuals resolved to fifty-two (52)
species. Hypyis capitata Jacq. was the most abundant species on record (135
individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 3.07 and has a relative
density of 16.01% and the most frequent species, appeared 28 times, with a
relative frequency of 9.89%. It is also the most dominant species (10.11) with a
relative dominance of 11.37%.
40
Table 10 shows the top ten important species in the transect where Hypyis
capitata Jacq. had the highest importance value of 37.28 followed by .
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott and Dimeria ornithopoda Trin., Fund. Agrost.
(T Plant) scoring 33.34 and 20.08 respectively.
Table 10. Ecological Measurements for Transect 10 in Magdagooc, Jabonga
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.932 suggest that Trasect 10
understory vegetation has high diversity and there is no species that clearly
dominates area. The Cumulative Species-Area Curve for Transect 10 (Figure 13)
showed that the transect survey covered the total species in the area sampled.
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith
8.660 5.654 4.853 19.166
Chromoloena odorata 4.152 4.947 4.598 13.697
Derris elliptica Benth. 4.745 6.360 5.109 16.214
Dimeria ornithopoda Trin.,
Fund. Agrost. 8.778 5.300 6.003 20.081
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Babui
6.406 1.767 2.043 10.216
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 2.017 4.947 6.003 12.966
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 16.014 9.894 11.367 37.275
Nephrolepsis biserrata
(Sw.) Schott 10.676 9.894 12.771 33.342
Saccharum spontaneum L. 5.101 2.120 2.682 9.903
Selaginella plana Hieron 4.152 4.240 5.364 13.756
41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43
spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transects
Figure 13. Transect 10 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Magdagooc, Jabonga
D. ornithopoda is a widespread, polymorphic species, in which a number
of infraspecific taxa has been recognized. It is often found in streams, moist
places, and is often gregarious (Shouliang and Phillips, 2006).
4.2.4.2 Transect 11
There are thirty (30) quadrats positioned in Transect 11 covering a total of
three hundred fifteen (315) individuals resolved to forty-three (43) species.
Selaginella plana Hieron was the most abundant species on record (14
individuals). Also, it is the densest species scoring 2.90 and has a relative
density of 26.67% and the most frequent species, appeared 15 times, with a
42
relative frequency of 15.32%. It is also the most dominant species (20.52) with a
relative dominance of 22.37%.
Table 11 shows the top ten important species in the transect where
Selaginella plana Hieron had the highest importance value of 64.35 followed by
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith and Begonia nigritarum Steud. scoring
25.38 and 20.11 respectively.
Table 11. Ecological Measurements for Transect 11 in Magdagooc, Jabonga
Simpson‘s Diversity Index value of 0.893 suggest that Trasect 11
understory vegetation has moderate diversity and 25% of the area is nearly
(22%) dominated by Selaginella plana Hieron. The Cumulative Species-Area
Curve for Transect 11 (Figure 14) showed that the transect survey covered the
total species in the area sampled.
SPECIES RELATIVE DENSITY
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.)
Burtl. & Smith 11.111 9.009 5.263 25.383
Begonia nigritarum Steud. Spp.
11.429 3.604 5.075 20.107
Costus malorticanus 1.905 2.703 3.947 8.555
Derris elliptica Benth. 2.857 3.604 1.504 7.965
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 1.587 4.505 2.820 8.911
Homolomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth
3.175 2.703 6.767 12.644
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 2.540 4.505 1.880 8.924
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott
5.079 5.405 5.827 16.312
Schimatoglottis spp. 5.397 5.405 7.707 18.509
Selaginella plana Hieron 26.667 15.315 22.368 64.350
43
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Spe
cie
s N
o.
No. of Belt Transects
Begonia nigritarum is widely distributed in the Philippines and presents
considerable variation (Merrill, 1912). According to Hughes (2010), Begonia
nigritarum is considered doubtful, giving a total of 10 species, nine of which are
endemic in the Philippines.
Figure 14. Transect 11 Cumulative Species-Area Curve, Magdagooc, Jabonga
4.3 Diversity Index
Among the eleven (11) transect lines that were assessed, Transect 1
located at Dinarawan, Jabonga, Agusan del Norte scored the highest in
Simpson‘s Diversity Index. This value was described the understory vegetation
diversity as high. Transect 5 and 6 in Kabugaw and 7, 8, 9 10 in Uba, Jabonga
were considered also as highly diversified areas. Transect 4 followed by Transect
2, Transect 11, and Transect 3 were considered as moderately diversified.
44
0.963
0.887 0.897
0.871
0.941 0.929
0.900
0.921
0.938 0.932
0.893
0.820
0.840
0.860
0.880
0.900
0.920
0.940
0.960
0.980
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11
SIMPSON'S DIVERSITY INDEX
The Simpson‘s Diversity Index ranged from 0.871 to 0.963 which indicates
that Jabonga, Agusan del Norte exhibits moderate to high diversity understory
flora composition. This also indicates that no species clearly dominates each
transect.
Figure 15. Simpson's Diversity Index of Understory Flora Vegetation in Jabonga
4.4 Assessment of Conservation Status
IUCN ver. 2012.2 database on threatened species showed that among
the 276 species recorded, Shorea contorta (White Lawaan) is a critically
endangered species and Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Forma indicus (Smooth
Narra), Vitex parviflora Juss. (Molave), Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vid.
45
(Tindalo), Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe (Katmon Baging), and Alangium
longiflorum Merr. (Malatapay) are vulnerable species, while Aglaia luzoniensis
(Kuling manok) is a near threatened species.
In the list of DAO 2007-1, there is one critically endangered species,
coded as CR A1cd, in the area, the Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Forma indicus
(Smooth Narra); one endangered: and Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vidal (coded
as EN A1cd); seven are vulnerable: Vitex parviflora Juss. (Molave) (VU A1c) ,
Cynometra inaequefolia A. Gray (Dila-dila) (VU A1c) , Dillenia reifferscheidia
Naves (Katmon Kalabaw) (VU A1c), Alangium longiflorum Merr. (Malatapay) (VU
A1c), Mangifera merrillii (Pahong Liitan) (VU A1c), Shorea contorta (White
Lawaan) (VU A1cd), Securinega flexousa (Muell,-Arg.) (Anislag) (VU A1c); and
two other wildlife species: Aglaia luzoniensis (Kuling manok) and Dillenia
philippinensis Rolfe (Katmon Baging)
Pterocarpus indicus is one of the commercial tree legume species that
dominate South-East Asia and some Pacific regions (Soerianegara & Lemmens
1993). It is one of the most valuable and commonly used reforestation species in
the Philippines. It is propagated by seeds and cuttings but seedling stocks are
mainly used for reforestation and rehabilitation of denuded land areas (Rise,
1995). Pterocarpus indicus grows on a variety of soil types from fertile
agricultural soil to rocky soil, along inundated river banks, swamps and lagoons
(Allen & Allen 1981, Corner 1988). It has the status of national tree in the
Philippines and has been identified by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia
46
(FRIM) as one of the potential ‗millennium tree‘ species for forest plantation
establishment in Peninsular Malaysia because of its fast growth and other
desirable characteristics (Appanah & Wienland 1993, Lok 1996). The timber of P.
indicus is classified as light hardwood and is used for light to heavy construction,
joists, beams and interior finishes. The wood, which is commonly traded as
rosewood, has beautiful distinct growth rings and is ranked among the finest for
furniture making, high grade cabinet work, carvings, decorative flooring and
musical instruments (Appanah & Weinland 1993, Soerianegara & Lemmens
1993).
Pterocarpus indicus was characterized as critically endangered and coded
as CEN A1cd which indicates that the species is critically endangered as its
population is reduced in the form of an observed, estimated, inferred or
suspected reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or 3 generations,
whichever is the longer, based on a decline area of occupancy, extent of
occurrence and/or quality of habitat and actual or potential levels of exploitation.
According to Orwa et al (2009), Vitex parviflora Juss. occurs most
commonly in comparatively dry regions in lowland forest, often in deciduous
forest on rocky ground, on grassy slopes and on dry limestone soils, but
sometimes also in littoral rain forest or hill forest. It is usually found in regions
with distinct wet and dry seasons. The species often occur gregariously in
secondary forest and primary forest, in association with Intsia, Pahudia, Sindora,
Toona and Wrightia species. V. parviflora tolerates a wide range of soils but
47
occurs mostly on dry limestone soils. Vitex timber is used for high-grade
construction, interior finishing, flooring, house building, shipbuilding, railway
sleepers and carving. The wood often takes on a yellowish- green or greenish-
brown tint when boiled in water.
Vitex parviflora Juss. is coded as EN A1cd, B2bc which indicates that the
species is endangered where its population is reduced in the form of an
observerved, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 50% over the
last 10 years or 3 generations whichever is longer, based on a decline area of
occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and actual or potential
levels of exploitation; and the extent of occurrence of the species is estimated to
be less than 20,000 km2 or area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2,000
km2, and estimates indicates continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected
in area of occupancy and area, extent and/or quality of habitat (Fernando et al,
2012).
Tindalo [Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vid.] of the family Caesalpiniaceae
is an endemic tree in the country that plays an important role in ecosystem
processes such as in biochemical and hydrological cycles. It also provides
habitat for wildlife and offers protection against soil erosion (Pandey, 2002).
Tindalo is a leguminous tree species and it is considered as one of the finest
wood in the country (Florido, 2001). It belongs to the Molave type forest which is
valued for its natural beauty and durability (DENR, 2001). At present, the global
conservation status of Tindalo is endangered both on 2001 by the Genetic
48
Resource Conservation for Timber of the Philippines (Fernando, 2001) and in
July 2002 by the Rainforest Action Network (2002).
Afzelia rhomboidea is coded as EN A1cd, B2c which indicates that the
species is endangered where its population is reduced in the form of an
observerved, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 50% over the
last 10 years or 3 generations whichever is longer, based on a decline area of
occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat and actual or potential
levels of exploitation; and the extent of occurrence of the species is estimated to
be less than 20,000 km2 or area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 2,000
km2, and estimates indicates continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected
in area, extent and/or quality of habitat.
The six vulnerable species coded as VU A1c were characterized to be
plants undergone population reduction in the form of a decline in area of
occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat while Shorea contorta
characterized coded as VU A1cd was said to be vulnerable as it undergone
population reduction in the form of a decline in area of occupancy, extent of
occurrence and/or quality of habitat, and actual or potential levels of exploitation.
Two other wildlife species Aglaia luzoniensis and Dillenia philippinensis
Rolfe are evaluated species but does not satisfy any of the categories Critically
Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable but have the tendency to become
threatened due to predation and destruction of habitat. This is equivalent to the
Lower Risk, least concern category of IUCN.
49
Based on the conservation assessment of Guingab (1994), there are three
endemic species, and fifteen economically important species in the area (as
shown in Table 12). Endemic species is described as- the taxon is confined to a
certain geographical region or its parts thus; it is unique and found nowhere else
in the world. The Economically important species are under this criteria on the
basis of known uses, these taxon that command high economic value are prone
to extinction because they tend to be over-exploited.
Table 12. Conservation Status of Understory Flora based on (Guingab, 1994)
Scientific Name Common Name Status
Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin EIS
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig EIS
Ficus septica Burma f. var. septica Hawili EIS
Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Isis EC/VU
Lantana camara L. Coronitas EIS
Leca guineensis G. Don Mali-Mali EIS
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi EIS
Litsea glutinosa Sablot EIS
Macaranga tanarius (Linn.) Muell.-Arg Binunga EIS
Mallotus philippinensis (Lam) Banato EIS
Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw ex Blume) Alim EC/EIS
Melastoma malabathricum Linn. Malatungaw EIS
Mussaenda philippica A.Rich Kahoy Dalaga EC
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya EIS
Premna odorata Blanco Alagao EIS
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. Kamiring EIS
Vitex parviflora Juss. Molave VU/EIS
The threatened species described are mainly shrubs and saplings of
trees. These species could be vulnerable to habitat fragmentation caused by
logging and kaingin, to anthropogenic pressures brought by development plans,
50
housing projects, encroachment of agriculture in the uplands, frequent burning,
domestic animal grazing, temperature build-up at the forest fringe, and pollution,
and to introduction of invasive alien species that dramatically alter many
ecosystems in the world.
51
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The taxonomic understanding is critical to convene the challenges of
biodiversity conservation in the 21st century (Bhaskaran and Rajan, 2010). It is of
fundamental importance for understanding biodiversity and ecosystem
functioning, as it provides us with the data to explore and describe biodiversity
through scientific analysis. The study provides the basic information about the
understory flora species, which are currently found in Jabonga, Agusan del
Norte. Such a list could play an important role for the local and national
authorities interested in future to conserve and sustainable use the phyto-
diversity for the sustainable development of the area.
