Theory and Practice in Sociology of Environment in Lesvos, Greece

Authors Gogu Madaliana-Cristina

Taban Teodora Corina

CONTENT

1 Lesvos Island 3

11 Introduction 3

12 Land management situation 3

13 Land use 4

14 Planning 5

2 Sociology and the Environment 7

21 General 7

22 Greek environment 9

3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos 10

31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factor 10

32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment 11

33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island 13

34 Wildfire danger 15

35 Energy 16

36 Waste water 17

361 Water Resources 17

362 Waste water Management 18

3621 Legislation and principles 18

3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management 20

3623 Sewage from hotel facilities 20

37 Solid Waste 24

371 Introduction 24

372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management 24

373 European legislation garbage 25

3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD) 25

3732 The Landfill Directive 26

3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive 27

3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes 28

3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 29

374 Greece and waste 29

3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation 30

3742 Disposal in Landfill 31

3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes 32

3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics) 32

3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework 32

3746 National Legislative Framework 33

3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery 33

3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams 34

3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste 35

37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 36

37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators 36

375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island 37

3751 Introduction 37

3752 The Prefectural Planning 39

3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities 40

3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island 42

376 Local Material Recovery Facilities 42

3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers 42

3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos 43

3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene 44

377 Annexes 45

3771 Προϊόντα 45

3772 Products made from waste 46

3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene 47

3774 Solid Waste Management Studies for the Prefecture of Lesvos 50

38 Unemployment 51

39 Deforestation 53

310 Thermal waters 55

311 Desertification 57

3111 Climate 57

3112 Soil 59

3113 Vegetation 60

3114 Management 62

Bibliography 65

1 Lesvos Island

11 Introduction

Lesvos is the third in size island of Greece and forms one Municipality by itself (the largest in

size in Greece) as reformed by the administrative program Kallikratis in 120111 when Greek

municipalities were reduced from 910 to 325 the 57 prefecturesmdashthe 13 administrative

departments (peripheries) of Greece remaining the same occupying the same geographical areas

but governed by elected regional governors (previously periphery governors used to appointed

by the State)

Lesvos Island is part of the North Aegean Periphery also including the islands of Limnos Chios

Samos and the smaller islands of Agios Eustratios Inousses Psara Fournoi and Ikaria (Law

38522010)

12 Land management situation

The southeastern part of Lesvos has been undergoing rapid land transformation The Urban

Development Plan2 of the (former) Municipality of Mytilini came into force in 2007 and regards

only the former Municipality of Mytilinimdashnot the villages of Thermi and Pirgi Thermis

During the past two or three decades unplanned residential growth and expansion has been under

way along the highway linking Mytilini with the airport in addition to general urban sprawl

around the city This uncontrolled development has taken place without an implementation plan

appropriate legal and administrative frameworks consideration for the character of the natural

and human environment and landscape as well as without the necessary provisions for and

maintenance of communal functions and services such as parking areas tourism infrastructure

open and green spaces etc

Especially during the past decade the demand for conversion of agriculturally productive

suburban land to residential and recreational uses has grown exponentially due to population

growth and to the desire for occupation and development of land near the capital city (for reasons

of better service provision infrastructure accessibility and other occupational factors) This

1 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesfekpdf2 httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-10-06-13-21

tendency has been coupled by a growth in the demand for non-traditional economicmdashand

especially tourismrecreation orientedmdashactivities on farmland Consequently even at a stage of

infancy special-interest and alternative tourism around the city of Mytilini and the SE part of

Lesvos has been significantly contributing to tertiary and more general economic development

(hotels bars and restaurants travel agencies guided land or boat tour operations local

entrepreneurs and the construction of all sorts of tourism infrastructure and amenities)

However the city of Mytilini and its environs may not constitute significant tourist destinations

without appropriate large-scale sustainable interventions due to their unplanned urban

environment and landscape and lack of proper nomination of urban historical sites and

monuments (ancient theatre castle Menandros house Roman house of Nikomidia Street turkish

mosque and baths etc) Moreover the areas Charamida Saint Hermogenis Kratigos Gulf of

Gera and Pirgi Thermis include swimming beaches and hotels of remarkable quality that could be

easily planned and managed for special-interest alternative tourist development More

specifically some of the major local problems concerning land management directly or

indirectly related to tourism development and bearing a grave impact on local landscapes are

lack or improper implementation of measures generally related to landscape planning protection

and management deficient management of thermal springs in Therma and Pyrgi Thermis non-

compliance to building height regulations in new construction in Afalonas lack of sustainable

beach and coastal zone management in Pamfila and most other coastal zones around Mytilini

unplanned development in Kedro Loutropoli Thermis and Pyrgi Thremis lack of communal

open spaces in many of the smaller urban communities and delays in the implementation

procedures of urban planning in the southern part of Mytilini Urban Development Plan

13 Land use

According to the National Statistical Service of Greece3 the former Municipality of Mytilini

comprises 107400 hectares in total of which 63200 hectares are cultivated land farmland

(588) 10600 hectares are rangelands (99) 23600 hectares are forest land (22) 1100

hectares are wetland (1) 6600 hectares are residential land (61) and 2500 hectares are

other uses (23) Of the 8000 hectares of Thermi most is cultivated (olive plantations) and

3(httpwwwstatisticsgrportalpageportalESYE

residential land Due to population expansion since 2001 urban sprawl has also occurred here

however almost 90 of the land is still under cultivation

Agriculture and especially olive cultivation has traditionally been the main land use in this part

of Lesvos while a large proportion of the population also deals in wholesale and retail trade

fishing construction public administration and tourism service provision Other locations in

Lesvos have touristic objectives such as the thermal springs of the Gulf of Gera and of Pyrgi

Thermis (thermal and spa tourism) the Monastery of Saint Rafael (religious tourism) the

peripatetic routes of the Amali mountain (ecotourism) the urban forest park Tsamakia in

Mytiline (urban tourism) the park of Theofilos and Teriade Art Museum and the Roman

aqueduct in Moria (cultural tourism) horse-riding tourism in Larsos and Kratigos etc

Building pressures however have often had negative and even catastrophic impacts on olive

groves pinewood clusters riverside vegetation farmland rangeland and even on Landscapes of

Special Natural Beauty (decree-law FEK 1360B8-11-2000) hydrotopic landscapes

(Charamida and Ntipi-Larsos a NATURA 2000 area together with the Gulf of Gera) and

special ecosystems such as the pine forest of Kratigos-Amali which could host a series of

special-interest tourism attractions and activities

14 Planning

The main institution responsible for planning issues here is the administrative department

(Periphery) Present and future land uses are currently specified by a Municipality Development

Plan in force since 20074

In order to restrict unplanned and uncontrolled development and to properly organize and

implement land use zoning this Plan proposes certain urban development areas zones intended

for residential development industrial development tourism recreation wholesale activities

small-industry expansion education research and technology culture sports green spaces

marinas dockyards and other services and activities whereas the southern part of Mytilini is

designated for urban expansion

More specifically according to this Urban Development Plan specific areas are intended for

larger-scale tourism and second-home construction as for example in Charamida for low-

4httpwwwmytilenegrindexphplang-enhome2008-10-29-13-02-08 httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiako_a_fasipdf httpwwwmytilenegrupload20filesepixirisiakopdf

density tourism development and recreation on several coastal zones such as the ones of Varia-

Neapoli-Kratigos Kedros-Pirgi Pamfila-iPanagiouda and certain locations in Charamida and

Saint Ermogenis and for recreational uses at the old industrial locations of Tampakaria and

Kalamari However most of these specified actions and uses have yet to be initiated making the

proper implementation of the Urban Development Plan in the following years problematic

