UC-Davis - The place for cultural humility in safety ... ORTEG… · Finding a place for cultural humility in safety planning Dr. Robert M Ortega , LMSW ... Cultural humility versus
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Findingaplaceforculturalhumilityinsafetyplanning
Dr.RobertMOrtega,LMSW,PhDSafetyOrganizedPracticeTitleIV‐EWaiverCollaboration
CrockerArtMuseumSacramento,California
March2,2017
Agenda
• Safetyand“gettingitright”• Doesculturalhumilityaddmuch?• Culturalhumility,childandfamilyvictimization– implicationsforsafety
• Demonstratingculturalhumilityinassessingsafety
• Theculturallyhumbleorganization• Summary
Safetyerrors:Lessonsfrommedicine
Safety
“Errors”
“Nofault”
SystemDeficiencies
“Cogni‐tive
Misalignments”
TimeCon‐
straints
BiasedExpecta‐tions
PoorCommu‐nication
Inform‐ation
Misappli‐ cation
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Reducingerror…
AssuringSafety
EducationTraining&Coaching
Compre‐hensiveAssess‐ment
OptimizingDecision‐making
Conditions
CaseConsulta‐tion
(Secondopinion)
StructuredProtocols
ImprovedCommuni‐cation
CulturalHumility
Whyfocusonculturetoday?
Culture
DiversePopula‐tion
Growth
“6A’s”
Ethical
Assess‐ment asCultureBound
Help‐SeekingPath‐ways
CultureandSocialContexts
Whydoesculturematter insafetyplanning?
• Cultureisinternalizedasbothcognitiveandemotionalexperiences andinfluencesourbehaviors
• Culturemaintainsourcomfortwiththe“familiar”(i.e.,our“internalworkingmodel”)
• Cultureismorethancategorical;itistheintersectionofmultipleexperiences influencedbycontextsandchangesovertime;
• Cultureshapesourcopingskillsandpatternsofresilience!
Ungar,M.(2013).Resilience,trauma,contextandculture.Trauma,Violence&Abuse,14(3),255‐266.
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Strangersinanewcultureseeonlywhattheyknow.Unknown
Ifweviewtheworldfromourownframesofreferenceweseeonlywhatweallowourselvestosee;westaywithinthemarginsofwhatweknowandremainblindtothoseaspectsoutsidetheboundariesofourculturalframes…
Examining our “blindspots”
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“Culturalhumilitychallengesustobroadenourculturalperspectivesandframesofreference…toseewhatwedonotsee.”Ortega,R.M.andFaller,K.C.(2011).Trainingchildwelfareworkersfromaculturalhumilityperspective.ChildWelfare,90(5),27‐49.
Recall:TheFoundationofVictimizationandRecovery
FEAR
(TherapeuticObjective:Safety)DISTRUST
(TherapeuticObjective:Trust)
ABANDONMENT
(TherapeuticObjective:Support)LOSS
(TherapeuticObjective:Hope)
VICTIMIZATIONIMPACTANDTHERAPEUTICOBJECTIVES
Culturalhumilityandchildmaltreatment
Inchildmaltreatmentweareofteninvitedtoseefirsthandtheremnantsofachild’svictimizationandtheaftershocks(oftrauma);wewitnesstheirprocessesandresponsesthatreflectthephysical,emotional,psychologicalandspiritualdamage,alongwiththeirsuffering
Ourattunementtotheneedsofchildmaltreatmentvictimsandtheirfamilyfromtheirculturalperspective,remaininginthepresentandacceptingourownlimitationsarefundamentaltoculturalhumility
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Culturalhumilitydefined:• Culturalhumilityreferstoaninterpersonalstancethatisother‐orientedratherthanself‐focused,characterizedbymutualrespectandlackofsuperioritytowardanindividual’sculturalbackgroundandexperience
• Researchindicatesthatifaworkerisperceivedasdemonstratingculturalhumilitythelikelihoodofformingastrongtherapeuticallianceincreases,andtheyaremorelikelytoassociatepositiveimprovementintreatmenttoculturalhumility.