There are two hundred seventy-six (272) species of understory flora that
were recorded in Jabonga, Agusan del Norte resolved to a total of 95 families
and two hundred ten (210) genera. Of these species, thirty-three percent (33%)
were saplings, eighteen percent (18%) were vines and sixteen percent (15%)
were herbs. Euphorbiaceae (18 spp.) and Moraceae (17 spp.) family had the
most number of species that were under 4 and 14 genera, respectively. The
PAWB (1997) study recorded 219 floral species distributed in 84 genera and 78
families in the area surrounding Lake Mainit. Thus, this study extensively improve
the data recorded in the area.
Simpson‘s Diversity Index Value was calculated highest at 0.963 for
Transect 1 and lowest value of 0.871 for Transect 4 both transects are located in
52
Dinarawan, Jabonga. This shows that the area is moderately to highly diversified
and there is no one species that clearly dominates each transect. Such diversity
is of high priority in biodiversity conservation.
Under the National List on Threatened Philippine Plants, there is one
critically endangered species found in the area, the seedlings of Pterocarpus
indicus Willd. Forma indicus, one is endangered species, Afzelia rhomboidea
(Blanco) Vidal; seven are vulnerable: Cynometra inaequefolia A. Gray, Dillenia
reifferscheidia Naves, Alangium longiflorum Merr., Mangifera merrillii, Shorea
contorta, Securinega flexousa (Muell,-Arg.), Vitex parviflora Juss., and two are
considered as other wildlife species: Aglaia luzoniensis and Dillenia
philippinensis Rolfe. Under IUCN 2012 database Shorea contorta is a critically
endangered species and Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Forma indicus, Vitex
parviflora Juss., Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vid., Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe,
and Alangium longiflorum Merr. are vulnerable species, while Aglaia luzoniensis
is a near threatened species. These threatened species are at high risk in
possible forest exploition activities indicated by the presence of illegal logging
and kaingin. This further shows that Jabonga, Agusan del Norte deserve
consideration for urgent conservation support.
There are threatening species recorded in the area. The most abundant
species, Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott (Pakong Kalabaw) that dominates
73% or eight out of eleven of transects, have an exponential growth potential and
53
forms dense population which displaces native vegetation (Weber, 2003). Also
the presence of invasive species Chromolaena odorata (Hagonoy) and
Saccharum spontaneum L., (Talahib) with the abilities to form dense population.
Invasive species can have devastating ecological impacts and may be the
primary cause of biodiversity loss (Mack et al., 2000).
Selaganilla planna Hieron (Kamariang Gubat), a highly distributed
through human introduction, also dominates one of the transect (Transect 11).
Selaginella grow at various climatic and soil types, but generally require humidity
for better growing and need water for fertilization; its presence in an area
becomes indicator of habitat condition, including global warming and global
cooling (Setyawan, 2011).
These study compared with the dendrological assessment of the same
area of Mijares (2013), shows that there is a higher number of understorty flora
species (272) recorded than of the tree species (222). The understory flora
composition is thereby more diversed than of the tree species in the area. Thus,
the understory flora must be prioritized, in terms of biodiversity conservation,
more than the overstory flora community.
This floristic inventory is far from complete. The discovery of additional
native species is very likely and new exotic plant species could invade and
become established. It is recommended that a further exploration of the area
should be made to support preliminary results and to expand knowledge of plant
54
diversity and conservation. Also a continuous monitoring should be made
especially for plant species being threatened by utilization.
There is a need to increase awareness level of researchers, local
government, and communities nearby on critical flora resources and plant
diversity of the area through production and distribution of information materials,
like flyers, leaflet and the like preferably written in local dialects. Or in other
means, information dissemination regarding with the conservation and
biodiversity of the area must be done through symposiums.
Billboards to warn gatherers as a preliminary measure against illegal
cutting of plant species must be displayed around the area. A pictorial guide to
the identification of the floral species is envisioned in the near future. This should
be published to facilitate identification by students and researchers.
55
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65
APPENDICES
66
APPENDIX 1. Understory Flora Assemblage Transects and Quadrats
in Jabonga, Agusan del Norte
DATE LOCATION TRANSECT LINE
NO. OF STATIONS
NO. OF QUADRATS
13-MAY-12 Dinarawan, San Pablo Jabonga
1 20 40
2 20 40
14-MAY-12 Dinarawan, San Pablo, Jabonga
3 20 40
4 20 40
15-MAY-12 Kabugaw, San Pablo, Jabonga
5 20 40
6 22 44
16-MAY-12 Uba, San Pablo, Jabonga
7 20 40
8 20 40
17-MAY-12 Uba, Jabonga 9 18 44
18-MAY-12 Magdagooc, Jabonga
10 22 44
11 15 30
TOTAL 11 217 406
67
JABONGA N 090 07' 14.6" E 1250 31' 50.9" 30 m
TRANSECT LINE 1
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 23' 29' E125⁰ 30' 3.3" 66m
2 N 9⁰ 23' 29.4" E 125⁰ 30' 1.7" 74m
3 N 9⁰ 23' 29.3" E 125⁰ 30' 0.3" 77m
4 N 9⁰ 23' 29.2" E 125⁰ 29' 59" 75m
5 N 9⁰ 23' 29" E 125⁰ 29' 57.8" 87m
6 N 9⁰ 23' 27.9" E 125⁰ 29' 55.9" 107m
7 N 90⁰ 23' 27.3" E 125⁰ 29' 55.6" 97m
8 N 9⁰ 23' 26.5" E 125⁰ 29' 55.4" 95m
9 N 9⁰ 23' 25.9" E 9⁰ 29' 55.4" 108m
10 N 9⁰ 23' 25.5" E 125⁰ 29' 55.0" 112m
11 N 9⁰ 23' 25.5" E 125⁰ 29' 54.3" 114m
12 N 9⁰ 23' 25.6" E 125⁰ 29' 53.5" 113m
13 N 9⁰ 23' 25.6" E 125⁰ 29' 52.8" 114m
14 N 9⁰ 23' 25.5" E 125⁰ 29' 52.3" 121m
15 N 9⁰ 23' 25.1" E 125⁰ 29' 59.9" 120m
16 N 9⁰ 23' 24.8" E 125⁰ 29' 52.3" 147m
17 N 9⁰ 23' 24.0" E 125⁰ 29' 52.3" 156m
18 N 9⁰ 23' 23.7" E 125⁰ 29' 52.2" 170m
19 N 9⁰ 23' 23.1" E 125⁰ 29' 51.9" 160m
20 N 9⁰ 23' 22.1" E 125⁰ 29' 52.5" 216m
21 N 9⁰ 23' 21.8" E 125⁰ 29' 52.7" 239m
22 N 9⁰ 23' 21.4" E 125⁰ 29' 52.6" 240m
23 N 9⁰ 23' 20.3" E 125⁰ 29' 52.2" 241m
APPENDIX 2. Transect Coordinates
68
TRANSECT LINE 2
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 23' 17.6 " E 125⁰ 29' 54.3" 235 m
2 N 9⁰ 23' 17.9" E 125⁰ 29' 54.8" 228 m
3 N 9⁰ 23' 18.1" E 125⁰ 29' 55.5" 225 m
4 N 9⁰ 23' 18" E 125⁰ 29' 55.9" 232 m
5 N 9⁰ 23'18.6" E 125⁰ 29' 56.5" 200 m
6 N 9⁰ 23' 18.9" E 125⁰ 29' 57" 189 m
7 N 9⁰ 23' 18.8" E 125⁰ 29' 57.1" 188 m
8 N 9⁰ 23' 19.4" E 125⁰ 29' 57.3" 198 m
9 N 9⁰ 23' 19.5" E 125⁰ 29' 57.6" 196 m
10 N 9⁰ 23' 20" E 125⁰ 29' 53.9" 183 m
11 N 9⁰ 23' 20.5" E 125⁰ 29' 58.1" 169 m
12 N 9⁰ 23' 21.2" E 125⁰ 29' 58.1" 168 m
13 N 9⁰ 23' 21.9" E 125⁰ 29' 58" 162 m
14 N 9⁰ 23' 22.3" E 125⁰ 29' 58.4" 159 m
15 N 9⁰ 23' 22.8" E 125⁰ 29' 59.1" 156 m
16 N 9⁰ 23' 23.2" E 125⁰ 29' 60.3" 144 m
17 N 9⁰ 23' 23.5" E 125⁰ 29' 60.9" 93 m
18 N 9⁰ 23' 23.7" E 125⁰ 29' 0.5" 85 m
19 N 9⁰ 23' 24" E 125⁰ 29' 3.8" 61 m
20 N 9⁰ 23' 24.3" E 125⁰ 29' 3.8" 55 m
69
TRANSECT LINE 3
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 23' 15.5" E 125⁰ 30' 04.1" 65 m
2 N 9⁰ 23' 15.2" E 125⁰ 230' 03.7" 68 m
3 N 9⁰ 23' 14.7" E 125⁰ 30' 02.5" 69 m
4 N 9⁰ 23' 14.5" E 125⁰ 30' 01.8' 75 m
5 N 9⁰ 23' 14.1" E 125⁰ 30' 01.4" 77 m
6 N 9⁰ 23' 14.4" E 125⁰ 30' 00.7' 83 m
7 N 9⁰ 23' 13.6" E 125⁰ 29' 59.7' 78 m
8 N 9⁰ 23' 13.8" E 125⁰ 29' 59.6" 103 m
9 N 9⁰ 23' 13.8" E 125⁰ 29' 59.2" 105m
10 N 9⁰ 23' 13.8" E 125⁰ 29' 58.7" 107 m
11 N 09⁰ 23' 13.6 E 125 ⁰ 29' 57.5" 120m
12 N 09⁰ 23'13.3 " E 125⁰ 29' 57.4" 121m
13 N 09⁰ 23' 12.9" E 125⁰ 29' 56.5" 125m