The urban plan of the city Mytilene

The map of the city Mytilene acoording to Google Earth

2 Sociology and the Environment

21 Two approaches to sociology of the environment

Sociology of the environment is a new fi eld of sociology that has developed in relation to

peoplersquos growing concern about environmental issues It has a dual focus On the one hand it

deals with the ways in which people in society relate to the natural world On the other hand it

deals with lsquoenvironmentalismrsquo as a social movement the development of concern about the

environment and the social context of actions about the environment

Today in sociology two approaches to sociology of the environment battle it out in contemporary

academic writing the realist approach and the constructionist approach These are different

approaches to what sociology does Does sociology talk about how humans relate to the

environment and the social factors that infl uence that Or is it mainly about how humans

perceive their relationship to the environmentmdasha sociology of perspectives on the environment

In the realist approach the problems of the environment are quite real Inevitably social

scientists will follow the lead of the natural sciences in identifying the problems The task of

sociology is to explain the social causes of environmental problems Also what social

alternatives could produce a better environmental outcome In this approach sociologists are in

the same boat as most other commentators on environmental problems

A second approach attacks realism and argues that there is no one lsquorealityrsquo of environmental

problems Different people have their own differently constructed and equally valid

interpretations of the environment This second perspective comes from a sociological tradition

which says that society is not a real thingmdashit is socially constructed

In this view social and other realities do not exist independently of the meanings people create

about them Applied to environmental issues this approach maintains that lsquothere is no singular

ldquonaturerdquo as such only a diversity of contested natures and that each such nature is constituted

through a variety of socio-cultural processes from which such natures cannot be plausibly

separatedrsquo So sociologists should investigate how the environment is understood by different

sections of the population how environmental issues are constituted as social problems and how

people respond to these discourses of environmental trouble

To get a sense of the realist approach the issue of climate change is a good place to begin

Realists see global warming as a real environmental problem something that is going on because

of the way society interacts with the environment The role of the sociologist is to say why

society is producing this problem and evaluate the social barriers to dealing with the problem If

society is causing this problem how does society have to change to stop it

Realists see global warming as a lsquoreal problemrsquo that is revealed by lsquosciencersquo The sociologist

must begin by understanding the science before considering how society is responding to this

problem

The sociology of the environment is a complex field Differences are so extreme that some

authors hesitate to characterize works from rival approaches as lsquosociologyrsquo

A key division is between different approaches to the philosophy of knowledge of lsquonaturersquo If

nature is a real object that scientists describe then the task of sociologists is to understand why

society is related to this very real environment Within this approach it is typical to regard the

environmental crisis as quite real and to try to understand why society is so slow to do anything

effective to prevent it In the constructionist approach these questions get the back stage The

issue for sociologists is to examine how peoplersquos understandings of nature are formed by social

processes It is not seen as the sociologistrsquos task to assume that any particular understanding of

nature is the correct one They all have validity as different social constructions Yet this is only

the beginning of divisions Within the realist understanding there are also major differences of

opinion about the social causes of environmental problems and what would have to happen in

society to deal with the environmental crisis These differences of opinion are certainly

lsquopoliticalrsquomdashin the sense that different conclusions within sociology imply different strategies for

effective political action

Two sociological approaches to the environment are the realist and the constructionist approach

Scientists on climate change present nature as a lsquorealrsquo object but also participate in socially

constructing environmental problems

Reformists believe environmental problems can be tackled within the framework of capitalism

Radicals believe that the economics and culture of capitalism are the key causes of environmental

problems

Franklin (Franklin A 2002 Nature and Social Theory Sage London) argues that the appreciation of nature is

socially constructed as part of the culture of western societies

Castells5 sees environmentalism as a social identity formed in reaction to the lsquonetworkrsquo society

Beck6 sees environmental problems as an aspect of lsquoriskrsquo society and a product of modernisation

22 Greek Environmentalism

There are three stages7 in the development of environmentalism in Greece

- First an early phase of the appearance of environmental protest and activity during the

70s In this period environmental degradation becomes for the first time a social problem

- Second a period characterized by the spread of environmental activity and the emergence

of green politics (late 80s) In this period environmental problems become a political

issue This stage of the development of Greek environmentalism is generally outlined as a

ldquomovement in its status nascendirdquo

- Third the present stage that followed the failure of a centralized political formation In

this period Greek environmentalism is characterized by decentralization fragmentation

professionalization and the proliferation of its relations with state agencies and

international environmental organizations

Greek environmental organizations are undergoing an institutionalization process which was

initiated by national and EU policies in a way far preceding the growth and the expansion of a

movement capable of mobilizing civic structures In other words the process of recognition-

adaptation-integration of environmental values and interests does not reflects a corresponding

recognition of a successful movement but the State initiative and its precedence over societal

processes in Greece Here we can find a recurrent characteristic of the so called ldquoperipheral staterdquo

as an initiator of many changes that precede the demands of the society itself This very process

is reinforced through Greecersquos participation to the overall process of European integration As

has been shown the ldquoEuropeanizationrdquo of Greece has a significant impact on the restructuring of

interests facilitating informal cooptation and corporatist relations with the Greek state playing the

role of the distributor of incentives and reward motives in a way allowing the systemic adaptation

5 Castells M 1997 The Information Age Economy Society and Culture Volume II The Power of Identity Blackwell Oxford)6 Beck U 1992 Risk Society Towards a New Modernity (trans Mark Ritter) Sage London 1995a Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk

Polity Press Cambridge 1995b Ecological Enlightenment Essays on the Politics of the Risk Society (trans M Ritter) Humanities Press New Jersey7 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT TO ITS INTEGRATION by Stelios Alexandropoulos and Nik Serdedakis)

of interest groups and the formation of new interest structures such as in the field of vocational

training trade unions activity environmental activity etc

3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos

31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factors

The environment in Lesvos is influenced by many internal and external factors The factors are

Natural system and socio-economic system Bellow are presented these factors and their

interdependencies

Source Adapted from Messerli and Messerli in Naveh and Lieberman 1984

Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Agricultural Landscape Formation

EnvironmentExogenous

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Socioeconomic System

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment

The end of the 19th century was very promising for Lesvos The 20th century began in the same

way but soon it gave way to a deep crisis Its first quarter marked two major wars (the Balkan

wars and the First World War) annexation in the Greek state and the major catastrophe of 1922

that resulted in the refugeesrsquo arrival Lesvosrsquo economic crisis began in the new century when

political struggle between the collapsing Ottoman Empire and the rest of the European countries

produced obstacles in trade and some of the wealthiest traders moved their businesses to other

ports Annexation in the Greek state (1912) did not radically alter economic structures as

movements of people goods and capital were still easy with Asia Minor

The crisis burst out after 1922 The military loss of the Greek army in Turkey and the refugees

arrival also marked the closing of the borders with Asia Minor for all transactions and

investments and the increase of transportation and food costs These developments should not be

examined alone as greater socioeconomic changes occurred at the same time and deepened the

crisis Such changes included the transportation improvement to steam and oil boats that made

stops in intermediate ports (like the port of Mytilini) unnecessary Besides new boats

transportation improvement also included land transportation and the development of rail

transportation in Eastern Europe and eventually roads

This meant that areas in the mainland could now participate in national and international trade

All these developments resulted in the reversal of the competitive advantages that small islands in

the Mediterranean trade and exchange network shared in favor of continental areas The

economic result for Lesvos was the stopping of innovations and the moving of almost all

industrial and trading activities to the mainland The demographic outcome was the slow at first

beginning of the rural exodus which was more rapid after the 1940s (the population of the island

was reduced by 35 between 1940 and 1981

Another major change that the 20th century brought was the Greek agricultural reformation

which was completed throughout Greece in 1932 The evidence from Lesvos is contradictory on

one hand it was claimed that groves were excluded and therefore Lesvos was hardly affected and

the large farms that were created before the annexation to the Greek state were retained On the

other hand it has also been claimed that the land that was given to small farmers reached almost

50 of the olive groves of 1918 (22900 stremmas 1 stremma= 01 ha)

Today the greater part of the large farms is owned by charity organizations the church the