Hook,J.N.,Owen,J.Davis,D.E.,Worthington,E.L.&Utsey,S.O.(2013).Culturalhumility:Measuringopennesstoculturallydiverseclients.JournalofCommunityPsychology,60(3),355‐366.Owen,J.,Tao,K.W.,Drinane,J.M.,Hook,J.,Davis,D.E.,&Kune,N.F.(2015).Clientperceptionsoftherapists’multiculturalorientation:Cultural(Missed)opportunitiesandculturalhumility.ProfessionalPsychology:ResearchandPractice.Advanceonlinepublication.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pro0000046
CulturalCompetenceandCulturalHumility
• Isaacson, M. (2014). Clarifying concepts: Cultural humility or competency. Journal of Professional Nursing, 30(3), 251‐258.
• Pre‐immersionresultsindicatedthatthemajorityofstudentsconsideredthemselvesculturallycompetent,whereasafterimmersion,therewasadownwardshiftinscores.
• Threecommonthemesemerged:seeingwithclosedeyes,seeingthroughafusedhorizon,anddisruptiontoreshaping.
• Conclusion:adoptanethicofculturalhumility• emphasizetheimportanceofself‐reflectionandself‐critiqueinourinteractionswithothers
• Engageinattentivelistening• Maintainanopennesstoothercultures,includingtheirexperiencesofstress.
Goalsof“culturalhumility”• Increaseculturalexploration,comprehensionandappreciation
• Learntoengageinself‐questioningandcritique,bi‐directionalculturalimmersion,mutuallyactive‐listening,andtheflexibilityofnegotiation.
• Establishcorebuildingblocksforculturallyrelevant“caring”• Recognizeourown“culturalepistemicprivilege”• Maintainanopennesstoothersandtheiruniqueculturalexperiences
• Acknowledgethelimitsofourculturalawarenessandneedtocontinuetolearnandgrowinallaspectsofourlives
Chang, E., Simon, M. & Dong, X (2012). Integrating cultural humility into health care professional education and training. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 17, 269‐278.
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ThreeFacesofCulturalHumility(AdaptedfromMorris,JA,Brotheridge,CM&Urbanski,JC(2005).Bringinghumilitytoleadership:Antecedentsandconsequencesofleaderhumility.HumanRelations,p.13331.)
CulturalSelf
Awareness
CulturalOpenness
CulturalTranscen‐dence
CulturalHumility
Knowledgeofculturalself
Knowledgeofother’sculture;outsideofself
Culturalknowledgebeyondselfandother
Safety,riskandethicalloneliness:Challengestoculturalhumility
Thevoiceofsilence…theuntoldstories• Ourprofessionalprivilegereliesonthemiseryofothersandourassumptionsaboutthe“depthoftheirdespair”
• Werespondinmultipleways;firstwithsafetythenrecovery,reunification,restoration,retribution,reconciliation,remediation,legalaccountability,truthcommissions,internationalcourts…
• Missingaretheeffectsofharm,threat,andsecondaryadversities– theuntoldstoriesaboutbefore,nowandthenwhathappensnext…
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Thevoiceofsilence…theunheardstories…
Theexperienceofbeingabandonedbyhumanityandthennotbeingheardoccurswhenaworker’sownassumptionsaboutsafetyandrisktakeprecedenceoverindividualandfamilytalesofsociety’sinhumanity.
Expertiseasabarrier toculturallyresponsivepractice
• Thereisanexpectationthatprofessionalismdemonstratesexpertise:(“expert”definedasknowledgeable,proficient,savvy,competent
• Expertiseassertsauthorityandpower
• Expertisedrawsfromandvaluesproceduralknowledgeyetrarelyaccountsforgeneralizedorheuristicknowledgeandassumptionsofcompetence
Anderson, H., & Goolishian, H. (1992). The client is the expert: A not‐knowing approach to therapy. In S. McNamee & K. Bergen (Eds.), Therapy as social construction (pp. 25–39). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Thedifferencebetweenculturalcompetenceandculturalhumility…
• Aculturalcompetence frameworkcallsforexpertknowledgeaboutandfamiliaritywithculturaldifferences.