14 N 09⁰ 23' 12.6" E 125⁰ 29' 55.7" 130m
15 N 09⁰ 23' 12.2" E 125⁰ 29' 55.7 148m
16 N 09⁰ 23' 12.0" E 125⁰ 29' 55.1" 143m
17 N 09⁰ 23' 11.8" E 125⁰ 29' 54.5 142m
18 N 09⁰ 23' 11.6" E 125⁰ 29' 53.8" 151m
19 N 09⁰ 23' 11.0" E 125⁰ 29'53.3" 154m
20 N 09⁰ 23' 10.9" E 125⁰ 29' 52.9 164m
70
TRANSECT LINE 4
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 09⁰ 23' 04.2" E 125⁰ 30' 51.3" 228 m
2 N 09⁰ 23' 04.2" E 125⁰ 230' 52.7" 225 m
3 N 09⁰ 23' 04.3" E 125⁰ 30' 52.8" 220 m
4 N 09⁰ 23' 04.7" E 125⁰ 30' 53.5" 218 m
5 N 09⁰ 23' 04.0" E 125⁰ 30' 54.0" 216 m
6 N 09⁰ 23' 04.3" E 125⁰ 29' 54.6" 214 m
7 N 09⁰ 23' 04.8" E 125⁰ 29' 55.2" 208 m
8 N 09⁰ 23' 05.1" E 125⁰ 29' 55.4" 190 m
9 N 09⁰ 23' 05.8" E 125⁰ 56.5' 178 m
10 N 09⁰ 23' 06.2 E 125 ⁰ 29' 57.0" 170 m
11 N 09⁰ 23' 06.2 E 125 ⁰ 29' 57.0" 165 m
12 N 09⁰ 23' 06.2" E 125⁰ 29' 58.3" 159 m
13 N 09⁰ 23' 06.4" E 125⁰ 29' 58.8" 157 m
14 N 09⁰ 23' 06.5" E 125⁰ 29' 59.4" 151 m
15 N 09⁰ 23' 06.7" E 125⁰ 29' 59.7" 130 m
16 N 09⁰ 23' 07.1" E 125⁰ 29' 00.5 138 m
17 N 09⁰ 23' 07.4" E 125⁰ 29' 01.2 137 m
18 N 09⁰ 23' 07.3" E 125⁰ 29' 01.7" 136 m
19 N 09⁰ 23' 07.4" E 125⁰ 29' 02.4" 116 m
20 N 09⁰ 23' 07.5" E 125⁰ 29' 02.5 102 m
71
TRANSECT LINE 5
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 22' 58.4" E 125⁰ 30' 11.5" 65 m
2 N 9⁰ 22' 55.4" E 125⁰ 30' 08.7" 71 m
3 N 9⁰ 22' 55.2" E 125⁰ 30' 08.2" 74 m
4 N 9⁰ 22' 54.8" E 125⁰ 30' 08.2" 76 m
5 N 9⁰ 22' 54.1" E 125⁰ 30' 07.8" 78 m
6 N 9⁰ 22' 53.6" E 125⁰ 30' 07.3" 79 m
7 N 9⁰ 22' 53.4" E 125⁰ 30' 06.6" 95 m
8 N 9⁰ 22' 53.2" E 125⁰ 30' 06.5" 120 m
9 N 9⁰ 22' 53.5" E 125⁰ 30' 05.5' 95 m
10 N 9⁰ 22' 52.8" E 125⁰ 30' 05.1" 96 m
11 N 9⁰ 22' 52.6" E 125⁰ 30' 04.5" 97 m
12 N 9⁰ 22' 52.8" E 125⁰ 30' 03.7" 101 m
13 N 9⁰ 22' 52.6" E 125⁰ 30' 03.1 108 m
14 N 9⁰ 22' 52.4" E 125⁰ 30' 02.4" 112 m
15 N 9⁰ 22' 52.1" E 125⁰ 30' 02.1" 132 m
16 N 9⁰ 22' 51.5" E 125⁰ 30' 01.7" 128 m
17 N 9⁰ 22' 51.1" E 125⁰ 30' 01.2" 129 m
18 N 9⁰ 22' 50.5" E 125⁰ 30' 01.2" 131 m
19 N 9⁰ 22' 49.7" E 125⁰ 30' 01.6" 133 m
20 N 9⁰ 22"' 49.2" E 125⁰ 30' 01.7" 150 m
72
TRANSECT LINE 6
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 22' 45.1" E 125⁰ 30' 04.8" 182 m
2 N 9⁰ 22' 45.0" E 125⁰ 30' 04.6" 180 m
3 N 9⁰ 22' 44.2" E 125⁰ 30' 05.1" 177 m
4 N 9⁰ 22' 44.1" E 125⁰ 30' 05.3" 175 m
5 N 9⁰ 22' 44.1" E 125⁰ 30' 05.9" 163 m
6 N 9⁰ 22' 43.7" E 125⁰ 30' 06.4" 155 m
7 N 9⁰ 22' 43.4" E 125⁰ 30' 06.8" 140 m
8 N 9⁰ 22' 43.0" E 125⁰ 30'07.8" 148 m
9 N 9⁰ 22' 43.4" E 125⁰ 30' 08.0" 144 m
10 N 9⁰ 22' 43.4" E 125⁰ 30' 08.4" 139 m
11 N 9⁰ 22' 42.6" E 125⁰ 30' 09.5" 176 m
12 N 9⁰ 22' 41.7" E 125⁰ 30' 10.0" 159 m
13 N 9⁰ 22' 42.4" E 125⁰ 30' 10.3" 153 m
14 N 9⁰ 22' 43.2" E 125⁰ 30' 10.0" 138 m
15 N 9⁰ 22' 43.7" E 125⁰ 30' 09.8" 136 m
16 N 9⁰ 22' 44.3" E 125⁰ 30' 09.9" 119 m
17 N 9⁰ 22' 45.3" E 125⁰ 30' 10.5" 133 m
18 N 9⁰ 23'45.3 " E 125⁰ 30' 10.7" 131 m
19 N 9⁰ 22' 46.0" E 125⁰ 30' 11.3" 128 m
20 N 9⁰ 22' 46.3" E 125⁰ 30' 11.6" 122 m
21 N 9⁰ 22' 46.7" E 125⁰ 30' 11.9" 119 m
22 N 9⁰ 22' 46.4" E 125⁰ 30' 12.7" 112 m
73
TRANSECT LINE 7
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 22' 29.3" E 125⁰ 30' 20.7" 81 m
2 N 9⁰ 22' 29.1" E 125⁰ 30' 20.1 82 m
3 N 9⁰ 22' 28.7" E 125⁰ 30' 19.6" 85 m
4 N 9⁰ 22' 28.7" E 125⁰ 30' 19.1" 86 m
5 N 9⁰ 22' 28.7" E 125⁰ 30' 18.3" 88 m
6 N 9⁰ 22' 28.3" E 125⁰ 30' 18.0" 91 m
7 N 9⁰ 22' 27.9" E 125⁰ 30' 17.6" 98 m
8 N 9⁰ 22' 27.6" E 125⁰ 30' 17.0" 111 m
9 N 9⁰ 22' 26.9" E 125⁰ 30' 16.3" 121 m
10 N 9⁰ 22' 26.4" E 125⁰ 30' 15.9" 118 m
11 N 9⁰ 22' 26.0" E 125⁰ 30' 15.1" 120 m
12 N 9⁰ 22' 26.1" E 125⁰ 30' 15.0" 123 m
13 N 9⁰ 22' 25.6" E 125⁰ 30' 14.4" 128 m
14 N 9⁰ 22' 25.5" E 125⁰ 30' 14.0" 131 m
15 N 9⁰ 22' 24.8" E 125⁰ 30' 13.4" 136 m
16 N 9⁰ 22' 24.6" E 125⁰ 30' 13.2" 143 m
17 N 9⁰ 22' 24.0" E 125⁰ 30' 13.0" 151 m
18 N 9⁰ 22'23.3 " E 125⁰ 30' 12.7" 156 m
19 N 9⁰ 22' 22.8" E 125⁰ 30' 13.0'' 160 m
20 N 9⁰ 22' 22.7" E 125⁰ 30' 13.5" 159 m
74
TRANSECT LINE 8
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 22' 22.5" E 125⁰ 30' 14.6" 132 m
2 N 9⁰ 22' 23.2" E 125⁰ 30' 15.1" 152 m
3 N 9⁰ 22' 23.4" E 125⁰ 30' 15.7" 141 m
4 N 9⁰ 22' 23.8" E 125⁰ 30' 15.9" 130 m
5 N 9⁰ 22' 24.5" E 125⁰ 30' 16.3" 144 m
6 N 9⁰ 22' 24.6" E 125⁰ 30' 17.1" 143 m
7 N 9⁰ 22' 24.7" E 125⁰ 30' 17.6" 135 m
8 N 9⁰ 22' 24.4" E 125⁰ 30' 18.3" 132 m
9 N 9⁰ 22' 24.1" E 125⁰ 30' 18.8" 129 m
10 N 9⁰ 22' 23.7" E 125⁰ 30' 19.3" 127 m
11 N 9⁰ 22' 23.7" E 125⁰ 30' 19.9" 126 m
12 N 9⁰ 22' 23.7" E 125⁰ 30' 20.7" 118 m
13 N 9⁰ 22' 23.7" E 125⁰ 30' 21.3" 108 m
14 N 9⁰ 22' 23.8" E 125⁰ 30' 21.8" 94 m
15 N 9⁰ 22' 24.2" E 125⁰ 30' 22.3" 90 m
16 N 9⁰ 22' 24.2" E 125⁰ 30' 22.7" 77 m
17 N 9⁰ 22' 24.3" E 125⁰ 30' 23.6" 73 m
18 N 9⁰ 22' 24.2" E 125⁰ 30' 23.7" 71 m
19 N 9⁰ 22' 24.1 " E 125⁰ 30' 23.9" 69 m
20 N 9⁰ 22' 24.1 " E 125⁰ 30' 24.0" 66 m
75
TRANSECT LINE 9
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 21' 35.2" E 125⁰ 30' 40.9" 47 m
2 N 9⁰ 21' 34.9" E 125⁰ 30' 40.2" 64 m
3 N 9⁰ 21' 34.9" E 125⁰ 30' 39.5" 70 m
4 N 9⁰ 21' 34.7" E 125⁰ 30' 38.8" 71 m
5 N 9⁰ 21' 34.4" E 125⁰ 30' 38.0" 72 m
6 N 9⁰ 21' 34.4" E 125⁰ 30' 37.3" 76 m
7 N 9⁰ 21' 34.4" E 125⁰ 30' 36.59" 78 m
8 N 9⁰ 21' 34.4" E 125⁰ 30' 36.4" 79 m
9 N 9⁰ 21' 34.4" E 125⁰ 30' 36" 80 m
10 N 9⁰ 21' 34.1" E 125⁰ 30' 35.9" 86 m
11 N 9⁰ 21' 33.4" E 125⁰ 30' 35.6" 106 m
12 N 9⁰ 21' 33.6" E 125⁰ 30' 35.0" 114 m
13 N 9⁰ 21' 33.0" E 125⁰ 30' 34.5" 117 m
14 N 9⁰ 21' 33.1" E 125⁰ 30' 34.4" 146 m
15 N 9⁰ 21' 33.1" E 125⁰ 30' 34.4" 153 m
16 N 9⁰ 21' 32.8" E 125⁰ 30' 33.3" 164 m
17 N 9⁰ 21' 33.0" E 125⁰ 30' 32.2" 169 m
18 N 9⁰ 21' 33.1 " E 125⁰ 30' 31.3" 177 m
19 N 9⁰ 21' 32.5 " E 125⁰ 30' 31.1" 197 m
20 N 9⁰ 21' 32.2 " E 125⁰ 30' 30.9" 203 m
76
TRANSECT LINE 10
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 21' 00.7" E 125⁰ 28' 57.3" 24 m
2 N 9⁰ 21' 21.9" E 125⁰ 28' 59.4 31 m
3 N 9⁰ 21' 02.0" E 125⁰ 29' 03.4" 61 m
4 N 9⁰ 21' 02.8" E 125⁰ 29' 05.03" 61 m
5 N 9⁰ 21' 3.2" E 125⁰ 29' 07.4" 67 m
6 N 9⁰ 21' 04.4" E 125⁰ 29' 8.4" 73 m
7 N 9⁰ 21' 5.1" E 125⁰ 29' 9.5" 84 m
8 N 9⁰ 21' 5.3" E 125⁰ 29' 10.2" 103 m
9 N 9⁰ 21' 5.7" E 125⁰ 29' 11.2" 128 m
10 N 9⁰ 21' 6.5" E 125⁰ 29' 13.3" 146 m
11 N 9⁰ 21' 6.6" E 125⁰ 29' 13.8" 187 m
12 N 9⁰ 21' 7.4" E 125⁰ 29' 19.2" 190 m
13 N 9⁰ 21' 7.6" E 125⁰ 29' 15.5" 201 m
14 N 9⁰ 21' 7.7" E 125⁰ 29' 16.7" 220 m
15 N 9⁰ 21' 8.3" E 125⁰ 29' 17.6" 221 m
16 N 9⁰ 21' 8.7" E 125⁰ 29' 19" 257 m
17 N 9⁰ 21' 08.4" E 125⁰ 29' 20.1" 264 m
18 N 9⁰ 21'08 " E 125⁰ 29' 21.8" 258 m
19 N 9⁰ 21' 07.9" E 125⁰ 29' 22.6'' 257 m
20 N 9⁰ 21' 8.1" E 125⁰ 29' 23.7" 260 m
21 N 9⁰ 21' 8.9" E 125⁰ 29' 21.1" 350 m
22 N 9⁰ 21' 12.0" E 125⁰ 29' 25.9" 285 m
77
TRANSECT LINE 11
STATION COORDINATES ELEVATION (ASL)
1 N 9⁰ 21' 11.8" E 125⁰ 29' 24.8" 274 m
2 N 9⁰ 21' 11.5" E 125⁰ 29'23.6" 295 m
3 N 9⁰ 21' 12.4" E 125⁰ 29' 22.9" 281 m
4 N 9⁰ 21' 13.7" E 125⁰ 29' 22.7" 273 m
5 N 9⁰ 21' 14.5" E 125⁰ 29' 22.8" 257 m
6 N 9⁰ 21' 15.3" E 125⁰ 29' 23.0" 262 m
7 N 9⁰ 21' 16.0" E 125⁰ 29' 23.0" 256 m
8 N 9⁰ 21' 16.9" E 125⁰ 29' 22.1" 245 m
9 N 9⁰ 21' 17.5" E 125⁰ 29' 21.2" 245 m
10 N 9⁰ 21' 18.0" E 125⁰ 29' 20.3" 230 m
11 N 9⁰ 21' 19.1" E 125⁰ 29' 19.6" 206 m
12 N 9⁰ 21' 18.6" E 125⁰ 29' 18.4" 197 m
13 N 9⁰ 21' 18.4" E 125⁰ 29' 18.1" 197 m
14 N 9⁰ 21' 19.2" E 125⁰ 29' 17.4" 195 m
15 N 9⁰ 21' 19.1" E 125⁰ 29' 17.2" 183 m
78
APPENDIX 3. Study Sites and Transect Lines
Dinarawan (A), Kabugaw (B), Uba (C), Magdagooc (D), Jabonga, Agusan del Norte
79
80
81
82
APPENDIX 3. Understory Flora Sampling
A. Belt Transect Establishment; B. Station Tagging; C. Transect Line Deployment
APPENDIX 4. Species List of Understory Flora In Jabonga, Agusan Del Norte
83
FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME HABIT
STATUS
DAO 2007-1 IUCN
2012.2 GUINGAB,
1994
Acanthaceae Gendarusa vulgaris Bunlao Herb
Agavaceae Sanseviera trifasciata Bowstring Herb
Alangiaceae Alangium longiflorum Merr. Malatapay Tree VU A1c VU
Amaranthaceae
Achyranthes aspera L. Hangod-Amaranthus Spp.