Mytilini Hospital or banks The making of these large farms has many different stories to tell

buying cheap from Muslims who foresaw the Empirersquos collapse to confiscations andor usury

and investments in land from factory owners or traders

Although the data come from different sources and sometimes measure different entities they

can provide a rough picture of land use and livestock changes The most important changes refer

to the significant decline of the groves except olives after the 1930s as by 1959 olives

represented almost 96 of the total groves area as compared to 88 in 1933 The actual olives

area changes are unclear although their reduction between 1933 and 1971 appear to correspond

to the rural exodus while the 1971 areas are probably overestimated Vines were also

significantly reduced and almost disappeared settlement areas increased significantly along with

grazelands and sheep which have more than doubled in 80 years

These changes indicate a deeper and more fundamental change of Lesvos agriculture a gradual

stop of practices that combined different land uses and also agriculture and animal husbandry

Seasonal livestock movement stopped Along with the disappearance of cereals fallow practices

stopped and most areas were used as grazelands for the increasing livestock in a typical

Mediterranean development of less land use diversity This change was due more to the decline

of the rest of land uses than to the expansion of olives and grazelands

Data for these land use changes and the abandonment of agricultural land uses in the last 30 years

reveal that most areas that were abandoned were olives (in total 11) abandoned an olive grove

but comparatively small fields and in mountainous or isolated areas where cultivation and

transportation of the olives is not profitable anymore

Agricultural land uses were also abandoned in favor of housing especially in coastal tourist

development areas

Landscape changes are therefore significant On one hand it appears that agricultural land is

lsquorationalizedrsquo in the sense that isolated mountainous andor less productive fields which were

cultivated only when the olive oil prices were high were abandoned again and forest areas are

spreading again On the other hand in the plains agriculture is intensified and in coastal areas

housing and tourist uses compete for the land In any case the lsquotraditionalrsquo characteristics

(terraces stone walls paths constructions and buildings) are either destroyed or abandoned and

their quality is deteriorating

Estimates and Censuses for Lesvos Population (16th -20th centuries)

Year Mytilini Lesvos Year Mytilini Lesvos

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

Source Sifnaiou 1996 55 Kai Karidis and Kiel 2000Source Houliarakis 1973 Settas 1962 18 Gougoulas 1991 167Greek State Census

33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island

An existing typology to distinguish Lesvosrsquos agricultural landscape zones uses climatic

geological and land use criteria to distinguish three zones

- The 1st zone is the grazing lands zone consisting mainly of barren grazing lands (gt50

of the area) in which soils of limited nutrient availability lie on recent lava and other

compressed volcanic residuals (tuff) and are recent compared to the rest of the island

- The 2nd zone is the olives zone consisting primarily of olives and pine forests

- The 3rd zone is an intermediate zone which includes elements of both other zones

(grazing lands arable land olives and pine or oak forests)

The visual characteristics of the zones also differ In the grazing land zone there are lots of

animal husbandry constructions and dry stonewalls separating the relatively large patches There

is also an increased presence of wire fences the presence of scattered (mainly oak) trees and

dominance of garrigue while there are still some terraces remnants of agricultural practices

that stopped after the 1950s (ie ploughing and harvesting cereals and pulses) In the olive trees

zone terraces are the dominant element with the significant presence of stone storehouses and

fences while patches are small In the intermediate zone there are elements of the other two

zones along with increased presence of arable land in plains

Lesvos Agricultural Landscape Classification

Zone Definition Criteria used

1st Zone West and part of the Northwest island 1 GrazelandGrazelands Soils lie on recent lava and other com- gt50 of the total pressed volcanic residuals (tuff) are recent settlement area compared to the rest of the island (Higgins 2 Cultivated land and Higgins 1996) and of limited nutrient lt30 of the total availability Mainly barren grazelands settlement area

2nd Zone East and Southeast part of the island and 1 Cultivated landOlives Gera gulf Mainly olives and forests gt40 of the total (mainly pine) settlement area 2 Grazeland lt30 of the total settlement area 3 Groves gt50 of Utilized Agricultural Area

3rd Zone Almost all the Kalloni gulf catchment area Rest areasIntermediate and a small part of the Northeast part of

34 Wildfire danger

Forecasting is one of the most important elements in fire danger confrontation schemes for

wildland and urban interface areas The difficulty in studying such natural hazards in general and

in the islands of the Aegean Archipelago in particular includes not only an assessment of their

causes territorial distribution and damage inflicted in time but also their dependence on human

socio-economic activities In this context wildfire danger rating systems have been adopted by

many developed countries dealing with wildfire prevention so that civil protection agencies are

able to define areas with high probabilities of fire ignition and resort to necessary actions

Focusing also on floods it is impossible to avoid them however an overall understanding of

their nature and development may facilitate their quantitative prediction and therefore may lead

towards appropriate management responses as well as in early warning so as to mitigate their

catastrophic effects (loss of human lives resources and property damage)

The island of Lesvos covers an area of 1672 km2 with a variety of geological formations

climatic conditions and vegetation types The climate is typically Mediterranean with warm and

dry summers and mild and moderately rainy winters

Annual precipitation averages around 670 mm The average annual air temperature is 180 C with

high oscillations between maximum and minimum daily temperatures The terrain is rather hilly

and rough with its highest peak at 960 m asl Prominent arid lands are mainly found in the

western part of the island in which acid volcanic rocks dominate Vegetation of the area defined

on the basis of the dominant species includes phrygana or garrigue-type scrubs in grasslands

evergreen-sclerophylous or maquis-type shrubs pine forests deciduous oaks olive tree orchards

and other agricultural lands

Kalabokidis K and C C Vasilakos Karavitis analise in his Fire and flood danger Automated Assessment

System fire danger for Lesvos In the map below we have Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points

during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece

Spatial distribution of fire ignitions points during 1970-2001 in Lesvos Greece

35 Energy

The local economy is developed by using local resources and by being based on fossil fuels for energy

generation Some problems are already floating to the surface of the Lesvian actuality The energy plant is

not properly designed to cover the local household and industrial needs ndash especially during summer ndash

while the percentage of the renewable energy sources (RES) is not considerable

Furthermore problems concerning the waste management sector have appeared while at the same time

the local market searches for innovative solutions to become more cost effective and less material based

Islands that are not connected to the mainland have to produce energy locally Dependency of the

local economy on fossil fuel prices (the most common way to produce energy) makes it more

unstable and the concept of sustainability is even more difficult to apply The energy issue seems

to be the same in all remote islands and sometimes in remote mainland regions In order to

generate a sufficient amount of electricity to cover both domestic and industrial needs these

regions rely heavily on fossil fuels that normally are imported either from the mainland or from

other nations Consequently the results from this interdependence are easily observed

Fluctuations in oil prices have measurable impacts on small economies and this seems to be the

case in an island perspective This fact in connection with the higher price per produced energy

unit (due to smaller scale of production) and the importance of these regions to connect to the

mainlandrsquos grid makes the energy issue more crucial for managing sustainability issues and

development Environmental quality is also compromised by the combustion of heavy fuels in

order to produce energy

Electricity production is based on an autonomous grid powered by a conventional diesel station

owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC) and is located in the outskirt of Mytilene It is

fired by crude and diesel oil Wind potential on the island is high and PPC and other private and

municipal investors have employed it for electricity generation but these projects have so far

managed to exploit only a small fraction of the islandrsquos full wind capacity Other RES

geothermal and solar have also been developed but on a very limited scale

Installed electricity capacity in Lesvos in 2003

- Conventional power station capacity 66464 MW

- Wind capacity 12825 MW

source Primary data Public Power Corporation plant Mytilen

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

Up to now the water needs of Lesvos that is the water for domestic use light industry irrigation

hotels services etc are covered from groundwater Today two reservoirs for storing surface

water have been built in Kalloni and Mithimna with capacities 540000 and 560000 m3

respectively Another large reservoir of capacity 2700000 m3 is under construction at the stream

of Chalandra Eresos The water of the reservoirs is intended for irrigation but the irrigation

networks have not been completed yet

The public water supply is provided by natural springs wells and drilling boreholes The most

important springs are those of Larsos in Thermi and Ydata in Ippios with an average output more

than 600 m3h each Mainly about 4000 private boreholes scattered all over the island cover the

irrigation water need

The water supply for the town of Mytilini the capital of the Prefecture is provided by five

springs and one drill The main supply (75) is from the spring of Ydata The other villages and

settlements of Lesvos cover the needs of water supply through drilling boreholes

The quality of the groundwater regarding the physicochemical parameters (temperature pH

chlorides nitrite nitrate metals pesticides trihalomethanes etc) is characterized as good

