Traumatism. Primary and secondary prevention. First aid for injuries.

Traumatism. Primary and secondary prevention. First aid

for injuries.

BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESINJURIES

AND OPEN WOUNDSAND OPEN WOUNDS

Fractures Dislocations Sprains Strains Open wounds

BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESINJURIES

AND OPEN WOUNDSAND OPEN WOUNDS

Signs

DOTS Deformity Open wounds Tenderness Swelling

Bone and Joint Injuries

Variety of injuries can occur to bones and joints• Frequently occur in accidents and falls• Injuries may occur by themselves or together• Examples:

– Fractures– Dislocations– Sprains– Strains

BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE BONE, JOINT, MUSCLE INJURIESINJURIES

AND OPEN WOUNDSAND OPEN WOUNDS

First Aid Interventions Rest Ice Compression Elevation

Fracture

• A break in the bone• 2 types

– Closed or simple fracture• Injury to the bone• No external or open wound on the skin

– Open or compound fracture• Break in the bone• Open wound on the skin

Fracture• Signs and symptoms vary and are not all

present in every victim– Deformities– Limited motion or loss of motion– Pain and tenderness at fracture site– Swelling and discoloration– Protrusion of bone ends through the skin– Victim hears a bone break or snap– Victim feel a grating sensation or abnormal movement

First aid care

• Objectives of first aid care– Maintain respirations– Treat for shock– Keep the broken bone from moving with

devices such as splints or slings– Prevent further injury– Obtain medical help for the victim

Dislocation• Occurs when the end of a bone is

displaced from a joint or moves out of its normal position within a joint

• Frequently accompanied by a tearing or stretching of ligaments, muscles or other soft tissue

Dislocation

• Signs and symptoms– Deformity of joint or limb– Limited or abnormal movement– Swelling and discoloration– Pain and tenderness– Shortening or lengthening of affected limb

Dislocation. First aid care

• First aid care– Basically the same as first aid for fractures– Make no attempt to reduce the dislocation or replace

the bone in the joint– Immobilize the affected part in the position in which it

is found by using splints and/or slings– Avoid any movement of part because movement can

lead to additional injury to nerves, blood vessels and other tissues in the area

– Obtain medical help immediately

Prevention

In children:• Create a safe environment around your home.• Pay careful attention to preventing falls by gating stairways and keeping

windows closed and locked.• Supervise children carefully. There is no substitute for close supervision no

matter how safe the environment or situation appears to be.• Teach children how to be safe and look out for themselves.In adults:• Avoid falls by not standing on chairs, countertops, or other unstable objects.• Eliminate throw rugs, especially for the elderly.• Wear protective gear when participating in contact sports.For all age groups:• Keep a first aid kit handy.• Remove electrical cords from floor surfaces.• Use handrails on staircases.• Use nonskid mats on the bottom of the bathtubs and avoid bath oils.

Sprain• Injury to the tissues surrounding a joint

– Usually occurs when part is forced beyond its normal range of motion

– Ligaments, tendons and other issues are stretched or torn

• Common sites for sprains are the ankles and wrists

• Signs and symptoms– Swelling, pain and discoloration– Impaired motion at times

Sprain• Sprains frequently resemble fractures or

dislocations and injury should be treated as a fracture if there is any doubt

• First aid for sprain– Application of cold to reduce swelling and pain– Elevation of the affected part– Rest and limited or no movement of the affected part– Elastic bandage is used at times to provide support– Obtain medical help if swelling is severe or if there is

any question of a fracture

Prevention

• The following steps may lower your risk of a sprain:

• Wear protective footwear during activities that place stress on your ankle and other joints.

• Make sure that shoes fit your feet properly.• Avoid high-heeled shoes.• Always warm-up and stretch prior to exercise

and sports.• Avoid sports and activities for which you have

not trained.

StrainStrain• Overstretching of a muscle

– Caused by overexertion or by lifting– Frequent site is the Back

• Signs and symptoms– Sudden pain– Swelling– And/or bruising

Strain First aid

– Rest the muscle affected while providing support– Bedrest with a backboard under the mattress is

recommended for a strained back– Cold applications initially to reduce swelling– Warm wet applications applied later because warmth

relaxes the muscles– Obtain medical help for severe strains and all back

injuries

HEAD INJURIESHEAD INJURIES

Wounds Fractures Brain injuries

HEAD INJURIESHEAD INJURIES

Wounds

Scalp Facial

HEAD INJURIESHEAD INJURIES

Brain injuries

Concussion Contusion

Compression First Aid Assess - CPR Treat for shock

Position Prevent body heat loss

Prevention• Always use safety equipment during activities that could

result in head injury. These include seat belts, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and hard hats.

• Obey traffic signals when riding a bicycle. Be predictable so that other drivers will be able to determine your course.

• Be visible. Do NOT ride a bicycle at night unless you wear bright, reflective clothing and have proper headlamps and flashers.

• Use age-appropriate car seats or boosters for babies and young children.

• Make sure that children have a safe area in which to play.• Supervise children of any age.• Do NOT drink and drive, and do NOT allow yourself to be

driven by someone whom you know or suspect has been drinking alcohol or is otherwise impaired.

SPINAL INJURIESSPINAL INJURIES

Responsive victim Unresponsive victim

First Aid ABCDE Avoid unnecessary movement Treat for shock

Prevention

• Wear seat belts.• Do not drink and drive.• Do not dive into pools, lakes, rivers, and

other bodies of water, particularly if you cannot determine the depth of the water or if the water is not clear.

• Do not tackle or dive into a person with your head

CHEST INJURIESCHEST INJURIES

Injuries to the chest wall Open Closed

Lung injury

CHEST INJURIESCHEST INJURIES

Rib fracture Flail chest

First Aid ABCDE Treat Cause

Support chest wall

Treat for shock

CHEST INJURIESCHEST INJURIES

Hemothorax Pneumothorax

First Aid ABCDE Treat Cause

Seal the wound

Treat for shock Position

ABDOMINAL INJURIESABDOMINAL INJURIES

Closed injuries Open injuries

ABDOMINAL INJURIESABDOMINAL INJURIES

Closed injuries

First Aid ABCDE Treat for shock

Blow to the abdomen

ABDOMINAL INJURIESABDOMINAL INJURIES

Open injuries Penetrating wound Protruding organs

First Aid ABCDE

Treat Cause dressing

Treat for shock

BURNSBURNS

Thermal Chemical Electrical

First degree Second degree Third degree

)

BURNSBURNS

First Aid

Thermal

Stop burning ABCDE Treat Cause

Cooling Dressing

Treat for shock Position Prevent body heat loss

First Aid

Chemical

ABCDE Treat Cause

Remove chemicals Dressing

Treat for shock Position Prevent body heat loss

First Aid

Electrical

Risk

VF cardiac arrest Respiratory arrest

Muscle spasm

Safety!!! Assess - CPR Treat Cause

Cooling Dressing

Treat for shock Position Prevent body heat loss