Herb
Amaranthus viridus Kulitis Herb
Althernanthera tenella Colla Lupog-Lupog Herb
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Paan Balibis Herb
Amaranthus spinosus Uray Herb
Ameryllidacea Crinum montanum Crinum Montanum Herb
Anacardiaceae
Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume Balinghasai Tree
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. Kamiring Tree
EIS
Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco Ligas Tree
Mangifera merrillii Pahong Liitan Tree VU A1c, B2c
Annonaceae Uvaria grandiflora Roxb. Susong Kalabaw- Samiring
Vine
Apocynaceae
Ichnocarpus volubilis Merr. Hingiw Vine Vine
Wrightia pubescens R. Br. subsp. Laniti (Blanco) Ngan Lanete Tree
Wrightia calycina A. DC. Southern Laniti Tree
Araceae
Dypsis sp. Araceae Vine
Homolomena philippinensis Alupayi Aroids
Homolomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth Alupiyang Ube- Aroids
84
Alupihan
Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl Amlong Aroids
Colocasia esculentum (L.) Schott Gabi Aroids
Syngonium podophyllum Schott. Kamay-Kastila Herb
Aglaonema sp. Kapalaran Aroid
Philidendron lacerum (Jacq.) Schott Philidendron Aroids
Schimatoglottis sp. Pihau Aroids
Amorphophallus paeniifolius (Denntedt) Nicolson Pongapong Herb
Rhapidopora sp. Tibatib Vine
Colocasia zebrina Tiger Caladium Aroid
Araliaceae Schefflera odorata (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe Galamay-Amo Tree
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya Tree
EIS
Arecaceae
Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart. Anahau Shrub
Caryota mitis Fish Tail Palm Palm
Areaga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Kaong Palm
Cocos nucifera L. Niyog Tree
Caryota cumingii Lodd. Pugahan Palm
Aspleniaceae Asplenium decorom Kuntze Asplenium Fern
Asplenium musaefolium Bird's Nest Fern
Asteraceae Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC, Tagulinao Herb
Crassophalom crepiodioides (Benth) S.Moore Tuhod-Manok Herb
Athyriaceae Stenochalaena palustris (Burm.) Rehd Dilliman Fern
Begoniaceae Begonia nigritarum Steud. Begonia Herb
Boraginaceae Cordia dichotoma G. Forster Anonang Tree
85
Bromeliaceae Ananas comosus Pinya Bromeliad
Burseraceae
Garuga floribunda Decne Bogo Tree
Canarium hirsutum Willd. Dulit Tree
Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin Tree
EIS
Canarium callophylum Perk. Pagsahingin Bulog Tree
Canarium racemosum Merr. Salong Tree
Caesalpiniaceae
Cassia tora L. Balatong-Gubat Herb
Bauhmia integrifolia Roxb. Agpoy Vine
Cassia fruticosa Mill. Yellow Shower Herb
Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vidal Tindalo Tree EN A1cd, B2c VU VU
Celtidaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong Tree
Celtis philippinensis Blanco Malaikmo Tree
Cleomaceae Cleome rutidosperma Cleome-Coleus Spp Herb
Clusiaceae Cratoxylum formusum (Jack) Dyer Salingogon Tree
Commelinaceae Commelina banhelensis L. Alikbangon Herb
Compositae
Chromoloena odorata Hagonoy Shrub
Blumea balsamifera L. DC Sambong Shrub
Taraxacum officinale Weber Dandelion Herb
Cynometra inaequefolia A. Gray Dila-Dila Herb VU A1c
Convolvulaceae
Merremia peltata (L.) Merr. Bulakan Vine Vine
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G Kamkamote Vine
Ipomea sp. Lambayong Vine
Ipomea triloba Malakamote Vine
Costaceae Costus malorticanus Step Ladder Plant Herb
86
Cucurbitaceae Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng Tabog-Ok Vine
Coccinea grandis (L.) Voigt Tamling Vine
Cyatheaceae Cythea contaminans (Wall. Ey Hook.) Copel Tree Fern Fern
Cyperaceae
Cyperus iria Linn. Alinang Sedges
Soleria scribiculata Nees Arat Sedges
Cyperus difformis Linn. Busikad Sedges
Cyperus rotundus L. Mutha Sedges
Davaliaceae Davallia hymenophylloides Davallia Hymenophylloides
Fern
Dilleniaceae Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe Katmon Baging Vine OWS LR/lc VU
Dillenia reifferscheidia Naves Katmon Kalabaw Vine VU A1c
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea sp. Dioscorea Herb
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-Lima Vine
Dioscorea hispida Nami Vine
Dioscorea luzoniensis Schaver Pakit Aroid
Dipterocarpaceae Shorea contorta White Lawaan Tree VU A1cd CEN EC
Dryopteridaceae Diplazium esculenteum (Retz) Sw. Pako Fern
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus sp. Elaeocapus Herb
Euphorbiaceae
Alchornia rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-Arg. Agiyoy Shrub
Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw ex Blume) Alim Tree
EC/EIS
Securinega flexousa (Muell,-Arg.) Anislag Tree VU A1c
Neotrewia cumingii (Muell.-Arg) Pax & K. Apanang Shrub
Homalanth populneus (Geisel.) Pax var. populneus Balanti Tree
Mallotus philippinensis (Lam) Banato Shrub
EIS
87
Macaranga tanarius (Linn.) Muell.-Arg Binunga Tree
EIS
Saurpous androgynus ( L. ) Merr. Chinese Malungay Shrub
Euphorbia hirta L. Golondrina Herb
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang Tree
Mallotus mollissimus (Merr.) Merr. Hinlalamo Tree
Macaranga ovatifolia Merr. Indang Tree
Manihot esculenta Crantz Kamoteng Kahoy Shrub
Homalanthus populneus (Geisei) Pax var. Laevis (Blanco)
Malabalanti Shrub
Brynia vitis-adaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisher Matang Hapon Shrub
Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. Matang Hipon Shrub
Derris philippinensis Ollabak Puti Vine
Croton leiophyllus Muell-Arg. var leiophyllus Tagoang-Uak Tree
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd Surusampalok Herb
Fabaceae
Cassia alata L. Acapulco Shrub
Pongomia pinnata (L.) Merr. Muell-Arg Bani Tree
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. Colopogonium Vine
Mimosa sp. Makahiya Herb
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Narra Tree
Sesbania sp. Sesbania Shrub
Indigofera hirsuta L. Tayom Herb
Derris elliptica Benth. Tubli Vine
Faboideae Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Forma indicus Smooth Narra Tree CR A1cd VU
Fagaceae Lithocarpus sulitii Pangnan Tree
88
Flacourtiaceae Scolopia luzoniensis (Presl.) Warb
Aniguai- Malabaykan Vines
Vine
Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. Bitongol Tree
Flagellariaceae Flagellaria indica L. Balingway Vine
Flagellaria indica L. var. WL Balungkahinay Vine
Gnetaceae Gnetum gnemon Kuliat Vine Vine
Gramineae
Axonopus compressus Beauv. Carpet Grass Grass
Zoysia matrella Linn. Barit Grass
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf Para Grass Grass
Panicum maximum Jacq. Guinea Grass Grass
Schizostachyum fennixii Puser Bamboo Grass
Guttiferae Crattoxylum sumatranum (Jack.) Blume Pag-Uringon Tree
Heliconiaceae Heliconia latisphata Benth. False Bird's Paradise Shrub
Iridaceae Gladiolus sp. Gladulos Shrub
Labiateae Hyptis capitata Jacq. Turukan Herb
Lamiaceae
Premna odorata Blanco Alagao Tree
EIS
Origanum vulgare L. Oregano Herb
Hyptis rhomboides Mart. & Gal. Hyptis Herb
Lauraceae
Litsea glutinosa Sablot Tree
EIS
Lindera apoensis Elmer Sarirab Tree
Persea schiedeana Wild Avocado Tree
Lecythidaceae Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Blume ex DC Putat Tree
Leeaceae Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng. Amamali Shrub
Leea philippinensis Merr. Kaliantan Shrub
89
Leca guineensis G. Don Mali-Mali Shrub
EIS
Leguminoseae
Mimosa diplotricha C. Wright ex Suavalle Kamot Pusa Vine
Hypyis capitata Jacq. Dilang Baka Herb
Fragraea racemosa Wall. Kakaw Eta Tree
Centrosema pubescens Benth. Sentrosema Vine
Sophora tomentosa Linn. Tambalisa Herb
Mimosa pudica Linn. Makahiyang Babae Herb
Loganiaceae Strychmos multiflora L. Strychnine- Tri Veined Vines
Vine
Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. Lycopodium Fern
Malvaceae
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr. Banalo Tree
Pterospernum obliquum Blanco Kulatingan Tree
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Kulot Kulotan Herb
Melochia umbrellata (Houtt.) Stapl Labayo Tree
Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho Tree
Hibiscus uliaceus L. Malubago Tree
Sida acuta Burm. f. Walis-Walisan Herb
Marantaceae Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum Bamban Shrub
Phrynium philippinensis Ridl. Hagithit Shrub
Marattiaceae Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) Chr. Giant Fern Fern
Melastomataceae Melastoma malabathricum Linn. Malatungaw Shrub
EIS
Medinilla heterophylla Medenilia Vines Vine
Meliaceae Melia dubia Cav. Bagalunga Tree
Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq. Kalimutain Tree
90
Aglaia luzoniensis Kuling Manok Tree OW NT
Aglaia edulis (Roxb.) Wall Malasaging Shrub
Menispermaceae
Pycharrhena manillensis Engl. Ambal Vines Vine
Cylea merrillii Diels. Cyclea Vine Vine
Stephania merrilli Lektang Vine
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight Arn. Ligtang Vine
Mimosoideae
Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. Akle Tree
Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen Mollucan Sau Tree
Acacia famesiana (L.) Willd. Aroma Shrub
Moraceae
Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Agus-Us Tree
Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas Tree
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. Antipolo Tree
Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong Tree
Ficus linearifolia Elmer Basikong Kalauang Tree
Ficus lineares Ficus Lineares Tree
Ficus septica Burma f. var. septica Hawili Shrub
EIS
Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bur. Var. luzonica Himbabalud Tree
Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Isis Tree
EC/VU
Ficus callosa Willd. Kalokoi Tree
Ficus magnoliifolia Kanapai Tree
Artocarpus nitidus Trec. Sspv nitidus Kubi Tree
Ficus sattherthwaitei Elmer Malatibig Tree
Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco Marang Banguhan Tree
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco Niyog Niyogan Tree
EC/EIS
91
Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling Tree
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig Tree
EIS
Musaceae Musa errana (Blanco) Teodo Saging Matsing Shrub
Myristicaceae Myristica philippinensis Lam. Duguan Tree
Myrtaceae
Syzygium aqueum Tambis Tree
Syzygium hutchinsonii (Merr.) Merr. Malatambis Tree
Syzygium calubcub (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Kalugkog Herb
Syzygium sp. Malaruhat Bundok Tree
Olacaceae Olax imbricata Roxb. Malabago Tree
Oleandraceae
Nephrolepsis hirsutula Alolokdo Fern
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong Kalabaw Fern
Nephrolepsis sp. Pakong Liitan Fern
Ophioglossaceae Ophioglossum sp. Hanging Lodder Plant
Vine
Orchidaceea Spathoglottis plicata Blurne Ground Orchid Orchid
Renanthera philippensis (Ames & Quisumb.) Fire Orchid Orchid
Oxalidaceae Biophylum sensita Makahiyang Lalake Herb
Palmae Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc. Dumayaka Palm
Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida Karungot Vine
Pasiflora sp. Pasiflora Vines Vine
Phyllanthaceae Glochidian album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang Shrub
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. Subiang Tree
Piperaceae Piper interruptum Opiz var. interniptum Pamintang Aso Vine
Piper aduncum Piper Vine
92
Peperomia pellucida Ulasiman Herb
Piper sp. Var. Piper Vine
Piper betle L. Ikmo (Buyo) Vine
Poaceae
Setaria palmifolia (Koenis) Stapf. Ayus-Us Grass
Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf Bikal Grass
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal Babui Grass
Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv. Cogon Grass
Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib Grass
Sporobulos indicus L. Whipping Grass Grass
Rottboellia exaltata Agingay Grass
Chrysopogon acicullatus Amorseco Grass
Sorghum halepense Batadbataran Grass
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Carabao Grass Grass
Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merr. Fishing Rod Bamboo Grass
Bambusa spinosa Kawayan Tinik Grass
Dimeria ornithopoda Trin., Fund. Agrost. T Plant/Kulape Grass
Thysonolaena latifolia (Roxb. Ex Hornem.) Honda Tambo Grass
Polypodiaceae Dynacia quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab Fern Allies
Ampilopteris prolifera Attaching Vine Vine
Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Water Hyacinth Weed
