Tissue Injuries in Sports. Cell Tissue Cell: smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently Tissue: A collection of cells.
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Tissue Injuries in Sports
Cell Tissue
• Cell: smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently
• Tissue: A collection of cells in an organism that have similar structure and function
• Cell->Tissue->Organ->Organ System ->Organism
Layers of Skin
The Two Main Layers of Skin
• The upper barrier layer (epidermis)– The epidermal layers provide the barrier layer, which resists
bacterial entry and prevents fluid and electrolyte loss.
• The lower, much thicker, dermis. • The dermis is well vascularized (veins, arteries, and
capillaries) and also contains receptors for touch, temperature and pain.
Sports and soft tissue injuries:
• About 95 percent of sports injuries are due to minor trauma involving soft tissue injuries -- bruises, muscle pulls, sprains, strains, and cuts or abrasions.
Soft Tissue Injuries
Puncture Wound
How are puncture wounds different?
• There are two risks with puncture wounds.
• First, a wound infection can occur because of dirt pushed deep into the skin by the object (typically a nail) puncturing the tissue.
Puncture Wounds
• The second problem that can occur is an infection of the bone.
• If a nail penetrates deep into the foot, it can hit a bone and introduce bacteria into the bone.
Puncture Wound
• This risk is especially great if the nail has gone through a pair of tennis shoes.
• The foam in tennis shoes can harbor a bacteria (Pseudomonas) that can lead to serious infection in the tissues.
Puncture Wound
Laceration Vs. Puncture Wound
Laceration
• Laceration: A cut.
Incision
• A surgical cut.
Abrasion
• is a wearing away of the upper layer of skin as a result of applied friction force.
• In dentistry an "abrasion" is the wearing away of the tooth substance.
Abrasion
• An open wound, road burn, or rug burn in which the outer layer of skin has been scraped off.
Corneal Abrasion
Blister
• A bubble like collection of fluid beneath or within the epidermis of the skin.
Callus
• 1. A localized firm thickening of the upper layer of skin as a result of repetitive friction.
• 2. The hard new bone substance that forms in an area of bone fracture. Bony callus is part of the bone repair process.
Callus
Callus of the Bone
Sprains
• About one-third of all sports injuries are classified as sprains, a partial or complete a partial or complete tear of a tear of a ligamentligament – –
• Ligament- a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects the ends of bones and stabilizes the joint.
Tendon vs. Ligament
Signs and Symptoms of a Sprain
• a feeling that a joint is "loose" or unstable
• inability to bear weight because of pain
• loss of motion
• the sound or feeling of a "pop" or "snap" when the injury occurred
• swelling (edema)
• Sometimes ecchymosis will appear several days later.
Sprain
Sprain
Strains
• A strain is a partial or complete tear of a muscle or tendon.
• Muscle tissue is made up of cells that contract and make the body move.
• A tendon consists of tough connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones
Strain
Contusions -
• The most common sports injury is a contusion, or bruise –
• a result of a blunt injury causes underlying bleeding in a muscle or other soft tissues.
Contusion
Using a donut pad
Hematoma
• Chicago defenseman Sami Lepisto
Chicago defenseman Sami Lepisto: blocked slapshot.
Treatment
• Treatment for soft tissue injuries usually consists of R.I.C.E.
• Rest, Ice, Compression (wrapping with elastic bandages), and Elevation of the injured arm, hand, leg or foot.
• P.R.I.C.E.S. –Protection….Support
Sports and Skeletal injuries:
• A sudden, violent collision with another player, an accident with sports equipment, or a severe fall can cause skeletal injuries in the athlete, including fractures.
• Fractures constitute a low 5 to 6 percent of all sports injuries. Most of these breaks occur in the arms and legs. Rarely are the spine and skull fractured.
Dislocation
Dislocation
• A dislocation is a separation of two bones where they meet at a joint.
• A dislocated bone is no longer in its normal position.
• A dislocation may also cause ligament or nerve damage or blood vessel damage.