(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999) However for many villages the microbiological quality of the

drinking water is not satisfactory although after the implementation of chlorination that some

municipalities recently implemented the water quality appears improved Seawater intrusion has

been recorded in a few cases of coastal

362 Wastewater Management

3621 Legislation and principles

The wastewater management in Lesvos is governed by the EU Directive 91271 as it has been

transferred to the Greek Law by the Joint Ministerial Decision 56734005-3-1997 Generally by

the year 2005 this legislation imposes secondary treatment or equivalent for the wastewater of

municipalities with population equivalent (PE) over 10000 and for the wastewater of

municipalities with PE over 2000 if the wastewater is discharged into estuaries Only in

exceptional cases of recipients with favorable hydrodynamic conditions primary treatment may

be accepted In addition nitrogen orand phosphorus removal is imposed when the receiver of the

treated water is characterized as a ldquosensitiverdquo one For the island of Lesvos it should be examined

whether the bays of Kalloni and Gera will be classified as sensitive recipients

It means that some tourist settlements with a small permanent population may have to apply

secondary treatment for their wastewater In any case appropriate treatment is required for the

wastewater of municipalities with PE under 2000 discharged into freshwaters or estuaries and

for the wastewater of municipalities with PE under 10000 discharged into coastal water

A basic question is the grouping or not of the municipalities for the construction of common

wastewater treatment plants At a group of villages not far away which belong to the same

district with some common characteristics the wastewater treatment of each settlement as

independent has the advantage of easier acceptance of the plant location and the final disposal of

the treated water but it is an operationally rigid system with great funding requirements at both

the stage of construction and the stage of operation On the other hand the construction of one

central plant serving the whole district has the following advantages in addition to the reduced

a) Greater project which means more complete study supervision and construction

b) Lower fluctuations of the quantity and quality of the influent that results in better operation of

the plant

c) Possibility of employing expert and skilled personnel that results in more efficient operation

and greater lifetime of the plant because of the right maintenance

d) Concentrated and more easily controlled potential source of pollution

However small and isolated villages or settlements can be served by decentralized systems

which are simpler and cheaper

For Lesvos Island a study has been conducted which examines the possibility of constructing

such common plants for groups of settlements Alternatives are evaluated for the groups of towns

of Mytilini Plomari Kalloni Molyvos Polihnitos and Gera and the optimum solution for each

group is recommended In the study solutions are also suggested for the small and isolated

villages that cannot be grouped

Absolutely relative with the number of treatment plants of a greater area is the selection of the

appropriate sites for the location of the plants The most important criteria which must be taken

into consideration for the location of a treatment plant are the following

a) Natural (nature and topography of the ground receiver of the treated water extension

possibilities)

b) Economic (land ownership and purchase possibilities land use and its cost construction cost

operation cost accessibility and substructure networks)

c) Environmental (physicochemical parameters ecological parameters aesthetic parameters)

d) Social (public opposition development possibilities)

3622 Current situation of municipal wastewater management

Until 1990 no municipal wastewater treatment plants had been in operation in Lesvos In early

nineties through the funding of the EU programs three treatment plants have been completed

those of Eresos Kalloni and Plomari The treatment plant of Mytilini co funded by the EU

Cohesion Fund is almost finished In Table 1 the constructed wastewater treatment plants of

Lesvos with the corresponding PE of each plant are shown

When all the plants operate as they are scheduled 41000 people that is 47 of the island

permanent population will be served If the summer population is taken into account then this

percentage is even higher since all these settlements are coastal and attract many visitors

(Prefecture of Lesvos 1999)

All the plants use biological treatment with the extended aeration activated sludge method They

also incorporate biological nitrogen removal while the plant of Mytilini is further provided with

biological phosphorus removal The facilities of Mytilini and Kalloni use aeration diffusers with

full cover of the aeration tanks bottom while the plant of Plomari uses surface aerators of vertical

axis The bioreactors at the plant of Eresos are two oxidation ditches with two aerators of

horizontal axis each

The produced sludge is stabilized in a satisfactory extent so no further digestion is needed For

the dewatering of the sludge belt filter presses are used in all the cases The dewatering process

in all the plants as well as the pretreatment screenings operate in closed buildings that are

deodorized The dry sludge is dumped to the landfills

The plants of Kalloni Plomari and Mytilini are also supplied with facilities for the pre-treatment

of pit wastewater which subsequently is mixed to the main wastewater current

The treated water is dumped into the sea through underwater outfalls for the cases of Mytilini and

Plomari The treated water of Kalloni and Eresos plants is disposed into adjacent streams

3623 Sewage from hotel facilities

According to the Greek law most of the large hotels and almost all the hotels located out of the

settlements borders build biological wastewater treatment plants for the sewage The treated

water is recycled through irrigation of hydrophilic plants or disposed to the environment after

taking the necessary permits The rest of the small hotels and ldquorooms to letrdquo complexes dump the

wastewater to

- waste water networks

- septic tanks (water-proof pits) and transport by tank trucks to landfills

- the sea through underwater pipes

- underground absorptive (drain) tanks (pits)

Most of the biological wastewater treatment plants of the hotels are not operating satisfactorily

particularly at the beginning of the tourist season because the hotels are closed during the winter

and enough time is required for the appropriate biomass to develop

Other reasons for the unsatisfactory operation of the biological treatment plants of the hotels are

the reduced flows during the spring and the autumn months of the tourist season the lack of

experienced personnel and the aeration cuts that the hotel owners apply quite often due to

savings

Iunie 2011 Mytilene Se deverseaza in Marea Egee apa uzata folosita in Mytilene dar si

diverse ambalaje fara a fi filtrata (apa) sau recuperate (ambalajele) in vederea reciclarii lor

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

Waste is one of the major environmental problems that the European Community is facing

Currently having to deal with approximately 241 million tones of municipal solid waste each

year the amount of municipal waste generated within the Community is expected to grow by

25 in 2020 comparing to what was produced in 2005 With the shifts in its waste policy toward

a more strategic approach focusing on waste prevention and recycling the EU managed to reduce

disposal of municipal waste to landfill (from 60 to 41 between 1996 and 2006) At the same

time most of its Member States managed to increase their recycling rates by 5 during 1998-

2003 However many specifically some remoterural areas of the Member states still lag

behind This is also the case of Greece where recycling rate has remained at 8 (1997-2003) and

has not improved in recent years Additionally the countryrsquos waste management has been in a

state of crisis due to thousands of uncontrolled dumpsites

Greecersquos main challenges for waste management are the nature of the countryrsquos territory and the

spatial distribution of population

372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management8

As a result of economic development waste is one of the major environmental problems that the

European Community is facing Approximately 1300 million tones of solid waste1 are generated

each year within the European Union of which municipal waste constitutes around 241 million

tons (European Commission (EC) nd) According to the latest available Eurostat statistics the

average EU-27 waste generation was 516 Kg per capita in 2006 - increased from 474 Kg per

capita in 1995 (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) It is expected that municipal waste generation in

the EU will continue to grow

By 2020 the amount is expected to increase by 25 comparing to what was generated in 2005

8 Solid waste includes municipal waste hazardous waste construction waste and waste from manufacturing sectors

It should be note that each countriesrsquo waste generation profile varies depending on different

factors such as economic growth population density and consumer behaviors At the same time

the countriesrsquo waste policy can play important role in reducing waste generation

Disposal in landfills has been the common practice of waste management in the EU for a long

time Disposal in landfills poses several threats to the environment (pollution to soils and water

quality) as well as causing social conflicts since no one wants waste disposal near their houses

However changes are happening During the last one decade (1996-2006) the EU managed to

reduce disposal of municipal waste to landfill from 60 to 41 while waste being treated or

managed by alternative methods has increased Most of Member States managed to increase their

recycling rates by 5 during 19981999 ndash 20022003 (European Environment Agency (EEA)