Pteridaceae Acrostiqhum aureum L. Lagulo Fern
Rhamnaceae
Gounia javanica L. Litiran Vine
Ziziphus cumingiana Merr. Maladuklap Shrub
Ventilago dichotema Salapao Vine
93
Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan Gubat Tree
Rosaceae Rubus pectinellus Max. Sapinit Vine
Rubiaceae
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak Tree
Nauclea orientalis Bangkal Tree
Mussaenda philippica A.Rich Kahoy Dalaga Shrub
EC
Carphalca kerondon Baill. Karpalia- Rubia Spp Tree
Morinda cetrifolia l bracteata (Roxb.) Hook f. Nino Tree
Rutaceae
Evodia confusa Merr. Bugawak Tree
Melicope monophylla Merr. Dalou Tree
Melacope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-Araw Tree
Sapindaceae
Mishocarpus pentapentalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag Shrub
Ganophyllum falcatum Blume Arangin Tree
Nephelium ramboutan ake (Labdl.) Leeula Kapulasan Tree
Pometria pinnata Forst. & Forst. Malugai Tree
Sapindaceae sp. Tulibastelos Tree
Sapotaceae Mimusops olengi L. Bansalagin Tree
Palaquitim luzoniense (F. Vill.) Vid Nato Tree
Schizaeaceae Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw Nito Vine
Lygodium japonicum Nitong Hapon Vine
Selaginellaceae Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang Gubat Fern Allies
Solanaceae Physalis minima L. Baloon Plant Herb
Capsicum frutescens L. Labuyo, Sili Herb
Solanaceae Solanum sp. Malatalong Herb
Sterculiaceae Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto Tree
94
Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus macrophyllus (Nig.) A.S. Lanutan Baguio Tree
Phaleria perrottettiina (Decnie) P. Vill. Tuka Shrub
Umbellifereae Centella asiatica L. Takip Kuhol Vine
Urticaceae
Arachis pentoi Yellow Creeper Vine
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi Shrub
EIS
Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob Dalunot Shrub
Poikilospernum suaveolens (Blume) Merr. Hanopol Vine
Poikilospernum erectum (Blanco) Merr. Hanopol Tubig Vine
Verbenaceae
Lantana camara L. Coronitas Herb
EIS
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis Kandikandilaan Herb
Vitex parviflora Juss. Molave Tree VU A1c VU VU/EIS
Vitaceae
Tetrastigma loherii Alangingi Vine
Cissus quadrangula Ayong Kabayo Vine
Tetrastigma harmandii Planch Bariuatuat Vine
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith Barik Zingiber
Kolowratia sp. Red Ginger Zingiber
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum Tagbak Zingiber
Kolowratia elegans (Pres.) K. Schum Tagkak-Babae Zingiber
CEN, CR Critically Endangered Species OW Other Wild Life Species EIS Economically Important Species EC Endemic Species VU Vulnerable Species NT Near threatened Species
95
APPENDIX 5 DENR Assessment of Conservation Status of Threatened Plant Species (DAO 2007-1)
96
97
98
APPENDIX 6. Guingab (1994) Assessment of Floral Species
Conservation Status
Assessment of conservation status of species according to the definition of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Rojo (1999), Merill (1926) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR):
a. Critically Endangered (CR) – the taxon is considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
b. Endangered (EN) – the taxon is considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild
c. Vulnerable (VU) - the taxon is considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild
d. Near Threatened (NT) – the taxon is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
e. Least Concern (LC) – the taxon is widespread and abundant
f. Data Deficient (DD) – the taxon‘s distribution and/or population status are unknown or inadequately documented; thus, assessment of extinction risk isnot possible. DD is not a category of threat.
g. Endemic (EC) – the taxon is confined to a certain geographical region or its parts thus; it is unique and found nowhere else in the world.
h. Rare (R) – the taxon is not under immediate threat of extinction but occurring in such small numbers or in such localized or specialized habitats that it could quickly disappear if the environment worsens; needs watching
i. Depleted (D) – although sufficiently abundant for survival, the taxon has been nearly depleted and in decline as a result of natural causes or human activities
j. Economically Important Species (EIS) – based on known uses, taxon that command high economic value are prone to extinction because they tend to be over-exploited
99
TRANSECT 1
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE
VALUE
Acrostiqhum aureum L. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.435 0.562 1.137
Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vidal 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Alchornia rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-Arg 0.217 1.706 5 2.024 0.978 1.264 4.995
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.065 0.512 3 1.215 0.870 1.124 2.850
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith 0.174 1.365 3 1.215 1.304 1.685 4.265
Amaranthus spinosus 0.109 0.853 1 0.405 0.652 0.843 2.101
Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc. 0.087 0.683 4 1.619 1.630 2.107 4.409
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. 0.043 0.341 2 0.810 0.109 0.140 1.291
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. 0.435 3.413 1 0.405 0.000 0.000 3.818
Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. 0.174 1.365 7 2.834 1.848 2.388 6.587 Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume
0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.217 0.281 0.856
Canarium asperum Benth. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.217 0.281 0.856
Canarium callophylum Perk. 0.130 1.024 4 1.619 2.826 3.652 6.295
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 0.043 0.341 3 1.215 0.326 0.421 1.977
Caryota mitis 0.065 0.512 3 1.215 1.196 1.545 3.271
APPENDIX 7. Ecological Measurements of Understory Flora Species In Jabonga, Agusan Del Norte
100
Chromoloena odorata 1.130 8.874 7 2.834 1.848 2.388 14.095
Cordia dichotoma G. Forster 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Costus malorticanus 0.130 1.024 4 1.619 1.413 1.826 4.469
Cylea merrillii Diels. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Derris elliptica Benth. 0.065 0.512 3 1.215 0.870 1.124 2.850
Derris philippinensis 0.087 0.683 4 1.619 1.087 1.404 3.707
Dillenia reifferscheidia Naves 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997 Dimeria ornithopoda Trin., Fund.
Agrost. 0.652 5.119 1 0.405 0.217 0.281 5.805
Dioscorea hispida 0.261 2.048 9 3.644 2.283 2.949 8.641
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997 Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
0.391 3.072 14 5.668 9.022 11.657 20.397
Eleoacarpus sp. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.217 0.281 0.856
Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC 0.217 1.706 1 0.405 0.000 0.000 2.111
Euphorbia hirta L. 0.435 3.413 1 0.405 0.000 0.000 3.818
Ficus heteropoda Miq. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.326 2.560 7 2.834 1.957 2.528 7.922
Ficus sattherthwaitei Elmer 0.043 0.341 2 0.810 0.326 0.421 1.572
Ficus septica Burma f. var. septica 0.109 0.853 2 0.810 0.326 0.421 2.084
Ficus ulmifolia Lam. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Flagellaria indica L. 0.087 0.683 4 1.619 0.978 1.264 3.566
Flagellaria indica L. var. WL 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Garuga floribunda Decne 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Glochidian album (Blanco) Boerl. 0.174 1.365 5 2.024 1.196 1.545 4.934
Gnetum gnemon 0.087 0.683 4 1.619 1.196 1.545 3.847
101
Gounia javanica L. 0.043 0.341 2 0.810 0.217 0.281 1.432
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 0.239 1.877 6 2.429 1.413 1.826 6.132
Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.217 0.281 0.856
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.087 0.683 4 1.619 0.870 1.124 3.426
Kolowratia sp. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Lantana camara L. 0.174 1.365 3 1.215 0.326 0.421 3.001
Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng. 0.043 0.341 2 0.810 0.435 0.562 1.713
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. 0.413 3.242 7 2.834 1.087 1.404 7.481
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.109 0.853 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 1.399
Lygodium japonicum 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Macaranga ovatifolia Merr. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Macaranga tanarius (Linn.) Muell.-Arg 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716 Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw ex Blume)
0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Melicope monophylla Merr. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Merremia peltata (L.) Merr. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716
Mimosa sp. 0.174 1.365 1 0.405 0.435 0.562 2.332
Mimusops olengi L. 0.043 0.341 2 0.810 0.543 0.702 1.853 Morinda cetrifolia l bracteata (Roxb.) Hook f
0.196 1.536 4 1.619 0.652 0.843 3.998
Musa errana (Blanco) Teodo 0.065 0.512 3 1.215 0.761 0.983 2.710
Mussaenda philippica A.Rich 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.543 0.702 1.278 Neotrewia cumingii (Muell.-Arg) Pax & K.
0.087 0.683 4 1.619 1.087 1.404 3.707
Nephelium ramboutan ake (Labdl.)
Leeula 0.130 1.024 6 2.429 2.283 2.949 6.402
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 0.565 4.437 7 2.834 3.587 4.635 11.906
102
Panicum maximum Jacq. 0.043 0.341 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.887
Peperomia pellucida 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd 0.326 2.560 1 0.405 0.217 0.281 3.245
Pongomia pinnata (L.) Merr. Muell-Arg 0.043 0.341 2 0.810 0.326 0.421 1.572
Premna odorata Blanco 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.109 0.140 0.716 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Forma indicus
0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.543 0.702 1.278
Pterospernum obliquum Blanco 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.435 0.562 1.137
Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.543 0.702 1.278
Saccharum spontaneum L. 1.000 7.850 5 2.024 0.978 1.264 11.138
Selaginella plana Hieron 0.457 3.584 10 4.049 3.152 4.073 11.705
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. 0.217 1.706 7 2.834 2.826 3.652 8.192
Soleria scribiculata Nees 1.196 9.386 16 6.478 7.500 9.691 25.554
Sophora tomentosa Linn. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Spathoglottis plicata Blurne 0.065 0.512 2 0.810 0.978 1.264 2.586
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.261 2.048 3 1.215 0.978 1.264 4.526
Stephania merrilli 0.109 0.853 5 2.024 1.413 1.826 4.703
Sterculia oblongata R. Br. 0.022 0.171 1 0.405 0.326 0.421 0.997
Ziziphus cumingiana Merr. 0.065 0.512 3 1.215 1.304 1.685 3.412
Zoysia matrella Linn. 0.174 1.365 5 2.024 1.196 1.545 4.934
103
TRANSECT 2
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) Vidal 0.125 1.511 1 0.488 0.375 0.471 2.469
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.375 0.471 1.261
Arenga tremula (Blanco) Becc. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.125 0.157 0.947
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Blumea balsamifera L. DC 0.125 1.511 5 2.439 3.375 4.239 8.188 Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg.
0.100 1.208 4 1.951 1.125 1.413 4.573
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. 0.075 0.906 2 0.976 0.375 0.471 2.353
Canarium asperum Benth. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Canarium hirsutum Willd. 0.050 0.604 2 0.976 0.125 0.157 1.737
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.125 0.157 0.947
Caryota mitis 0.175 2.115 7 3.415 3.000 3.768 9.297
Chromoloena odorata 0.075 0.906 2 0.976 0.750 0.942 2.824
Cordia dichotoma G. Forster 0.050 0.604 2 0.976 0.250 0.314 1.894
Cratoxylum formusum (Jack) Dyer 0.125 1.511 4 1.951 1.125 1.413 4.875
Cylea merrillii Diels. 0.125 1.511 5 2.439 0.750 0.942 4.892
Derris philippinensis 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 0.050 0.604 2 0.976 0.375 0.471 2.051
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.375 0.471 1.261 Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K.