• Aculturalhumility perspectivechallengesustolearn fromthepeoplewithwhomweinteract,reservejudgment,andactivelybridgetheculturaldividebetweenourperspectives.
Tervalon,M.&Murray‐Garcia,J.(1998)Culturalhumilityversusculturalcompetence:Acriticaldistinctionindefiningphysiciantrainingoutcomesinmulticulturaleducation.JournalofHealthCareforthePoorandUnderserved,9(2),117‐125.
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Ourbeliefs‐ whyit’sdifficulttobelieveothersandsetasideourownbeliefsWVOQuine
Webofbeliefs• Beliefsareinter‐related;everybeliefisinterconnectedandcanbeontheperiphery,intermediateorcentrallypositionedrelativetooursystemiccore.
• Maintainingcorebeliefsisconsideredadaptiveandcanbetracedtoour“survival”experiencesintheworld.
• Ourbeliefscanberevisedhowevertheirstrengthofresistancecorrespondstotheirlocationandrelationshiptoourcore;ourstrongestheldbeliefsareclosesttoourcore.
• Ourbeliefsoperateatmultiplelevelsofawareness–consciousandunconscious;thefirststepto“knowthyself”(Socrates)istoknowourconsciousbeliefsandbeopentoexaminingourunconsciousbeliefs.
Linker,Maureen(2015).IntellectualEmpathy:CriticalThinkingforSocialJustice. AnnArbor,MI.:UniversityofMichiganPress.
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Testingyourbeliefsaboutrandomfacts:TrueorFalse…
• Thelightertheroastofcoffeethemorecaffeineithas!
• Honeydoesnotspoil.• Thelighterwasinventedbeforethematch!• Ifyousatandwatchedeveryyoutube videouploadedonanygivendayyouwouldbespending16yearsofyourlifedoingso.
• Everyyearnearlyalloftheatomsinyourbodyarereplaced.
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~bingbin/http://thoughtcatalog.com/bobby‐viner/2013/07/30‐weird‐facts‐most‐people‐dont‐know/
Without humility there can be no
humanity John Buchan
Toexceedourculturalbeliefswemustasculturallyhumbleclinicians,shiftfromassessingtouncovering,fromtellingtodiscovering,fromtalkingtolistening,andfromjudgingtoinquiring…
Applying“culturalhumility”toworkinassessingsafety… Inchildwelfare,culturalhumilitychallengesustolearnfromthepeoplewithwhomwework,reservejudgment,andbridgetheculturaldividebetweenourperspectives,inordertofacilitatechildsafety,securityandwell‐being,andpromotepermanency.
essexcc.gov.uk
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Intermsofsafetyandrisk,culturalhumilityisaselfrespectandselfregardthatissecureinuncertaintyandinrisk‐taking;itreflectsanabilitytoenterintotheunknown,sharing,andblendingdisciplinewithcompassion
Throughculturalhumility,theworkerremainssecureinseekinginsightsfromtheclientsandinaffordingculturallyappropriatetherapeuticresponsesinfullappreciationofwhatmatterstothesafetyofallclients;
culturalhumilityinvolvesrespectingtheculturaltruthoftheperson,reservingjudgmentaboutitandremainingresponsivetoit
Culturalhumilityskills:Bridgingtheculturaldivide:• Activelistening:focusesattentiononwhatthepersonissayinganddoing;usesheadnodsandutterancesthatindicateyouare“listening”tothem.
• Reflecting:“holdsthemirrorup”toourclients;demonstratingourappreciationoftheir“epistemicprivilege”
• Reservingjudgment:Ratherthan“mind‐guard,”orinterrogatetheclient’sperceptionsoftheirexperience,remainopentowhattheclientissaying(e.g.,“inquiry”over“interrogation”);
• Entertheirworld:Sometimesreferredtoas“joining,”considerourselvesinthecontextoftheclient’sworld(andaspartoftheircultureandculturalexperience)ratherthanpsychologicallyretreattothesecurityofourprivilege
Culturalhumilityisrareinhumanserviceworkyethealthy!