2007b) However the recycling rate in Greece has not been improving it has remained at 8 of

the total among of household waste generated between 1997 and 2003) (EEA 2006b)

This trend of change from landfill toward recycling can be attributed to the evolution of the EU

approach to waste management During the first decade of its waste policy (1970s1980s) the EU

started to address waste problem in terms of pollution control from waste management

operations that is to say from the Waste Framework Directive to the Waste Landfill Directive

and the Waste Incineration Directive At the end of the 1990s the EU started employing a

strategic approach to improve the situation of waste management namely it reinforced the

notion of waste hierarchy re-affirmed the polluter pay principle and developed the concept of

specific waste streams

The current EU waste policy has been based on

- waste prevention

- recycling and reuse

- improving disposal and monitoring

373 European legislation garbage

3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD)

The first Waste Framework Directive or WFD was originally established in 1975 by the Council

Directive 75442EEC amended by Council Directive 91156EEC codified by Directive

200612EC It has been revised and will be completely repealed by Directive 200898EC (the

new WFD) from 12 December 2010 It intends to harmonize waste management and disposal

policies throughout Europe while guaranteeing environmental and health protection The WFD

has established a framework for authorization and licensing of waste management and disposal

operations

The concept of waste hierarchy has been reinforced in the new Directive9 as Article 4 explicitly

states that

lsquoThe following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order in waste prevention and

management legislation and policy

- prevention

- preparing for reuse

- recycling

- other recovery eg energy recovery and

- disposalrsquo

3732 The Landfill Directive

The EU Landfill Directive or Council Directive 9931EC supplements the Waste Framework

Directive with regards to disposal of waste in landfills By introducing stringent operational and

technical requirements on the waste and landfills it intends to provide measures procedures and

guidance to prevent or reduce the adverse effects on the environment from land filling of waste

through the whole life-cycle of the landfill (Article 1)

Furthermore it defines different categories of waste (municipal hazardous non-hazardous and

inert waste) classifies landfills into three categories (landfills for hazardous waste landfills for

non-hazardous waste and landfills for inert waste) and describes which types of waste should

(or should not) be accepted to each category of landfills Landfills that do not meet these

requirements may not continue to operate The deadline for implementation of the legislation for

Member States was 16 July 2001 (EC 2008a)

Another approach of the Directive is to divert biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) away from

landfills by setting targets for reduction of BMW going to landfill based on the amount generated

9 Council Directive 200898EC

in 1995 Gradually progressive targets are set for three deadline years 2006 2009 and 2016

Countries which put more than 80 of their collected municipal waste to landfill in 1995 may

choose to postpone the attainment of the targets by maximum four years Greece the United

Kingdom10 and the EU-10 have postponed the attainment of the targets by four years This means

that for example by the year 2010 Greece has to reduce the amount of BMW going to their land

filled to 75 of the total amount of BMW it produced in 1995

By this approach the Directive is said to be a major driver during the current decade for the

development of waste management policies at national level In order to achieve the diversion

targets Member States have chosen different strategies and measures Within the EU-15

measures introduced include source separation incineration landfill restriction (ban or diversion

targets) landfill tax home composting and other fiscal measures addressing households or waste

industry

3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive

The first EU comprehensive legislation on packaging is the EU Directive on Packaging and

Packaging Waste was established in 1994 (Directive 9462EC) and amended by Directive

200412EC in 2004 It aims for environmental protection and market harmonization (avoid the

creation of trade barriers within the internal market) It has established among others criteria

clarifying the definition of the term lsquopackagingrsquo and giving clear examples in Annex I of the

Directive The Directive adheres to the concept of waste hierarchy and aimed at reducing the

final disposal of packaging waste

The Directive demands Member States to set up appropriate systems for separate collection

reuse and recycling of packaging waste Specific provision on the management of packaging

waste should be included in the lsquonational waste management planrsquo which is required by the

Waste Framework Directive In all EU-15 countries economic operators within the packaging

chain are responsible for all or part of waste management of packaging In practice the collection

and sorting of municipal packaging waste is predominantly done by the public sector (eg

municipality)

Quantitative targets for recycling and recovery of packaging waste are also set The original10 Commission Proposal COM(2005)105 final

Directive set targets to be achieved by 2001 and the amended Directive set targets to be achieved

by 2008 These targets are presented in Table 2-2 It should be noted that although the overall

objective of the Directive is to reduce waste generation targets are set for recovery and recycling

thus full compliance of the Directive does not mean achievement of the policyrsquos wider objective

of reducing waste volumes Measures at national level are primarily aimed at increasing recovery

and recycling with prevention measures being limited to awareness-raising campaigns some

deposit-refund systems and some taxes Prevention is difficult to deal with because of constantly

changing consumer demand distribution systems and packaging materials

3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes

Directive 200666EC repeals and replaces Directive 91157EEC as from 26 September

2008 The aim of the Directive on Batteries and Accumulators is to cut the amount of hazardous

substances (in particular mercury cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment this should be

done by reducing the use of these substances in batteries and accumulators and by treating and re-

using the amounts that are used The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators

therefore covers a wider range of products than Directive 91157EEC which applied only to

batteries containing mercury lead or cadmium and excluded button cells The Directive also

prohibits batteries and accumulators containing certain amount of mercury lead and cadmium

(EC 2008c)

To ensure that a high proportion of waste batteries and accumulators are recycled Member

States must take measures to promote and maximize separate collections Arrangements enabling

end-users to discard their spent batteries and accumulators at collection points in their vicinity

free-of-charge have to be established The producers have to bear the cost of collecting treating

and recycling industrial automotive and portable batteries and accumulators as well as the costs

of campaigns to inform the public of these arrangements

The Directive11 has set collection targets for Member States have to achieve separate collection of

spent batteries and accumulators at least 25 by 26 September 2012 and 45 and 26 September

2016 (Article 10) Additionally it also set recycling efficiencies of the collected waste (Annex III

of the Directive)11 Directive 200666EC

3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Directive 200296EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) was first

established in 2002 amended by Directive 2003108EC and Directive 200834EC The scope of

electrical and electronic equipments covered by the Directive include the following categories

large and small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment consumer

equipment lighting equipment electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale

stationary industrial tools) toys leisure and sports equipment medical devices (with the

exception of implanted and infected products) monitoring and control instruments automatic

dispensers The Directive provides different requirements for WEEE from private household and

WEEE from business users Some requirements and quantitative targets are set for the separate

collection and recovery reuse recycling of WEEE from private households

374 Greece and waste

With regard to the extent of the problem of municipal waste in Greece it has been the country

with the highest waste generation per capita among the EU-27 since 2003 and the rate continues

to grow In 2006 each person in Greece produced 796 Kg of municipal waste per year

Recycling and recovery accounted for only 8 of municipal waste generated and the figure has

not changed much in recent years

The countryrsquos waste management situation is often considered to be in a state of crisis due to the

situation of its large number of uncontrolled dumpsites (Uncontrolled dumping has been

somewhat a lsquotraditionalrsquo way of waste disposal until the end of 1990s when the situation started

to improve About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in used in 1997 the latest available figures

show that there were still 1453 dumpsites still in use in 2005 and 1173 more sites that are not in

use any more but need to be restore This situation has led to unpleasant experiences when the

country was brought to the European Court of Justice several times since the 1990s for the

infringement of the EU Landfill Directive because it has not been able to close down these

dumpsites The country was already fined euro 54 million for the notorious case of illegal dumping

in Kouroupitos in Crete and because the situation has not improved much the country may

expect further penalty of euro 10 million in the coming months

On the other hand Greece has undergone various policy changes on waste management during

the past decade Several EU Directives have been instrumental and important drivers for the

Greek waste policy transformation

The reform of the countryrsquos waste policy and legal framework resulted in the new National Plan

for Solid Waste Management (2003) which aimed at full compliance with the EU Waste

Framework Directive Another law establishing legal framework for alternative management of

specific waste streams was also established in 2001 This means that at least the country has a

national legal framework to implement separate collection reuse recycling and recovery