Schum 0.225 2.719 9 4.390 4.000 5.024 12.133
Dysoxylum arborescens (Blume) Miq. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.375 0.471 1.261
Evodia confusa Merr. 0.050 0.604 2 0.976 1.000 1.256 2.836
104
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.200 2.417 8 3.902 2.750 3.454 9.773
Ficus septica Burma f. var. septica 0.150 1.813 6 2.927 1.750 2.198 6.937
Ficus septica Burma f. var. septica 0.050 0.604 1 0.488 0.500 0.628 1.720
Flagellaria indica L. 0.075 0.906 3 1.463 0.625 0.785 3.155
Ganophyllum falcatum Blume 0.150 1.813 6 2.927 1.875 2.355 7.094
Glochidian album (Blanco) Boerl. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.000 0.000 0.790
Gnetum gnemon 0.125 1.511 5 2.439 1.750 2.198 6.147
Gounia javanica L. 0.075 0.906 3 1.463 1.375 1.727 4.097
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 0.550 6.647 10 4.878 3.375 4.239 15.763
Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv. 0.050 0.604 2 0.976 0.500 0.628 2.208
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.175 2.115 4 1.951 0.750 0.942 5.008
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. 0.375 4.532 10 4.878 2.625 3.297 12.706
Lithocarpus sulitii 0.175 2.115 4 1.951 1.500 1.884 5.950
Litsea glutinosa 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.050 0.604 2 0.976 0.375 0.471 2.051
Lygodium japonicum 0.075 0.906 3 1.463 0.750 0.942 3.312
Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Medinilla heterophylla 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Melicope monophylla Merr. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.125 0.157 0.947
Merremia peltata (L.) Merr. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Mimusops olengi L. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Musa errana (Blanco) Teodo 0.050 0.604 2 0.976 1.000 1.256 2.836
Mussaenda philippica A.Rich 0.100 1.208 3 1.463 2.000 2.512 5.184
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 2.525 30.514 27 13.171 19.375 24.333 68.017
Pongomia pinnata (L.) Merr. Muell-Arg 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.375 0.471 1.261
105
Saccharum spontaneum L. 0.650 7.855 13 6.341 7.375 9.262 23.459
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. 0.075 0.906 3 1.463 1.000 1.256 3.626
Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.525 6.344 16 7.805 3.500 4.396 18.545
Sorghum halepense 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.075 0.906 3 1.463 1.250 1.570 3.940
Syzygium sp. 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Tetrastigma harmandii Planch 0.025 0.302 1 0.488 0.250 0.314 1.104
Tetrastigma loherii 0.125 1.511 3 1.463 1.125 1.413 4.387
Vitex parviflora Juss. 0.050 0.604 2 0.976 1.250 1.570 3.150
106
TRANSECT 3
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Acrostiqhum aureum L. 0.575 3.474 7 3.286 4.375 4.881 11.642
Alchornia rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-Arg 0.275 1.662 7 3.286 2.750 3.068 8.016
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.075 0.453 1 0.469 0.375 0.418 1.341
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith 0.250 1.511 5 2.347 1.625 1.813 5.671
Ananas comosus 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 0.899
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. 0.150 0.906 3 1.408 1.250 1.395 3.709
Canarium racemosum Merr. 0.100 0.604 1 0.469 0.500 0.558 1.632
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 0.075 0.453 2 0.939 1.875 2.092 3.484
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 0.899
Chromoloena odorata 0.050 0.302 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 1.051
Cissus quadrangula 0.175 1.057 4 1.878 1.625 1.813 4.748
Cordia dichotoma G. Forster 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.500 0.558 1.178
Costus malorticanus 0.200 1.208 6 2.817 2.875 3.208 7.233
Cratoxylum formusum (Jack) Dyer 0.250 1.511 1 0.469 0.375 0.418 2.398
Croton leiophyllus Muell-Arg. var leiophyllus 0.050 0.302 2 0.939 1.000 1.116 2.357
Cylea merrillii Diels. 0.400 2.417 12 5.634 2.000 2.232 10.282
Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf 0.200 1.208 3 1.408 1.125 1.255 3.872
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 0.075 0.453 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 1.202
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.500 0.558 1.178
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum 1.400 8.459 24 11.268 13.000 14.505 34.232
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.200 1.208 6 2.817 2.625 2.929 6.954
Flagellaria indica L. 0.150 0.906 3 1.408 1.000 1.116 3.431
107
Gladiolus sp. 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.625 0.697 1.318 Homalanthus populneus (Geisei) Pax var. Laevis
(Blanco) 0.075 0.453 2 0.939 0.750 0.837 2.229
Homolomena philippinensis 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.375 0.418 1.039
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 1.000 6.042 7 3.286 2.875 3.208 12.536
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.250 1.511 7 3.286 1.125 1.255 6.052
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.875 5.287 16 7.512 3.750 4.184 16.983
Lygodium japonicum 0.075 0.453 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 1.202
Melicope monophylla Merr. 0.100 0.604 3 1.408 1.625 1.813 3.826
Mimosa pudica Linn. 0.150 0.906 3 1.408 1.875 2.092 4.407
Morinda cetrifolia l bracteata (Roxb.) Hook f 0.125 0.755 3 1.408 0.750 0.837 3.001
Mussaenda philippica A.Rich 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 0.899
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 4.525 27.341 18 8.451 10.000 11.158 46.950
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 0.175 1.057 5 2.347 2.250 2.510 5.915
Phrynium philippinensis Ridl. 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 0.899
Piper aduncum 0.250 1.511 4 1.878 1.750 1.953 5.341
Piper sp. 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 0.899
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. 0.075 0.453 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 1.202
Selaginella plana Hieron 1.250 7.553 9 4.225 5.000 5.579 17.357
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. 0.125 0.755 3 1.408 1.000 1.116 3.279
Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.700 4.230 6 2.817 2.500 2.789 9.836
Spathoglottis plicata Blurne 0.200 1.208 2 0.939 1.625 1.813 3.961
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.025 0.151 1 0.469 0.250 0.279 0.899
Stephania merrilli 0.100 0.604 2 0.939 1.375 1.534 3.077
Syngonium podophyllum Schott. 0.150 0.906 4 1.878 1.750 1.953 4.737
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr. 0.425 2.568 9 4.225 3.250 3.626 10.420
108
Wrightia pubescens R. Br. subsp. Laniti (Blanco) Ngan
0.050 0.302 1 0.469 0.750 0.837 1.608
Zoysia matrella Linn. 0.975 5.891 8 3.756 2.750 3.068 12.715
109
TRANSECT 4
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. 0.050 0.303 1 0.493 0.250 0.287 1.083
Alchornia rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-Arg 0.075 0.455 2 0.985 1.125 1.293 2.733
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.050 0.303 2 0.985 0.375 0.431 1.719
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith 0.400 2.424 9 4.433 1.375 1.580 8.438
Ananas comosus 0.050 0.303 2 0.985 1.750 2.011 3.300
Bauhmia integrifolia Roxb. 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.250 0.287 0.931
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.375 0.431 1.075
Canarium asperum Benth. 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.250 0.287 0.931
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 0.175 1.061 2 0.985 1.625 1.868 3.914
Caryota mitis 0.100 0.606 3 1.478 1.250 1.437 3.521
Chromoloena odorata 0.350 2.121 5 2.463 1.375 1.580 6.165
Cissus quadrangula 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.250 0.287 0.931
Cordia dichotoma G. Forster 0.075 0.455 1 0.493 0.500 0.575 1.522
Costus malorticanus 0.100 0.606 4 1.970 1.125 1.293 3.870 Croton leiophyllus Muell-Arg. var
leiophyllus 0.075 0.455 1 0.493 0.875 1.006 1.953
Cylea merrillii Diels. 0.300 1.818 7 3.448 1.250 1.437 6.703
Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf 0.175 1.061 5 2.463 1.500 1.724 5.248
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 0.450 2.727 8 3.941 2.750 3.161 9.829
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 0.050 0.303 2 0.985 0.500 0.575 1.863 Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
1.275 7.727 10 4.926 5.500 6.322 18.975
Evodia confusa Merr. 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.250 0.287 0.931
110
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.150 0.909 3 1.478 1.125 1.293 3.680
Ficus septica Burma f. var. septica 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 1.125 1.293 1.937
Flagellaria indica L. 0.050 0.303 2 0.985 0.375 0.431 1.719
Fragraea racemosa Wall. 0.050 0.303 2 0.985 1.000 1.149 2.438
Gladiolus sp. 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.375 0.431 1.075
Glochidian album (Blanco) Boerl. 0.075 0.455 2 0.985 0.625 0.718 2.158 Homalanthus populneus (Geisei) Pax var. Laevis (Blanco)
0.075 0.455 2 0.985 0.625 0.718 2.158
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 2.425 14.697 15 7.389 10.625 12.213 34.299
Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv. 0.075 0.455 2 0.985 0.500 0.575 2.014
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.125 0.758 2 0.985 0.500 0.575 2.318
Kolowratia sp. 0.125 0.758 3 1.478 1.000 1.149 3.385
Lantana camara L. 0.050 0.303 1 0.493 0.375 0.431 1.227
Lindera apoensis Elmer 0.125 0.758 3 1.478 0.875 1.006 3.241
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.225 1.364 6 2.956 1.250 1.437 5.756
Manihot esculenta Crantz 0.150 0.909 3 1.478 2.625 3.017 5.404 Morinda cetrifolia l bracteata (Roxb.) Hook f
0.125 0.758 3 1.478 0.875 1.006 3.241
Musa errana (Blanco) Teodo 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.500 0.575 1.219
Neotrewia cumingii (Muell.-Arg) Pax & K. 0.200 1.212 4 1.970 1.625 1.868 5.050
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 5.075 30.758 32 15.764 19.875 22.845 69.366
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 0.300 1.818 5 2.463 2.250 2.586 6.867
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 0.625 3.788 7 3.448 3.500 4.023 11.259
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd 0.125 0.758 1 0.493 0.125 0.144 1.394
Piper aduncum 0.225 1.364 7 3.448 1.500 1.724 6.536
Piper spp. 0.125 0.758 1 0.493 0.250 0.287 1.538
111
Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. 0.100 0.606 1 0.493 0.625 0.718 1.817
Saurpous androgynus ( L. ) Merr. 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.250 0.287 0.931
Selaginella plana Hieron 0.400 2.424 2 0.985 0.500 0.575 3.984
Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.650 3.939 8 3.941 3.250 3.736 11.616
Spathoglottis plicata Blurne 0.175 1.061 3 1.478 1.375 1.580 4.119
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.450 2.727 3 1.478 1.375 1.580 5.786
Stephania merrilli 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.250 0.287 0.931
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr. 0.025 0.152 1 0.493 0.375 0.431 1.075
Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner 0.050 0.303 1 0.493 0.375 0.431 1.227
Zoysia matrella Linn. 0.150 0.909 4 1.970 0.625 0.718 3.598
112
TRANSECT 5
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.273 2.124 7 3.017 2.841 3.247 8.388 Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith
0.136 1.062 3 1.293 0.795 0.909 3.264
Amaralidas sp. 0.045 0.354 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 1.045 Amorphophallus paeniifolius
(Denntedt) Nicolson 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 0.868
Ampilopteris prolifera 0.068 0.531 1 0.431 0.455 0.519 1.481
Ananas comosus 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.455 0.519 1.128
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.341 0.390 0.998
Bauhmia integrifolia Roxb. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.341 0.390 0.998
Blumea balsamifera L. DC 0.091 0.708 1 0.431 0.341 0.390 1.529
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.341 0.390 0.998 Brynia vitis-adaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisher
0.068 0.531 3 1.293 0.795 0.909 2.733
Canarium callophylum Perk. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.455 0.519 1.128
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 0.045 0.354 2 0.862 0.682 0.779 1.995
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 0.045 0.354 2 0.862 0.455 0.519 1.736
Caryota mitis 0.091 0.708 3 1.293 1.591 1.818 3.819
Chromoloena odorata 0.386 3.009 8 3.448 2.159 2.468 8.925
Costus malorticanus 0.091 0.708 4 1.724 1.136 1.299 3.731
Cylea merrillii Diels. 0.045 0.354 2 0.862 0.568 0.649 1.865
Dillenia philippinensis Rolfe 0.068 0.531 1 0.431 0.909 1.039 2.001
113
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 0.868
Dioscorea sp. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.341 0.390 0.998 Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
0.341 2.655 9 3.879 3.295 3.766 10.300
Eleaocarpus sp. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.682 0.779 1.387
Evodia confusa Merr. 0.091 0.708 4 1.724 1.591 1.818 4.250
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.068 0.531 3 1.293 0.682 0.779 2.603
Fragraea racemosa Wall. 0.091 0.708 4 1.724 1.023 1.169 3.601 Homalanthus populneus (Geisei) Pax var. Laevis (Blanco)
0.068 0.531 3 1.293 0.909 1.039 2.863
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 0.500 3.894 6 2.586 1.705 1.948 8.428
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.136 1.062 6 2.586 1.136 1.299 4.947
Kolowratia sp. 0.182 1.416 4 1.724 2.159 2.468 5.608
Lantana camara L. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 0.868
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 0.868
Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. 0.136 1.062 1 0.431 1.023 1.169 2.662
Lindera apoensis Elmer 0.091 0.708 3 1.293 0.909 1.039 3.040
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.477 3.717 12 5.172 2.727 3.117 12.006
Lygodium japonicum 0.068 0.531 3 1.293 0.341 0.390 2.214
Manihot esculenta Crantz 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.455 0.519 1.128
Melicope monophylla Merr. 0.068 0.531 3 1.293 0.568 0.649 2.473 Morinda cetrifolia l bracteata (Roxb.)
