Understanding Anthropogenic Impact on Peatlands GHGs · 2011. 6. 9. · Understanding Anthropogenic Impact on Peatlands GHGs Dominique Blain, PhD IPCC TFI Side Event i HMi BtltMaritim
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Understanding Anthropogenic Impact on Peatlands
GHGs
Dominique Blain, PhDDominique Blain, PhD
IPCC TFI Side EventM iti H t l BMaritim Hotel, Bonn
8 June 2011
Drawing from Quinty and Rochefort, 2003
Page 2
A P d A hA Proposed Approach
Measuring GHG fluxes
Understanding drivers of GHG dynamics Understanding drivers of GHG dynamics
Understanding GHG dynamics in degraded, rewetted and restored peatlandsrewetted and restored peatlands
Putting it all together
Peatlands are the main wetlands reservoir for soil C. World-wide they contain about 450 Gt C, most in the northern peatlands & about 60 Gt in tropical regions (this number very uncertain).
After Strack et al. 2008. Peatlands and Climate Change. International Peat Society, Vapaudenkatu, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
Page 4Measuring GHG fluxes in northern peatlands (g C m-2 yr-2)
R E t R i ti
NEE = GPP - Re78 ±59
413 ±92
GPP – Gross primaryproductivity (CO2)
Plant respiration(CO2)
Soil respiration(CO2)
Re - Ecosystem Respiration
491 ±1308 ±7
( 2)
vascular plants
( 2)Methane flux
(CH4)
491 ±130
moss
water table
methane oxidation
Peat/soil
water table
methanogenesis
NEP = - NEE 20 ±12Blain & Lafleur, 2010
Page 5Compilation of annual measured C budgets for peatland sitespeatland sites
C = CO2-C + CH4-C + DOC + Cppt
in250
300Worrel et al. (2003)Roulet et al.( 2007)
C g
a
150
200
m-2
yr-1
) Nilsson et al. (2008)Dinsmore et al. (2010)Flanagan et al. (2010)L d (2009)
0
50
100
flux
(g C
Lund (2009)Jac.-Kor. (2009)
C lo
ss
100
-50
0C
-100NEP CH4 DOC Precip Total C
Page 6
• LAI and pH affect both GPP and NEEGPP i bl th R
Understanding drivers of Net Ecosystem Exchange
• GPP more variable than Re
• Overall: peatland type not a good predictor of NEE
After Lafleur, 2009
Page 7
• CH4 emissions highly variable
Understanding Controls over CH4 emissionsCH4 emissions highly variable
• Winter emissions contributing about 10% of the annual emissions
• Spatial ‘hotspots’ Lafleur, 2009
1000Fort Simpson NWT Schefferville QCThompson MB Clay Belt ONFinland S. Hudson Bay LowlandChurchill, MN Schefferville QCDorset ON Kejimkujik NSRiviere du Loup QC Shippagan NB
B
WTD a key factor in CH4 emissions
10
100
ux (m
g m
-2 d
-1)
Riviere du Loup QC Shippagan NBMer Bleue ON Radisson QC
4(depth of oxic and anoxic parts of the peat)Different intercepts : mean or base rate
1
10
Aver
age
CH
4 fl
Mer Bleue
pof CH4 emission controlled by other factors (vegetation, mean climate, etc.)
after Moore TR, unpub.
0.1-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0
, p
Average water table position (cm)
Page 8
Carbon is also lost in dissolved form:
DOC losses from peatlands range from <5 to 40 g C m-2 yr-1
DOC as a percent of NEP range averages from 5% to 70%;DOC as a percent of NEP range averages from 5% to 70%; in individual years it can be >100%
DOC export is controlled by 1) production in the peat profile and 2) discharge (Q):
• variations in flux at a given peatland are largely determined by Q
• differences among peatlands in similar hydrologic settings are production related
Page 9
Peatlands Drainage: what happens
GPP G iRe - Ecosystem Respiration
NEE = GPP - Re
GPP – Gross primaryproductivity (CO2)
Plant respiration(CO2)
Soil respiration(CO2)
Methane flux
vascular plants
Methane flux(CH4)
moss
water table
methane oxidation Acrotelm
Peat/soilmethanogenesis
Catotelm
NEP = - NEE Strack and Waddington, 2007
Page 10
I t i f t
Intensity of post-drainage utilization varies
Intensive forestry
Pasture
Cropping
Peat extraction
Page 11Degraded peatlands: losses of functionsNon-functional acrotelm: Loss of peat hydraulic properties
Price and Whitehead, 2004
Erratic water table regime : drying and rewetting episodes
Persistent source of CO2 fluxes t t h (100% 400% f
McNeil and Waddington, 2003
to atmosphere (100% - 400% of pristine) Waddington et al., 2002
Waddington et al 2008
Little re-colonization by Sphagnum mosses
Waddington et al., 2008Quinty and Rochefort, 2003
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A peatland may not restore on its own
‘Natural’ recolonization of degraded peatlands is slow, and vegetation establishment dominated by vascular vegetation (herbs and shrubs) with poor moss colonization
Rewetting reduces Re but does not stabilize WT fluctuations if f ti l l i i i
(herbs and shrubs), with poor moss colonization Poulin et al., 2005
Waddington et al., 2008
Restoring C sink function involves water table regulation by
functional moss layer is missingWaddington and Day, 2007
Post-mining restoration techniques have been developed and fi ld t t d f ti l t l d C t ti f ti
Restoring C sink function involves water table regulation by living moss layer (acrotelm)
field tested: functional acrotelm and C sequestration function re-established within ~ one decade.