3741 Municipal Solid Waste Generation

As other countries in the EU Greece generates more and more waste each year According to the

latest statistics over 47 million tones of municipal waste (household commerce and service

activities) was generated in 2003 representing the increase of 47 comparing to what was

generated in It is estimated to reach 52 million tons in year

Each person in Greece produced 794 kg of municipal waste (Eurostat amp World Bank 2007) The

cause of this increasing trend has been identified as

- development of big urban centers

- the rising tourist flow

- particularly improving living standards resulting in changes in consumer behavior

In terms of waste composition biodegradable waste (BMW) constitutes approximately 40 of all

municipal waste - this is relatively high comparing to other EU countries In 2006 the country

generates 18 million tones of biodegradable waste On the other hand packaging waste

constitutes around 20 of total municipal waste stream

One of the major challenges for waste management in Greece is the nature of its territory and the

spatial distribution of its population Around 40 of the population concentrated in its two main

cities (30 in Athens and 10 in Thessaloniki) Most of the rest are centered around coastal

areas and islands with a large number of small and isolated communitiesislands

3742 Disposal in Landfill

Until the end of 1990rsquos the only waste management practice in Greece was the burying of

municipal solid waste in uncontrolled disposal sites The system was reportedly improved during

1994 - 1997 when more effective waste collection and transport systems were developed serving

85 of the MSW generated at the same time some of the first modern waste management

systems were built and started to operate Currently systematic collection and transportation is

available for almost the whole country with exceptions in some rural sparsely populated and

mountainous areas However the uncontrolled dumping has still been the common disposal

method It had been common for each community to have one or more places within the

communities where they put their garbage12 About 6500 uncontrolled dumpsites were in use in

1997 the number reduced to 2128 in 2001 and to 1458 in 2002 - still serving 47 of the

population (Andreou 2004) In the most recent available data from June 2005 the Ministry of

Environment Physical Planning and Public Work (YPEHODE) had reported 1173 inactive

dumpsites and 1453 dumpsites still in use - a total of 2626 dumpsites recorded in the country

The closing down and restoration of these sites will require about euro 400 million (TCG 2006)

In 2002 48 of all solid waste produced in the country went to sanitary landfill without

pretreatment another 44 went to uncontrolled dumpsites During 1997 - 2003 around 90 of

municipal solid waste in Greece are being disposed of in landfills (including the uncontrolled

ones) and the number has been slightly increasing There is no incineration in the country so far

From the latest available data in 200613 45 sanitary landfills serving 318 local communities are in

operation Three material recycling facilities and six waste transfer stations are also in operations

56 more sanitary landfills and 48 more transfer stations serving 670 more communities were

under construction and were targeted to begin their operations in 2008 Nonetheless the real

situation may be different For example the construction of the central sanitary landfill of Lesvos

Island finished in 2008 but due to the lack of waste transfer station to facilitate waste

transportation from various parts of the island it has not yet begun to operate

For biodegradable fraction of municipal waste only 15 of what is produced is being

composted and the rest of 985 goes to landfills

12 Up until the rearrangement of the national administrative map which came into effect in October 1998 there used to be5600 communities and 360 municipalities in the country They were merged to approximately 1000 local administrativeauthorities after the rearrangement - much less but still a large number13 More recent figures for 2007 2008 and 2009 are not available during the time of this research

3743 EU Fines on Greek Dumpsites ndash the pressure for Changes

The countryrsquos effort to close down uncontrolled dumpsites is due largely to the pressure to

comply with the EU Directives During the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s Greece has

experienced several cases that were referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) for

infringements of the EU waste legislation The most notorious case was the case of illegal

dumping close to the mount of Kouroupitos River in the region of Chania on Crete Island where

domestic waste limited quantities of dangerous waste and different kinds of commercial and

industrial waste were illegally dumped (with open burning and report of dioxin emissions)

3744 Greek Recycling in Figures (statistics)

Up until 2003 recycling accounts for only 8 of total municipal waste generated while the

remaining 91 goes to landfill or dumpsites Packaging waste accounts for around 20 of the

total municipal waste Recycling of all packaging waste during 1997 - 2002 increased a little

from 263000 tons to 325000 tones However the increased of packaging waste recycling was

not growing fast enough to catch up with the growing amount of packaging waste generated The

share of recycled and recovered packaging waste only dropped from 37 by weight of total

waste generated in 1997 to 33 in 2002 On the other hand the introduction of the new law on

packaging waste and other products in 2001 has recently improved the situation of recycling and

recovery of particular waste streams in the country

3745 Development of the Greek Waste Policy and Legal Framework

Most of the earlier Greek waste legislation and their implementation focus mainly on how to deal

with landfill and the uncontrolled dumpsites in the country In 1986 the basic Law 1650 on

Environment established a framework of sanctions and liabilities for the protection of the

environment and set waste management issue under the jurisdiction of Local Authorities

The history of Greek modern waste policy started with the transposition of the first EU

Waste Framework Directive (Directive 75442EEC) in 1996 as a Joint Ministerial

Decision (JMD) 697288241996 The first national solid waste management plan was

established in 2000 by the JMD 1431213022000 Heavily criticized among other reasons

because of the countryrsquos almost no progress at the local level and the estimated cost of

implementation which far exceeded the fiscal capabilities of the state a reform took place at the

end of 2001

The new legislation also provides (updated) guideline for national and regional solid waste

management plan It also aims at full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive

However the latest Waste Framework Directive (200898EC) has not been transposed In terms

of waste treatment operations the EU Landfill Directive (Directive 9931EC) was transposed by

JMD 294073508 in 2002 and is known to translate the Directive word-by-word The EU Waste

Incineration Directive (200076EC) was also transposed in 2005 by JMD 229121117

To deal with specific waste streams the Law 29392001 was issued in 2001 It provides guideline

for alternative management (in this sense alternative from landfill52) of packaging and

packaging waste and other products

3746 National Legislative Framework

The most recent consolidated and updated national legislative framework for Greece is the Joint

Ministerial Decision 5091027272003 on ldquoMeasures and conditions for solid waste

management National Planning and Regional Managementrdquo issued at the end of 2003 One of

the purposes of the law is full compliance with the EU Waste Framework Directive (75442EEC

and 91156EEC) It updates and gives more details for the National Plan for Solid Waste

Management (Article 5) Additionally each of the 13 administrative regions of the country is

required to make and submit Regional Plans for Solid Waste Management (Article 6) In order to

understand implications of the national framework legislation on implementation at local levels

it is important to understand who are the competent authorities and their responsibilities assigned

by the law

3747 Implication on Prevention Reduction Recycling Recovery

Waste prevention reduction recycling and recovery were clearly stated in Article 4 of JMD

509102727 as one of its main principles for General Measures and Conditions for Solid

Waste Management for example

- the principle of waste prevention and reduction through reuse material recovery

recycling and energy recovery

- the polluter-pays principle with emphasis on producersrsquo responsibility These principles

were translated into the National Plan as aims for municipal waste management14

Relevant actions have been identified in the National Plan

- Waste prevention and reduction use of clean technology in the production process use of

incentives or disincentives measures to enhance the reuse of materials after the end-of-life

of products use of incentives or disincentives measures to reduce quantity of packaging

waste and reuse of packaging materials at its end of life use of incentives or disincentives

measures to facilitate producersrsquo responsibility to produce products that ensure re-

utilization at its end-of-life

- Integrated solid waste management (as oppose to landfill disposal) establish and

implement alternative management systems for packaging waste and other wastes to

encourage reuse recovery and recycling The system should include

bull Source separation of recyclable materials with priority in urban areas

bull Construction of recycling units

bull Construction of units for biological treatment for biodegradable components of solid waste

where economically and technically feasible and consider potential for energy recovery and

potential to include treatment of sludge from wastewater treatment and residue from thermal

treatment

3748 Framework for Alternative Management of Specific Waste Streams

In terms of specific waste streams Greece has transposed most of the EU Directives on specific

waste streams The fist one being transposed is the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive

(Directive 9462EEC) by Law 29392001 The Law 29392001 on lsquoPackaging and alternative

management of packaging and other products - Establishment of National Organization for