Hook f 0.045 0.354 1 0.431 0.341 0.390 1.175
Nephelium ramboutan ake (Labdl.) Leeula
0.068 0.531 3 1.293 1.591 1.818 3.642
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 2.250 17.522 26 11.207 14.432 16.494 45.223
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 0.205 1.593 5 2.155 1.818 2.078 5.826
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 0.455 3.540 3 1.293 1.136 1.299 6.132
114
Phrynium philippinensis Ridl. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 0.868
Piper aduncum 0.136 1.062 6 2.586 1.477 1.688 5.336
Piper sp. 0.205 1.593 6 2.586 1.250 1.429 5.608
Saccharum spontaneum L. 1.682 13.097 7 3.017 6.250 7.143 23.257
Schimatoglottis sp. 0.273 2.124 4 1.724 1.477 1.688 5.536
Selaginella plana Hieron 0.795 6.195 6 2.586 3.636 4.156 12.937
Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.386 3.009 9 3.879 2.841 3.247 10.135
Spathoglottis plicata Blurne 1.227 9.558 16 6.897 8.068 9.221 25.675
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.136 1.062 5 2.155 1.705 1.948 5.165
Strychmos multiflora L. 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 0.868
Taraxacum officinale Weber Like 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 0.868 Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr.
0.318 2.478 10 4.310 2.614 2.987 9.775
Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner 0.023 0.177 1 0.431 0.227 0.260 0.868
Zoysia matrella Linn. 0.523 4.071 10 4.310 2.614 2.987 11.368
115
TRANSECT 6
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.100 0.821 2 1.111 0.875 1.013 2.945
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith 0.275 2.258 4 2.222 2.500 2.894 7.374
Ananas comosus 0.075 0.616 3 1.667 1.250 1.447 3.730
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.500 0.579 1.340
Bambusa spinosa 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.375 0.434 1.195
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf 0.350 2.874 1 0.556 1.375 1.592 5.021
Breynia rhamnoides (Retz.) Muell.-Arg. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.250 0.289 1.050
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. 0.050 0.411 2 1.111 0.625 0.724 2.245
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.750 0.868 1.629
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 0.050 0.411 2 1.111 0.750 0.868 2.390
Caryota mitis 0.075 0.616 2 1.111 1.000 1.158 2.885
Centrosema pubescens Benth. 1.175 9.647 17 9.444 9.500 10.999 30.090
Chromoloena odorata 0.275 2.258 7 3.889 1.875 2.171 8.317
Colocasia esculentum (L.) Schott 0.050 0.411 2 1.111 0.500 0.579 2.100
Davallia hymenophylloides 0.075 0.616 2 1.111 0.750 0.868 2.595
Derris elliptica Benth. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.500 0.579 1.340
Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf 0.050 0.411 2 1.111 0.375 0.434 1.956
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.250 0.289 1.050
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 0.075 0.616 3 1.667 0.875 1.013 3.295
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum 0.325 2.668 5 2.778 3.125 3.618 9.064
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.225 1.847 3 1.667 2.375 2.750 6.264
Fragraea racemosa Wall. 0.075 0.616 3 1.667 1.625 1.881 4.164
116
Homalanth populneus (Geisel.) Pax var. populneus
0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.250 0.289 1.050
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 2.350 19.294 17 9.444 9.375 10.854 39.592
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.175 1.437 7 3.889 1.750 2.026 7.352
Kolowratia sp. 0.050 0.411 1 0.556 0.375 0.434 1.400
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. 0.050 0.411 2 1.111 0.625 0.724 2.245
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.050 0.411 2 1.111 0.500 0.579 2.100
Lygodium japonicum 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.500 0.579 1.340 Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw ex Blume)
0.050 0.411 1 0.556 2.250 2.605 3.571
Morinda cetrifolia l bracteata (Roxb.) Hook f 0.050 0.411 2 1.111 0.375 0.434 1.956
Neotrewia cumingii (Muell.-Arg) Pax & K. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.250 0.289 1.050
Nephelium ramboutan ake (Labdl.) Leeula 0.150 1.232 1 0.556 1.250 1.447 3.234
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 2.275 18.678 30 16.667 16.750 19.392 54.737
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 0.125 1.026 3 1.667 1.250 1.447 4.140
Nephrolepsis sp. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.250 0.289 1.050
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 1.050 8.621 7 3.889 5.125 5.933 18.443
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd 0.050 0.411 1 0.556 0.125 0.145 1.111
Piper aduncum 0.275 2.258 6 3.333 2.125 2.460 8.051
Piper sp. 0.005 0.041 2 1.111 0.500 0.579 1.731
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.875 1.013 1.774
Saccharum spontaneum L. 0.250 2.053 4 2.222 1.125 1.302 5.577
Schimatoglottis sp. 0.050 0.411 1 0.556 0.375 0.434 1.400
Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.075 0.616 3 1.667 1.000 1.158 3.440
Spathoglottis plicata Blurne 0.200 1.642 3 1.667 1.125 1.302 4.611
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.150 1.232 1 0.556 0.375 0.434 2.221
117
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr. 0.025 0.205 1 0.556 0.250 0.289 1.050
Zoysia matrella Linn. 1.150 9.442 14 7.778 5.625 6.512 23.732
118
TRANSECT 7
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Acrostiqhum aureum L. 0.075 0.579 2 0.885 0.500 0.575 2.039
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.050 0.386 1 0.442 0.375 0.431 1.260
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith 0.550 4.247 7 3.097 3.000 3.448 10.793
Ananas comosus 0.075 0.579 2 0.885 0.750 0.862 2.326
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.250 0.287 0.923
Bauhmia integrifolia Roxb. 0.075 0.579 3 1.327 0.750 0.862 2.769
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.125 0.144 0.779
Brynia vitis-adaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisher 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.375 0.431 1.067
Caryota mitis 0.125 0.965 5 2.212 1.500 1.724 4.902
Centella asiatica L. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.125 0.144 0.779
Chromoloena odorata 1.150 8.880 11 4.867 4.625 5.316 19.064
Costus malorticanus 0.150 1.158 5 2.212 2.500 2.874 6.244
Croton leiophyllus Muell-Arg. var leiophyllus 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.250 0.287 0.923
Cylea merrillii Diels. 0.125 0.965 5 2.212 1.250 1.437 4.614
Cyperus iria Linn. 0.075 0.579 3 1.327 0.750 0.862 2.769
Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.375 0.431 1.067
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 0.050 0.386 2 0.885 0.625 0.718 1.989
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum 0.375 2.896 7 3.097 2.375 2.730 8.723
Evodia confusa Merr. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.125 0.144 0.779
119
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.325 2.510 13 5.752 4.625 5.316 13.578
Flagellaria indica L. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.250 0.287 0.923
Fragraea racemosa Wall. 0.075 0.579 2 0.885 1.125 1.293 2.757
Gnetum gnemon 0.050 0.386 2 0.885 0.500 0.575 1.846
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 1.500 11.583 9 3.982 5.125 5.891 21.456
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.425 3.282 14 6.195 3.000 3.448 12.925
Leea philippinensis Merr. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.250 0.287 0.923
Lindera apoensis Elmer 0.200 1.544 6 2.655 1.875 2.155 6.354
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.325 2.510 12 5.310 3.375 3.879 11.699
Lygodium japonicum 0.175 1.351 6 2.655 1.000 1.149 5.156
Mangifera merrillii 0.050 0.386 1 0.442 0.750 0.862 1.691
Melicope monophylla Merr. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.375 0.431 1.067
Morinda cetrifolia l bracteata (Roxb.) Hook f 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.250 0.287 0.923
Nephelium ramboutan ake (Labdl.) Leeula 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.250 0.287 0.923
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 1.525 11.776 22 9.735 11.125 12.787 34.298
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 0.150 1.158 2 0.885 1.000 1.149 3.193
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 0.550 4.247 5 2.212 3.375 3.879 10.339
Phrynium philippinensis Ridl. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.500 0.575 1.210
Piper aduncum 0.150 1.158 6 2.655 1.500 1.724 5.537
Piper interruptum Opiz var. interniptum 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.375 0.431 1.067
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. 0.025 0.193 1 0.442 0.750 0.862 1.498
Saccharum spontaneum L. 0.700 5.405 6 2.655 2.875 3.305 11.365
120
Schimatoglottis sp. 0.075 0.579 1 0.442 0.500 0.575 1.596
Selaginella plana Hieron 0.825 6.371 12 5.310 5.500 6.322 18.002
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. 0.150 1.158 5 2.212 2.125 2.443 5.813
Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.950 7.336 11 4.867 3.625 4.167 16.370
Spathoglottis plicata Blurne 0.200 1.544 4 1.770 1.750 2.011 5.326
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.100 0.772 1 0.442 0.250 0.287 1.502
Strychmos multiflora L. 0.050 0.386 2 0.885 1.375 1.580 2.852
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland ex Corr. 0.200 1.544 5 2.212 1.875 2.155 5.912
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 0.050 0.386 1 0.442 0.250 0.287 1.116
Zoysia matrella Linn. 0.900 6.950 10 4.425 4.875 5.603 16.978
121
TRANSECT 8
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. 0.175 1.252 1 0.559 1.750 2.009 3.820
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.125 0.894 5 2.793 1.750 2.009 5.696
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith 2.075 14.848 12 6.704 6.750 7.747 29.299
Ananas comosus 0.100 0.716 4 2.235 1.625 1.865 4.815
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. 0.050 0.358 2 1.117 0.750 0.861 2.336
Axonopus compressus Beauv. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.250 0.287 1.024
Bauhmia integrifolia Roxb. 0.100 0.716 3 1.676 1.000 1.148 3.539
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf 0.175 1.252 3 1.676 1.375 1.578 4.506
Bridelia peenangiana Hook.f. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.250 0.287 1.024
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.500 0.574 1.311
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.625 0.717 1.455
Caryota mitis 0.100 0.716 3 1.676 1.000 1.148 3.539
Centrosema pubescens Benth. 1.350 9.660 17 9.497 10.000 11.478 30.635
Chromoloena odorata 0.450 3.220 5 2.793 2.000 2.296 8.309
Cissus quadrangula 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.250 0.287 1.024
Colocasia esculentum (L.) Schott 0.200 1.431 5 2.793 2.000 2.296 6.520
Costus malorticanus 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.250 0.287 1.024
Cyperus rotundus L. 0.725 5.188 2 1.117 1.250 1.435 7.740
Derris elliptica Benth. 0.050 0.358 2 1.117 0.500 0.574 2.049
Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf 0.225 1.610 4 2.235 1.500 1.722 5.566
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.250 0.287 1.024
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 0.050 0.358 2 1.117 0.750 0.861 2.336
122
Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum 0.100 0.716 2 1.117 0.375 0.430 2.263
Ficus botryocarpa Miq. 0.175 1.252 1 0.559 0.875 1.004 2.815
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.125 0.894 5 2.793 1.500 1.722 5.409
Ficus septica Burma f. var. septica 0.050 0.358 2 1.117 0.375 0.430 1.906
Flagellaria indica L. 0.050 0.358 2 1.117 0.750 0.861 2.336
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 0.800 5.725 5 2.793 3.625 4.161 12.678
Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.250 0.287 1.024
Ipomea sp. 0.050 0.358 1 0.559 0.750 0.861 1.777
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.050 0.358 2 1.117 0.625 0.717 2.192
Kolowratia sp. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.250 0.287 1.024
Lantana camara L. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.625 0.717 1.455
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. 0.100 0.716 1 0.559 1.500 1.722 2.996
Livistona rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 2.000 2.296 3.033
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.150 1.073 5 2.793 2.125 2.439 6.306
Lygodium japonicum 0.200 1.431 6 3.352 1.875 2.152 6.935
Manihot esculenta Crantz 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.500 0.574 1.311
Neotrewia cumingii (Muell.-Arg) Pax & K. 0.325 2.326 5 2.793 1.625 1.865 6.984
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 2.275 16.279 23 12.849 14.875 17.073 46.201
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 0.575 4.114 2 1.117 1.250 1.435 6.667
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 0.350 2.504 4 2.235 3.125 3.587 8.326
Piper aduncum 0.175 1.252 5 2.793 1.500 1.722 5.767
Piper interruptum Opiz var. interniptum 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.500 0.574 1.311
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.500 0.574 1.311
Rottboellia exaltata 0.100 0.716 1 0.559 0.750 0.861 2.135
Saccharum spontaneum L. 0.250 1.789 4 2.235 1.125 1.291 5.315
123
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. 0.025 0.179 1 0.559 0.375 0.430 1.168
Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.175 1.252 2 1.117 0.625 0.717 3.087
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.100 0.716 2 1.117 0.875 1.004 2.837
Stephania merrilli 0.050 0.358 1 0.559 0.250 0.287 1.203
Zoysia matrella Linn. 1.425 10.197 13 7.263 5.375 6.169 23.629
124
TRANSECT 9
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Acrostiqhum aureum L. 0.425 3.380 9 4.813 3.875 4.559 12.751
Aglaia luzoniensis 0.100 0.795 3 1.604 1.875 2.206 4.605
Alangium longiflorum Merr. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.500 0.588 1.322 Alchornia rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-
Arg 0.075 0.596 3 1.604 2.000 2.353 4.554
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith
2.050 16.302 16 8.556 5.125 6.029 30.888
Amorphophallus paeniifolius (Denntedt) Nicolson
0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Ananas comosus 0.050 0.398 1 0.535 1.125 1.324 2.256
Arachis pentoi 0.625 4.970 2 1.070 2.125 2.500 8.540
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Bauhmia integrifolia Roxb. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Begonia nigritarum Steud. 0.500 3.976 2 1.070 1.625 1.912 6.957
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf 0.325 2.584 2 1.070 0.625 0.735 4.389
Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. 0.075 0.596 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.425
Caryota cumingii Lodd. 0.225 1.789 8 4.278 3.750 4.412 10.479
Caryota mitis 0.225 1.789 5 2.674 3.375 3.971 8.434
Celtis philippinensis Blanco 0.050 0.398 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.226
Chromoloena odorata 0.125 0.994 2 1.070 0.500 0.588 2.652
Cordia dichotoma G. Forster 0.075 0.596 2 1.070 0.750 0.882 2.548
Costus malorticanus 0.325 2.584 4 2.139 3.125 3.676 8.400
Derris elliptica Benth. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.375 0.441 1.908
125
Dransf
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.125 0.147 0.881
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 0.075 0.596 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.425 Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum
0.150 1.193 4 2.139 3.875 4.559 7.891
Eleaocarpus sp. 0.225 1.789 4 2.139 1.875 2.206 6.134
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.200 1.590 7 3.743 2.500 2.941 8.275
Hibiscus uliaceus L. 0.075 0.596 3 1.604 0.875 1.029 3.230
Homolomena philippinensis 0.225 1.789 4 2.139 2.250 2.647 6.575 Homolomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth
0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 0.975 7.753 9 4.813 4.625 5.441 18.007
Ichnocarpus volubilis Merr. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.625 0.735 1.469
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.350 2.783 10 5.348 2.500 2.941 11.072
Kolowratia sp. 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.500 0.588 2.055
Lantana camara L. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.500 0.588 1.322
Leca guineensis G. Don 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.500 0.588 2.055
Leea aculeata Blume ex Spreng. 0.125 0.994 3 1.604 1.000 1.176 3.775 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd.
