Transport Canada Harmonized Research on ITS Y. Ian Noy, Ph.D., P.Eng., CPE Director, Standards Research and Development Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation.
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Transport Canada
Harmonized Research on ITSHarmonized Research on ITS
Y. Ian Noy, Ph.D., P.Eng., CPE
Director, Standards Research and DevelopmentRoad Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate
Transport Canada
UNECE ITC: ITS RoundtableGeneva
Feb 18, 2004
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Outline
The safety risks of in-vehicle ITS Governments’ role and challengesInternational Harmonized Research AgendaIHRA and WP.29 liaison
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WHO estimates 1,171,000 deaths annually costing $2,342,000,000,000
Road
Air
Marine
Rail
Of all transportation-related fatalities, 94% are on the road
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Focus on Human Error (Treat et al. 1977)
0102030405060708090
100
Human Factors Road & Env. Vehicle
ProbableDefinite
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Intelligent Transport Systems
• Reduce congestion• Improve safety• Increase efficiency• Improve comfort• Improve transit services• Reduce fuel consumption• Reduce emissions
Automated aids
Smart cards
Traffic monitoring
Traffic management
Information databases
Image processors
Microprocessors
Telecommunications
Digital maps
Positioning & tracking Transportation objectives
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Intelligent Automobiles
In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) - compete with driving task:
• telecommunications and infotainment systems (e.g., e-mail, Internet access), navigation systems
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)- support driving task:
• collision warning systems, adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, lane change aids, and parking aids.
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Safety impact depends largely on the extent to which the system supports users’ needs, and is compatible with human capabilities and limitations
Driving TaskDriving Task ITSITS
++
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CollisionsCollisions
ITS technology is safety neutral - Its implementation is safety critical
ITS Safety, or IS IT?
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Government’s Role
Encourage technologies that are likely to have safety benefits
Discourage technologies that are likely to have an adverse effect on safety
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Direct Safety Risks - IVIS
Driver distractionDriver overloadDriver confusion
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Errors of Situation Awarenes
s43%
Human Causes of Crashes (NHTSA, 1995)
Distraction
23%
Inattention19%
Misjudged gap/velocity 10%
Drunk8%
Roadway Surface 6%
Excessive Speed 6%
Obstructed Vision 5%
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I was distracted
for a moment.
Go on
Driver Distractions
Visual (eyes off road)Manual (hands off wheel)Cognitive (mind off
driving)Auditory (sounds)
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Sources of Distraction
Wireless communication (cell phones) Navigation system destination entry Map and other complex visual displays In-vehicle office tasks (e-mail, PDA, Internet) Infotainment (location-based services, DVD) Warnings from driver assistance systems Multifunction displays and controls
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Levels of Driver Assistance
InformationWarningActive controls (e.g., gas pedal)Partial control of vehicle functions
(steering, stop&go)Complete control of vehicle
(AHS)
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Direct Safety Risks - ADAS
Driver distractionDriver overloadDriver confusionFalse or nuisance alarmsCommand effect
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Rationalizing Automation
Each level has unique safety issues
Each level must coexist with other levels
Progression from one level to next is not incremental– it represents a radical change to the driving task
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Indirect Safety Risks
Behavioural adaptationIncreased exposureLoss of skill & negative transferViolation of expectation (by non-users)Collision migration (MV to SV, to other
users, etc.)
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
ITS Safety Research Programs
Europe • EC FP5: HASTE• EC FP6: eSafety, AIDE, PReVENT, HUMANIST• France, UK, Germany (ADAM), Netherlands
North America • CAMP, IVI, SAVE-IT
Japan• ASV
Australia
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Key Challenges for Government
Traditional policy paradigms not suitable:• Design cycle shorter than policy cycle• Technology is diversifying rapidly• Behavioural science lags technology
Integration by consumer, not industryJurisdictional boundaries no longer valid
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Need for New Paradigm
Driver-system integration must be an integral part of motor transport system development.This has implications for: • System design• Regulatory policy
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV):International Harmonized Research Activities
• Australia• Canada• France• Germany• Hungary• Italy• Japan
• the Netherlands• Poland• Sweden• U.K. • U.S.A.• EC• EEVC
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
ESV: IHRA Working Groups
Active safety• Intelligent Transport Systems
Passive safety• Advanced Offset Frontal Crash Protection• Pedestrian Safety• Biomechanics• Vehicle Compatibility• Side Impact
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IHRA-ITS : Objectives
to coordinate international policy-oriented research to minimize the potential adverse consequences of on-board ITS technologies.
to develop procedures for the evaluation of safety of in-vehicle information, control and communication systems.
to provide an international view of the state of research into understanding the safety impact of driver workload and distraction.
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Aspects of System Safety
1. System Reliability• Reliability of hardware and software, the propensity for malfunction and
the potential to go into a dangerous and/or unanticipated safety mode.
2. Human Machine Interaction (HMI)• Key issues are function allocation, the design of interface, definition of
dialogue between the user and the system.
3. Overall Traffic System • The aggregate effect on the traffic system as a whole.
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Summary of Activities
Conceptual FrameworkWorkshopsSurvey of current researchPriority Projects
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IHRA ITS Priority Projects
1. Development of a harmonized safety evaluation methodology framework
2. Driver understanding and expectation of ITS systems3. Human factors principles checklist4. Normative data on naturalistic driving behavior5. Simulator reference test scenarios6. Improved secondary task methodology for evaluating
safety effects of driver workload7. Harmonization and validation of surrogate safety
measures
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
Importance of ITS Safety Research
Elaborates the role of governments with respect to ITS safety
ITS safety is currently unregulated; therefore, there is a reasonable prospect for harmonized policies based on shared scientific understanding of the issues
Standards R&D, Transport Canada
IHRA-WP.29 Liaison
IHRA research focus• Summarize state of knowledge
• Coordinate joint research
• Develop test procedures
WP.29 regulatory focus• Identify regulatory needs and priorities.
IHRA could coordinate the regulatory development research needed to support WP.29 work program
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