Alternative Management of Packaging and Other Products (EOEDSAP) and other

14 From Section BI2 of Annex II of JMD 509102727 (Aims for Municipal Wastes [management] in the National Planningfor Management of (Non-Hazardous) Solid Wastes)

provisionsrsquo was issued in 2001 The aim of the Law is to establish measures for the management

of packaging and other products and their waste It should be noted that apart from packaging

and packaging waste this law also established the same framework for alternative management

of other productswaste streams It also recognizes the concept of waste hierarchy by setting

priorities respectively in order to reduceprevent reuse recycle energy recovery and safe final

disposal of municipal solid waste In this regard Article 2 of the law gives definitions among

others of objects regulated by the law (packaging other products waste packaging and other

products) and definitions of different waste management operations (prevention reuse recovery

recycling energy recovery disposal biological recycling alternative management of packaging

waste and other products etc)

3749 Systems for Household Packaging Waste

Packaging waste is the first waste stream for which systems for alternative management were

established in Greece Currently there are three collective systems and one individual system (by

a distributor) available for municipal packaging waste From all the systems around 50 or

525000 tones of packaging waste generated in 2008 were recycled or recovered

(GEDSAP 2009e) Since one of the collective systems deals with packaging of waste lubricating

oil and is not household municipal waste therefore left out of this discussion

The first system for packaging waste is a collective system called the Hellenic Recovery

Recycling Corporation (HERRCO SA)15 ΕΕΑΑ ΑΕ Ελληνική Εταιρεία Αξιοποίησης

Ανακύκλωσης)) which was established in 2003

The third system for alternative management of municipal packaging waste in an individual

system for private labeling and importing goods of a supermarket chain named AB

Vassilopoulos16 (ΑΒ ΒΑΣΙΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) which was established in 2004 AB Vassilopoulos is a

Greek chain of retail stores who also sells packed products under their own brand As of

June 2009 the company has put recycling centers similar to the ones from the Rewarding

15 httpwwwherrcogr The second system for municipal packaging waste is another collective system called Rewarding Recycling (ΑΝΤΑΠΟΔΟΤΙΚΗ

ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΝΩΝΥΜΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΙΑ in Greek) It was established in 2008 by the Municipalities of Athens Thessaloniki Piraeus Patras and Iraklion together with several other private companies The system aims to place 900 lsquoRecycling Centersrsquo in main public areas of municipalities (eg squares parks supermarkets schools etc) within 6 years httpwwwantapodotikigr16 httpwwwabgrenindexphp

Recycling SA system at its 40 stores for recycling of plastic bottles metal cans (aluminum tin)

glass bottles plastic bags batteries metal and plastic containers

37410 Systems for Household Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Appliance Recycling SA17 (ΑΝΑΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΣΚΕΥΩΝ ΑΕ in Greek) was established in

2004 as a collective take-back and recycling scheme for all WEEE categories both from private

households and from users other than private households including historical waste

(GEDSAP 2009b) For the organization of separate collection of WEEE from private households

the company (Appliance Recycling 2009)

As of February 2009 a new national collective system for alternative management of lighting and

light bulbs shops - FOTOKYKLOSI SA18 (ΦΩΤΟΚΥΚΛΩΣΗ ΑΕ) was established It will

operate in addition to the system of Appliance Recycling SA in order to facilitate the country to

achieve targets set by the EU Collection points in municipalities are to be developed as well as

collection from non-household sources (GEDSAP 2009b) amp (FOTOKYKLOSI 2009)

37411 System for Household Waste Portable Batteries and Accumulators

The collective system of alternative management of portable batteries and accumulators

(ΣΣΕΔΦΗΣΣ) was established in 2004 It is now renamed as AFIS SA19 (ΑΦΗΣ ΑΕ) or

Recycling of Portable Batteries SA The quantity of waste portable batteries and accumulators in

Greece is estimated at 2100 tones

375 Waste Management in Lesvos Island

17 httpwwwelectrocyclegrgb

18 httpwwwfotokiklosigren-GBdefaultaspx19

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

In 2009 it is estimated that 37325 tonesyear of municipal solid waste are generated on

Lesvos Island (098 kgcapitaday) Of which 57 are compostable (food-waste) and 36 are

recyclable (7 plastics 4 metals 3 glass 22 paper)

In terms of waste management Lesvos is like other parts of the country where every community

used to have their own dumpsite one or more to dispose of their municipal solid waste In many

cases these sites also receive local agricultural and industrial wastes such as waste from slaughter

houses By 1988 approximately 50 uncontrolled dumpsites existed on the Island

When the EU Landfill Directive came into effect at the National level these dumpsites needed to

be closed and restored A study for potential central sanitary landfill(s) for the Island was then

commissioned From this study a central sanitary landfill was chosen for Lesvos to receive

municipal solid waste from all municipalities on the Island The agreed site is located between

three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados Construction of

Lesvosrsquo central sanitary landfill facility was completed by the end of 2008

But until June 2009 it has not started the operation and the municipalities are still disposing their

waste in their dumpsites There are several reasons to this One major issue is that there is no

waste-transfer station available yet and this is problematic especially for municipalities on the

western side of the Island where distances to transport waste from the municipalities to the

central landfill is too long to be economically feasible to make daily transfers The study for

waste transfer station was commissioned in 2008 and expected to finish within 2009

At one point it was negotiated that each municipality while still have no other options to dispose

of their waste should choose one of their local dumpsites for their waste disposal

They should then operate control and maintain this one site (semi-controlled dumpsite but not

yet a sanitary-landfill) while closing the others Until May 2009 nine municipalities are

maintaining their non-sanitary semi-controlled disposal sites within their boundaries

Mantamados is still using several uncontrolled sites Some municipalities in the eastern part of

the Island bring their waste to the site of Mytilene municipality However these dumpsites are

also pressured to cease their operation as otherwise they may have to pay fine to the EU due to

infringement of the EU Landfill Directive (estimated euro 34000 per day per site) Several

interviews with local authorities have revealed that this issue has been the major drive for

municipalities to improve their waste management situation

Figure 4-2 shows a map of the Island with locations of the Central Sanitary Landfill and other

municipal solid waste disposal sites (including the controlled and the uncontrolled sites the

active and non-active ones and the ones under restoration)20

Figure 4-2 Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Lesvos Island

Source Waste Management Laboratory University of the Aegean 2009

From literature review interviews and observation - the current waste management situation on

Lesvos Island and their problems can be summarized here

- Municipalities on the island are relying on landfill as the main disposal method ndash

however the central sanitary landfill has not begun its operation at the same time the

20 This map was provided by the Waste Management Lab the University of the Aegean in May 2008 Exact data on thecurrent (2009) status of the dumpsites may alter slightly (by few sites) since the limited research duration did not allowfor field update of the sites situation The intention of this map is to illustrate the overall picture to the readers

municipalities are under pressures to close their dumpsites as otherwise may face hefty

fine from the European Union

- It took around 10 years since the idea to construct the Islandrsquos central landfill was

initiated until the time that the construction had finished One of the main obstacles was

the difficult situation in sitting the landfill due to eg complex eco-systems of the island

and local oppositions Moreover it still needs some more years before it can begin to

operate Once the landfill reaches its capacity it will not be easy or fast to build a new

- Waste is increasing and the type of waste is changing ndash as a result of changes in

consumption pattern and the increased amount of tourists This is particularly observed in

specific municipalities where tourism industry has been progressing for example the

Municipality of Eressos-Antissa

- Distance is a problem which entails transportation cost This is not only a problem to the

island as a whole because of its remoteness from the mainland Greece distance from

some municipalities to the main city or the central landfill also incurs high transportation

cost This is particularly applied to municipalities on the western part of the island where

not only the distances to the central landfill are great but also the geographical feature of

the area makes it more difficult (eg access through roads which go through mountains)