0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.500 0.588 2.055
Lindera apoensis Elmer 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.150 1.193 5 2.674 1.625 1.912 5.778
Mallotus philippinensis (Lam) 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.375 0.441 1.175 Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw ex Blume)
0.100 0.795 3 1.604 0.875 1.029 3.429
Mimosa sp. 0.075 0.596 1 0.535 0.625 0.735 1.866
Mishocarpus pentapentalus 0.050 0.398 1 0.535 1.000 1.176 2.109
126
(Roxb.) Radlk.
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.)
Schott 0.350 2.783 6 3.209 2.125 2.500 8.492
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.750 0.882 2.349
Pasiflora sp. 0.125 0.994 2 1.070 1.750 2.059 4.122
Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 1.450 11.531 3 1.604 1.000 1.176 14.312
Phrynium philippinensis Ridl. 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.875 1.029 2.497
Piper aduncum 0.075 0.596 3 1.604 0.875 1.029 3.230
Piper sp. 0.075 0.596 2 1.070 0.500 0.588 2.254
Premna odorata Blanco 0.200 1.590 1 0.535 1.750 2.059 4.184
Schimatoglottis sp. 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.500 0.588 2.055
Schizostachyum fennixii 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.500 0.588 2.055
Selaginella plana Hieron 1.000 7.952 14 7.487 7.625 8.971 24.410
Semecarpus cuneiformis Blanco 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Semecarpus philippinesis Engl. 0.200 1.590 2 1.070 2.500 2.941 5.601
Shorea contorta 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 1.500 1.765 2.498
Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.750 0.882 2.349 Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland
ex Corr. 0.150 1.193 1 0.535 0.500 0.588 2.316
Vitex parviflora Juss. 0.025 0.199 1 0.535 0.250 0.294 1.028
Ziziphus cumingiana Merr. 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.625 0.735 2.202
Zoysia matrella Linn. 0.050 0.398 2 1.070 0.375 0.441 1.908
TRANSECT 10
127
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Aglaia luzoniensis 0.045 0.237 2.000 0.707 1.136 1.277 2.221
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith 1.659 8.660 16.000 5.654 4.318 4.853 19.166
Artocarpus nitidus Trec. Sspv nitidus 0.091 0.474 3.000 1.060 0.909 1.022 2.556
Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf 0.227 1.186 3.000 1.060 0.341 0.383 2.629 Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bur. Var. luzonica
0.045 0.237 2.000 0.707 0.227 0.255 1.199
Brynia vitis-adaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.
Fisher 0.023 0.119 1.000 0.353 0.227 0.255 0.727
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. 0.045 0.237 1.000 0.353 0.455 0.511 1.101
Caryota mitis 0.023 0.119 1.000 0.353 0.455 0.511 0.983
Centella asiatica L. 0.091 0.474 1.000 0.353 0.455 0.511 1.339
Centrosema pubescens Benth. 0.045 0.237 1.000 0.353 0.227 0.255 0.846
Chromoloena odorata 0.795 4.152 14.000 4.947 4.091 4.598 13.697
Costus malorticanus 0.182 0.949 4.000 1.413 1.250 1.405 3.767
Cylea merrillii Diels. 0.045 0.237 1.000 0.353 0.227 0.255 0.846
Cyperus difformis Linn. 0.091 0.474 1.000 0.353 0.568 0.639 1.466
Derris elliptica Benth. 0.909 4.745 18.000 6.360 4.545 5.109 16.214 Dimeria ornithopoda Trin., Fund. Agrost.
1.682 8.778 15.000 5.300 5.341 6.003 20.081
Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf 0.409 2.135 3.000 1.060 0.568 0.639 3.834
Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. 1.227 6.406 5.000 1.767 1.818 2.043 10.216
Diplazium esculenteum (Retz) Sw. 0.136 0.712 3.000 1.060 1.023 1.149 2.921
Euphorbia hirta L. 0.045 0.237 1.000 0.353 0.114 0.128 0.718
Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. 0.023 0.119 1.000 0.353 0.227 0.255 0.727
128
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.386 2.017 14.000 4.947 5.341 6.003 12.966
Ficus sattherthwaitei Elmer 0.114 0.593 2.000 0.707 0.455 0.511 1.811
Ficus septica Burma f. var. septica 0.045 0.237 1.000 0.353 0.341 0.383 0.974
Homolomena philippinensis 0.023 0.119 1.000 0.353 0.114 0.128 0.600
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 3.068 16.014 28.000 9.894 10.114 11.367 37.275
Ichnocarpus volubilis Merr. 0.114 0.593 3.000 1.060 0.682 0.766 2.419
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.205 1.068 7.000 2.473 1.136 1.277 4.818
Lantana camara L. 0.159 0.830 4.000 1.413 1.364 1.533 3.776
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. 0.023 0.119 1.000 0.353 0.227 0.255 0.727
Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. 0.068 0.356 2.000 0.707 0.455 0.511 1.573
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.205 1.068 7.000 2.473 1.136 1.277 4.818
Lygodium japonicum 0.273 1.423 8.000 2.827 1.932 2.171 6.421
Manihot esculenta Crantz 0.182 0.949 5.000 1.767 1.591 1.788 4.504 Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw ex
Blume) 0.091 0.474 4.000 1.413 1.364 1.533 3.420
Melastoma malabathricum Linn. 0.364 1.898 9.000 3.180 3.295 3.704 8.782
Mussaenda philippica A.Rich 0.091 0.474 2.000 0.707 0.568 0.639 1.820
Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. 0.023 0.119 1.000 0.353 0.227 0.255 0.727
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 2.045 10.676 28.000 9.894 11.364 12.771 33.342
Nephrolepsis hirsutula 0.045 0.237 1.000 0.353 0.455 0.511 1.101
Olax imbacata Roxb. 0.023 0.119 1.000 0.353 0.341 0.383 0.855
Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen 0.045 0.237 1.000 0.353 0.227 0.255 0.846
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd 0.045 0.237 2.000 0.707 0.227 0.255 1.199
Saccharum spontaneum L. 0.977 5.101 6.000 2.120 2.386 2.682 9.903
Selaginella plana Hieron 0.795 4.152 12.000 4.240 4.773 5.364 13.756
Pterocarpus indicus Willd. 0.136 0.712 3.000 1.060 2.159 2.427 4.198
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Soleria scribiculata Nees 0.432 2.254 7.000 2.473 1.136 1.277 6.004
Stachytarpheta jamaicacensis 0.409 2.135 8.000 2.827 2.727 3.065 8.027
Stephania merrilli 0.068 0.356 1.000 0.353 0.114 0.128 0.837
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. 0.455 2.372 10.000 3.534 2.841 3.193 9.099
Vitex parviflora Juss. 0.023 0.119 1.000 0.353 0.227 0.255 0.727
Zoysia matrella Linn. 0.386 2.017 6.000 2.120 1.136 1.277 5.414
TRANSECT 11
130
SCIENTIFIC NAME DENSITY RELATIVE DENSITY
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY DOMINANCE
RELATIVE DOMINANCE
IMPORTANCE VALUE
Alchornia rugosa (Lour.) Muell.-Arg 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 1.034 1.128 2.346
Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.862 0.940 2.158
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtl. & Smith 1.207 11.111 10 9.009 4.828 5.263 25.383
Ampilopteris prolifera 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.345 0.376 1.594
Ananas comosus 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 2.931 3.195 4.414
Artocarpus nitidus Trec. Sspv nitidus 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.517 0.564 1.782
Begonia nigritarum Steud.. 1.241 11.429 4 3.604 4.655 5.075 20.107 Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bur. Var. luzonica
0.138 1.270 2 1.802 1.552 1.692 4.763
Cocos nucifera Linn. 0.069 0.635 2 1.802 1.034 1.128 3.565
Costus malorticanus 0.207 1.905 3 2.703 3.621 3.947 8.555
Cyperus difformis Linn. 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.517 0.564 1.782
Derris elliptica Benth. 0.310 2.857 4 3.604 1.379 1.504 7.965 Dimeria ornithopoda Trin., Fund.
Agrost. 0.172 1.587 2 1.802 1.207 1.316 4.705
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 1.207 1.316 2.534 Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K.
Schum 0.069 0.635 1 0.901 0.862 0.940 2.476
Ficus lineares 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.690 0.752 1.970
Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 0.172 1.587 5 4.505 2.586 2.820 8.911
Ficus sp. 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.345 0.376 1.594
Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Mor. 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.690 0.752 1.970
Gladiolus sp. 0.345 3.175 2 1.802 1.552 1.692 6.668
Homolomena philippinensis 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.690 0.752 1.970
Homolomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth 0.345 3.175 3 2.703 6.207 6.767 12.644
131
Hypyis capitata Jacq. 0.345 3.175 1 0.901 1.897 2.068 6.143
Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv. 0.138 1.270 1 0.901 0.345 0.376 2.547
Ipomoea obscura (L.) K.G 0.241 2.222 4 3.604 1.379 1.504 7.330
Kolowratia elegans (Pres.) K. Schum 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 1.207 1.316 2.534
Lantana camara L. 0.138 1.270 2 1.802 2.241 2.444 5.515
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. 0.103 0.952 3 2.703 2.069 2.256 5.911
Lygodium flexuosum (L) Sw 0.276 2.540 5 4.505 1.724 1.880 8.924
Lygodium japonicum 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.172 0.188 1.406
Melastoma malabathricum Linn. 0.069 0.635 1 0.901 0.345 0.376 1.912 Morinda cetrifolia l bracteata (Roxb.) Hook f.
0.069 0.635 1 0.901 0.690 0.752 2.288
Nephrolepsis biserrata (Sw.) Schott 0.552 5.079 6 5.405 5.345 5.827 16.312
Olax imbacata Roxb. 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 1.034 1.128 2.346
Pasiflora sp. 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.862 0.940 2.158
Phyllanthus debilis Klein ex Willd 0.276 2.540 2 1.802 0.862 0.940 5.281
Piper aduncum 0.103 0.952 3 2.703 1.207 1.316 4.971
Pipturus arborescens (Link) C.B. Rob. 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 1.034 1.128 2.346
Saccharum spontaneum L. 0.103 0.952 2 1.802 1.207 1.316 4.070
Schimatoglottis sp. 0.586 5.397 6 5.405 7.069 7.707 18.509
Selaginella plana Hieron 2.897 26.667 17 15.315 20.517 22.368 64.350
Spathoglottis plicata Blurne 0.034 0.317 1 0.901 0.690 0.752 1.970
Zoysia matrella Linn. 0.103 0.952 2 1.802 0.517 0.564 3.318
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APPENDIX 8. Photographs of Understory Flora in Jabonga
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