Dislocation
Subluxation
• Subluxation: Partial dislocation of a joint. A complete dislocation is a luxation.
Bone Fracture
• bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone is cracked or broken.
Forearm Fracture
Skeletal Fracture
Bony Callus Formation
• 1. Hematoma forms at break
• 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus will fill the space
• 3. Bony callus formed by osteoblasts.
• 4. Osteoblasts build new compact bone and osteoclasts create new medullary cavity.
Fractures
Reduction
• Returning displaced or dislocated bones to their normal location
SHOULDER REDUCTION
• Sedation• Apply traction and counter
traction• Lift humeral head into the
glenoid• THIS IS DONE BY
TRAINED PROFESSIONALS ONLY!
Stress Fracture
• Stress fractures occur frequently because of continuing overuse of a joint.
• The main symptom of a stress fracture is pain.
• The most frequent places stress fractures occur are the tibia (the larger leg bone below the knee), fibula (the outer and thinner leg bone below the knee), and foot.
Stress Fracture
Grades of Injury
• A first degree sprain is a tear of a minimum number of fibers of the ligament.
• A second degree sprain is a partial rupture and a disruption of more fibers but with some instability.
• A total rupture is a complete disruption of the ligament resulting in joint instability. It is a very severe injury and is also referred to a third degree sprain.
Grades
• The varying grades of sprain can be compared to a stretch of a thick rubber band that is put on a sustained or increasing stretch.
• Starting with the tear of a few individual fibers more and more fibers give way, till the rubber band tears across totally.
First Degree Sprain
Second Degree Sprain
Third Degree Sprain
Grade I Ankle Sprain
Grade 2
Grade 3
ACL Tear
SPORTS INJURIES
Chronic and Acute
• Chronic injuries are caused by continuous stress over a long period of time
• i.e. Golfers elbow, tennis elbow, shin splints
• Acute are caused by sudden stress• i.e. Fractures, strains, sprains, concussion
How to prevent injuries
• Use correct equipment / clothing
• Environment
• Correct technique
• Rules / officials
• Warm up / cool down
• Equal opponents
Soft Tissue
• OPEN or CLOSED
• Open – skin damaged i.e. Cuts, blisters, grazes
• Closed – no external bleeding i.e. Bruises, strains, sprains, dislocations, cartilage damage
Hard Tissue
• Bone damage• OPEN (compound) or
CLOSED (simple)• Usually accompanied
by bruising and swelling (vessel damage)
• Lots of pain (damaged nerves)
Stress Fractures
• Most bone injuries are acute
• Stress fracture is Chronic and is a crack along the length of the bone
• Shin splints are a form of stress fractures.
Categories of injuries
• SOFT TISSUE / HARD TISSUE• OPEN / CLOSED• ACUTE / CHRONICExamplesA closed hard tissue injury…An open soft tissue injury…A closed soft tissue injury…An acute soft tissue injury…A chronic hard tissue injury…
Treatment – soft tissue
• Rest – stop immediately
• Ice – blood vessels contract to stop further swelling
• Compression – reduce swelling (not too tight)
• Elevation – blood flow reduced as working against gravity
Prevention Procedures for Blood-Borne Pathogens
Hepatitis B Virus Immunization
All persons with potential exposure to blood-borne pathogens
Protective Equipment
Gloves
Eye guards
Masks
Gowns
Resuscitation devices
Personal Hygiene
Hand washing
Towelettes
No application of cosmetics
Disinfection
Disinfect all surfaces
Biohazardous containers
Sharps
Linen
Disposable
No eating at work stations
For the Following Pictures:
• Identify the following:– SOFT TISSUE / HARD TISSUE
– OPEN / CLOSED
– ACUTE / CHRONIC
– LOCATION ON BODY: A/P,M/L,etc
– STRUCTURES: BONES,LIGAMENTS, etc.
What is this a picture of?
What is this a picture of?
What is this a picture of?
What is this a picture of
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