• Indemonstratingculturalhumilityinthecontextofsafetywedonotrelysolelyonthe“expertise”ofthefamilyoronourownculturalexpertise;
• Expertisedrawsattentiontothe“self‐enhancement”biasinwhichweaccentuateourpositivesanddeflectthenegatives(sometimesreferredtoasthe“attributionerror”)
• Ironically,weassociateexcessiveself‐focuswithpsychologicalconsequences(e.g.,anxiety,depression,socialphobias,narcissism)
• Inhumanservicework,itsuggeststhataculturalhumilityperspectivewhichisinclusiveoftheperspectiveofothers(beyondaselffocus)haspsychologicalandphysicalbenefits!
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ActingculturallyhumbleisNOTnecessarilyculturalhumility…• BeingculturallyhumblebasedonpoliticalcorrectnessisNOTsufficient(e.g.,sayingthe“rightthings”oractingthe“rightway”whenworkingwithchildrenandtheirfamilies,whilemaskingourbiasesandbehavinginwaysthatarecontrarytowhatwesay)
• Publicadulation,seekingattentionforone’sowndemonstrationofculturalhumility,andpointingoutourowneffectiveness“may”enrichourculturalpride butdiminishesourculturalhumility
• (p.209)“…humilityisessentialtoanypossibilityofjoy…ourvulnerabilities,ourfrailties,andourlimitationsareareminderthatweneedeachother:Wearenotcreatedforindependenceorself‐sufficiency,butforinterdependenceandmutualsupport.”
OkayDr.O,whathappensifI’mdemonstratingculturalhumilityandit’snotreciprocated…?
• Abandoningothersphysically,emotionallyorspirituallyforourownbenefitunderminesourprofessionalintegrityanddemonstratesaflighttoourown“privilegeofsafety”
• Inhumanservicesettings,expressionsofculturalhumilityonthepartofothersisnotguaranteed;
• Howothersrespondshouldnotprecludeourprofessionalresponsibilitytointeractandcommunicateinwaysthatreflectself‐awareness,opennesstoothers,andappreciationforallthatistobeknown
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Acallforculturalhumilityinassessingandplanningforsafety…• Inassessingsafety,ourchallengeistorecognizevulnerabilityand“revision”awaytosensitizeourselvestohardshipthatourowncopingandprivilegedexperiencesallowustoavoid
• Wemustconsiderhowourinternalprocessesinterferewithourcapacitytojoinothersinordertoassistwiththeirownrevision
Culturalhumilityinaculturallycaringhumanserviceorganization
• Acaringcultureisembeddedinthedualfunctionsof“caringasservice”and“careasrelational”inhumanserviceorganizations
• Ourstrongethicalfocusonalleviatingharmandthreatstosafetydoesnotprecludepromotingdignity,andrespectsanindividual’sautonomy
• Weadheretoinstitutionalexpectations,maintainserviceboundaries,andadministrativeoversightwhileassuming“naturalsupport”(aspartofthehelper’spsyche)
[NOTE:Rytterstrom,P.,Unosson,M.&Arman,M.(2012).Carecultureasameaning‐makingprocess:Astudyofamistreatmentinvestigation.QualityHealthResearch,23(9),1179‐1187.]