Lucchese et al., 2010
Page 13
Contrasting GHG dynamics of Peatlands in different statesdifferent states
Pristine peatlands : long-term C sequestration and climate cooling effect; Re suppression in anoxic zone; hydraulic properties of moss layer key factor in WTD regulation; climate and vegetation controls on NEE and CH4
Degraded peatlands : drained, with moss layer affected to various degrees by subsidence, compaction, removal. High Re sustained over decades.
Re-wetted peatlands : reduction in Re, WT subject to high fluctuations if not regulated (climate sensitive), harsh environment for moss re colonizationfor moss re-colonization
Restored peatlands : C sequestration function re-established through a functional acrotelm.
Page 14
Contrasting GHG dynamics of Peatlands in different States
Pristine Degraded Re-wetted Restored
States
Pristine Degraded Re wetted Restored
Vegetation & peat
Intact moss cover and peat
structure
No moss; peat compaction &
subsidence
Little or no moss
Re-established moss layer
ctio
ns
Hydrology
structure
WTD fluctuation
subsidence
WTD highly fluctuating –
WTD highly fluctuating – if
WTD and acrotelm
Func regulated by
mossclimate sensitive not regulated fluctuations
regulated
C exchange GEP > Re & Re dominates; Re smaller; GEP>Re; CH4
NEP Long-term C C source to C source to net C sink
gmore variable GEP 0
e ;CH4 loss larger
GEP Re; CH4possibly larger
gsink atmosphere atmosphere net C sink
Page 15
Vegetation influences restoration pathway: what are the restoration objectives?what are the restoration objectives?
RehabilitationTo re-establish the productivity and some, but not necessarily all,of the plant and animal species thought to be originally presentat a site. Ex: re-establish C sink through perennial, vascular vegetation
RestorationR t bli hi th d t t d ti it d iRe-establishing the presumed structure, productivity and speciesdiversity that was originally present at a site that has beendegraded, damaged or destroyed. In time, the ecological processesand functions of the restored habitat will closely matchand functions of the restored habitat will closely matchthose of the original habitat. Ex: re-establish C sink and hydrological regulation by moss layer
Nelleman and Corcoran 2010; FAO 2005.
Page 16
Improved estimation of anthropogenic emissions and removals in peatlands involves:emissions and removals in peatlands involves:
Including key elements of C budget: NEE, CH4, DOC
Understanding the state of peatlands and h f ti ff t dhow functions are affected
Determine restoration pathwayDetermine restoration pathway
Page 17
ReferencesBl i D d L fl P 2010 S i d d ti ti f tl d i i IPCC E t ti WMO G 20 O t b 2010Blain D. and Lafleur P. 2010 Science advances and estimation of wetland emissionsIPCC Expert meeting WMO Geneva, 20 October 2010
FAO. 2005 Helping Forests Take Cover. RAP Publication. 2005/13. /www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae945e/ae945e05.htm.
Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. 2009. Land-atmosphere interactions at a subarctic palsa mire. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Lund Sweden, 102 p.
Lafleur, P.M. 2009. Connecting Atmosphere and Wetland: Trace Gas exchange. Geography Compass, 3/2, 560–585.
Lucchese, M.C., Waddington, J.M., Poulin, M., Pouliot, R., Rochefort, L., and Strack, M. 2010. Organic matter accumulation in a restored peatland: g g pEvaluating restoration success. Ecological Engineering, 36, 482–488.
Lund, M. 2009. Peatlands at a Threshold. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Lund Sweden, 163 p.
Lund, M., Lafleur, P.M., Roulet, N.T., Lindroth, A., Christensen, T.R., Aurela, M., Chojnicki, B.H., Flanagan, L.B., Humphreys, E.R., Laurila, T., Oechel, W.C., Olejnik, J., Rinne, J., Schubert, P. and Nilsson, M.B. 2010. Variability in exchange of CO2 across 12 northern peatland and tundra sites. Global Change Biology, 16, 2436–2448.
McNeil, P. and Waddington, J.M. 2003. Moisture controls on Sphagnum growth and CO2 exchange on a cutover bog. Journal of Applied Ecology, 40 (2), 354–367.
Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E. (eds). 2010. Dead Planet, Living Planet – Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration for Sustainable Development. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. Birkeland Trykkeri AS, Norway.
P li M R h f L Q i F L i C 200 S i f i d l d i E C d C di J l f B 83 39Poulin, M., Rochefort, L., Quinty, F., Lavoie, C 2005. Spontaneous revegetation of mined peatlands in Eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 83, 539-557.
Price, J.S. and Whitehead, G.S. 2004. The influence of past and present hydrological conditions on Sphagnum recolonization and succession in a block-cut bog, Québec. Hydrological Processes, 18 (2), 315–328.
Quinty, F. and Rochefort L. 2003. Peatland Restoration Guide, second edition. Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss Association and New Brunswick Department f N t l R d E Q éb Q ébof Natural Resources and Energy. Québec, Québec.
Strack, M. (ed.) 2008. Peatlands and Climate Change . International Peat Society, Saarijärven Of fset Oy, Saarijärvi, Finland.
Waddington, J.M., Warner, K.D., and Kennedy, G.W. 2002. Cutover peatlands: A persistent source of atmospheric CO2, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(1), 1002.
Waddington J M and Day S M 2007 Methane emissions from a peatland following restoration Journal of Geophysical Research G:Waddington, J.M. and Day, S.M. 2007. Methane emissions from a peatland following restoration. Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, 112 (3), art. no. G03018.
Waddington, J.M., Tóth, K., Bourbonniere, R. 2008. Dissolved organic carbon export from a cutover and restored peatland. Hydrological Processes, 22 (13) 2215–2224.
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