Challengesto“caring”culture:Thedilemmaforindividualism • Attheorganizational
level,caringisatoddswithorganizationaltraditionssuchasjobperformanceexpectationsandaccountability,evaluationbasedonsoloefforts,andarewardstructurebasedonindividualexcellence
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Otherorganizationalchallengestocaring…
• Highstakesandmultipledemands• Complexsystems• Lackofadequateandcontinuoustraining• stressfulworkconditions(time‐limited,
unrealisticexpectations,highworkforceturnover,entrenched,austere,managed,technology‐dependent,“bottomline”)
• Inadequatecompensation• Shiftingculturalnorms• “Highstakes”oversight
Consequencesforthecaringprofessional
• Poorselfcare• Trauma;Unresolvedtrauma;PTSD• Inabilitytoboundaryworkandfamilylife• Lackofjobsatisfactionduetoinabilitytomanagejobstressors
• Relationalinjuries• “compassionfatigue”• Culturalloneliness
Culturalhumility…illuminatesourcollectiveartisanship;ourabilitytocometogethertoweaveatapestrythatbindsustogether;thatstrengthensourresolvetoliveinharmony.Instillsineachofusascaringprofessionalsthecapacitytorepairfracturesorfaultlines withSTITCHEScomprisedofthefollowing:SolidarityToleranceInclusionTrustCulturalhumilityEmpowermentSharedResponsibility&Leadership
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Insearchofculturalhumilityinaculturallycaringandinclusiveworkplace…
[Caseexample:Theculturallyhumbleagency]
Keyorganizationalsupportiveinputs:Promotingandsustainingculturalhumilityincaringorganizations
• Exemplarymodelingofculturalhumilitythruone’sactionsespeciallyinleadership
• Explicitinclusionofculturalhumilityasanimportantvalue• Recruitmentandretentionofpersonnelthatreflectvaluesassociatedwithculturalhumilityandcaring
• Workload,support,andsupervisionthatsupportsaculturalhumilityapproach
• Sharedconversations,organizationrituals,visioningaculturallyhumbleandcaringworkplace
Keyorganizationalsupportiveinputs:Promotingandsustainingculturalhumilityincaringorganizations(cont.)
• Usecriteriainperformanceevaluations,meritincreases,promotions,andotherincentivesthatrewardpracticesconsistentwithculturalhumilityandcaring
• Identify(ordevelop)anduseresources,forums,trainingworkshops,andcelebrations,
• Recognizecaringleadershipanddesignateemotionalsupports
• Publiclypraisebehaviorsincludinglanguagethatreflectsculturalhumilityandcaring(andalsochallengebehaviorsandlanguagetothecontrary)
• ConnecttheorganizationwithcaringcommunitiesAdaptedfrom:Vera,D,&Rodriguez‐Lopez,A.(2004).Strategicvirtues:Humilityasasourceofcompetitiveadvantage. OrganizationalDynamics,33(4),393‐408.
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Implicationsforculturalhumilityandsafetyorganizedpractice• Maintaina“foundation”uponwhichculture,culturalhumility,diversityandinclusioncanthrive– considersafety,trust,supportandhopeinanengagingclimate
• Fromaculturalhumilityperspective,recognizeourimperfectionsandblindspots thatlimitofourexpertise,andourcomplicityinsustainingcontextsthatareadversetoculturalinclusion…
• Recognizeourenduringbeliefsystem,includingthecommunication“discourse”thatuncriticallysustainsbeliefsandchallengesourwillingnesstochange
Implications(cont.)
• Promoteopportunitiestoincreaseculturalexploration,comprehensionandappreciation
• Learntoengageinself‐questioningandcritique,bi‐directionalculturalimmersion,mutuallyactive‐listening,andtheflexibilityofnegotiation.
• Establishcorebuildingblocksforculturallyrelevant“caring”• Recognizeourown“culturalepistemicprivilege”• Maintainanopennesstoothersandtheiruniqueculturalexperiences
• Acknowledgethelimitsofourculturalawarenessandneedtocontinuetolearnandgrowinallaspectsofourlives
Implications(cont.)
• Continuouslyexamineourcommitmenttoa“strength‐based”perspective
• Identifyexamplesthatclearlyillustratethebenefitsofaculturallyhumbleandcaringworkforceandworkplacecultureincludingleadershipandworkforcebestpractices
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Thereistheworldoftheflesh,andthereistheSpiritworld.Whenthefleshisgone,theSpiritforeverremains.Theirvoicesspeaktothosewhoknowhowtolisten.Wisdomisbornintheheart,andthenspoken.
WolfClassSong
TheEndThank you very much!
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