3752 The Prefectural Planning

According to the first National framework legislation on solid waste management framework and

in compliance with the first National Planning the Prefecture of Lesvos was responsible to make

plan for solid waste management for the islands of Lesvos Limnos and Agia Efstratios The first

study for the Prefecturersquos Solid Waste Management Master Plan (Framework Planning) was

approved in November 2001 Subsequently the next stage of the study to see detail of the Plan

was done in 2002 The main purpose of the plan was to identify central sanitary landfills for

islands under the Prefecturersquos responsibility The plan was divided into two sections one for

Lesvos Island and another for Limnos Island and Agia Efstratios Island The study included

general information of the plan criteria for sitting of landfills for municipal solid waste and

sitting of landfills for inert waste The central sanitary landfill for Lesvos municipal waste was

decided to be located at Kleftovigla site (Prefecture of Lesvos nd) The site is located between

three municipalities Agia Paraskevi Loutropoli Thermis and Mantamados The Prefecture then

applied for funding from the EU Cohesion Fund to construct the landfill the road to the site and

the waste transfer stations The application was approved at the end of 2003

The total cost of the project is euro 1728 million and the amount to be contributed by the EU

Cohesion Fund is euro 1296 million (Commission Decision of 18122003)

The Prefecturersquos planning was already done and approved before the new legislation on Measures

and Conditions for Solid Waste Management and National and Regional Planning and

Management was approved Consequently the new legislation does not have much effect on this

prefectural planning (particularly planning of the Prefecturersquos landfills and waste transfer

stations) The Regional Planning (of the Northern Aegean) which had to be conducted according

to the new legislation was said to mostly gather the existing Prefecturesrsquo plans

The Plan for the Prefecture of Lesvos was initiated before 2000 when no legislation regarding

recycling existed in the country Although the Prefecture has recognized that the Northern

Aegean Regional Plan (approved in 2005) contains some provisions about recycling and

composting the Prefecture has not been actively acting on this issue

HERRCO is not interested in operating on the island the Prefecture has had to look into

possibilities of other waste streams To secure the final payment the Prefecture will have to show

that there are some recycling activities on the Island Therefore it plans to report figures from

separate collection and operations of the two private scrap yardsrecycling facilities in Mytilene

and another system for separate collection of waste portable batteries which exist on the Island

3753 Roles and Responsibilities among Local Authorities

It is important to understand the roles and responsibilities of relevant local authority in municipal

waste management It will be a basis to understand at which levels that decisions are or shall be

made regarding specific waste management planning policy or implementation By local

authorities this research means the prefecture level and the municipality level

The Prefecture as discussed above is responsible for making the lsquoPrefecture Waste Management

Planrsquo as well as report to the Regional government and the EU Cohesion Fund

It is also responsible for the construction of waste treatment facilities (the central landfills waste

transfer stations road to access the landfills) in this regard its responsibility regarding waste

managementdisposal will end as soon as the central landfill begins its operation

On the other hand each municipality is responsible for provision of waste bins in residential

areas then collection and transportation of the collected waste to the final disposal site At the

moment almost all municipalities still maintain their own semi controlled disposal site(s) When

the central landfill will start its operation each municipality will be responsible for closing their

own dumpsites and restoring them Waste will be transported to the transfer station or the landfill

site by the municipality and its responsibility will end when waste is delivered at the transfer

stations or at the landfill site

It is important to note an emerging actor through whom the municipalities will be exercising their

decisions and roles regarding common waste management operations on the island in the near

future

The Inter-Municipal Company for Waste Management and Environmental Development of

Lesvos or DEDAPAL SA was established around 2006 The company was established from one

of the Cohesion Fundrsquos grant condition ndash to establish a management entityauthority It consists

of the 13 municipalities on the island and the Union of Municipalities of Lesvos Decision

making body of the company comprises eight representatives from the municipalities and one

Technical Advisor The main function of this company as a collective entity of the 13

municipalities is to operate and maintain the waste management facilities that are to be

constructed by the Prefecture (ie the central landfill and the transfer station) The company will

be responsible for waste after its delivery to the transfer station or to the landfill gate

Furthermore it is interested in exploring business opportunities for alternative solutions to

landfill For example it has commissioned a study on mechanical separation of biodegradable

waste and composting unit at the central landfill and is currently exploring possibilities to

cooperate with the existing private scrap yardsrecycling facilities on the island in material

recovery (eg paper or aluminum)

3754 Alternative Waste Management Systems on Lesvos Island

The first group is operated by two private scrap yards which have gradually turned into certified

material recovery facilities

The second group consists of several voluntary programs for separate collection of municipal

waste initiated by a local environmental NGO These two groups are physically located within

the boundary of Mytilene municipality the capital of the island however they also receive waste

materials from other municipalities as well

The last group comprises two national separate collection systems for two specific waste streams

One is for portable batteries and the other is for glass beverage bottles these two are operated

separately in all municipalities across the island

These systems are those which already exist and those which have been studied and planned for

the near future Apart from the alternative waste management systems mentioned above the

diagram includes the municipalitiesrsquo semi controlled dumpsites the Islandrsquos central sanitary

landfill the prospective waste transfer station and the potential material recovery facilities (ie

mechanical sorting and composting units) which may be added to the waste transfer station

376 Local Material Recovery Facilities

3761 The Recycling Company of Samiotou Brothers

The Samiotou Brothers amp Co EE or the Recycling-Foundry Lesvos was founded in 1997 by

three families

In terms of funding support the company received some money to start its business from the

governmentrsquos support for local investments on islands It also received some amount of support

from the EU Rural Development Fund through the EU LEADER program in 2000-2001 to start a

new metal recycling plant At the moment the company is in the period of expanding its

operation and exploring other possibilities for funding

The company started with receiving scrap metal waste to process in their foundry in which they

processes to separate three types of iron bronze copper and three types of aluminum

For recyclable plastics and paper after collection the company packs them into 1 cubic meter

size and sells them to material recovery facilities in Athens However for glass because of the

high cost of transportation and low prize of the material the company has so far just stored them

in the facility For metal cans at the moment they are included in the scrap metals foundry

process of the facility

In this aspect the company also joins an initiative with one shop in the main shopping street of

Mytilene where the owner of the shop put separate bins in front of the shop ndash the initiative is

however experimental and more like an awareness raising program

3762 The Recycling Company of Vounassos

The company of Vounassos Dimitrios amp Hariklia OE is quite new in recycling business

comparing to the formed company It started when Mr Giorgos Vounatsos the founder of the

company saw business opportunity in selling scrap metals from dismantling an old factory and

building materials The company started to engage more in the recycling business in 2006 when it

made a contract with EDOE the national collective system for alternative management of ELVs

At the moment it is operating on a temporary license from the Prefecture of Lesvos for ELVs

dismantling and about to acquire a permanent license It received funding from the EU Cohesion

Fund (the 3rd Community Support Framework Program) to initiate the business

The current main operation involves collection and sales of scrap metals Hazardous substances

from ELVs are removed mechanically and then the ELVs are dismantled manually Materials

recovered from ELVs are mainly sold as scrap metals Specific wastes such as accumulators

used tires and used oils are sent to material recovery facilities in mainland Greece through

contract with national collective systems for alternative management of these specific waste

streams Packaging waste and other waste materials such as plastic paper and glass are not

intentionally collected however the company has so far received some amount along with

collection of other waste

In terms of the ways to receive waste the company advertises in local newspapers that people can

call the company to collect the waste from their houses (mainly for ELVs and WEEE) The

company also made contracts with some schools to collect WEEE from them it also received

other packaging and recyclable materials in these occasions

Mr Vounassos also observes that citizens have become more active in recycling as there are

more people bringing recyclable materials to his facilities (when heard of his recycling company

through advertisement) On the other hand he also notices that citizens still do not separate

garbage in the right bin

3763 Initiatives on Separate Collection in Mytilene

YDATINOS is an environmental non-profit organization (NGO) founded in 2002 in Mytilene

The group has been working in various environmental issues apart from waste management (ie

recycling) the group also works on nature conservation forest fire as well as promoting quality

of life In 2002 the group initiated a voluntary recycling campaign in the town of Mytilene by

putting separate collection bins for recyclable waste (one single bin for all recyclable waste) in

several places including residential areas and main streets of the town The aim of the campaign

is to raise awareness of the people on recycling (separate collection) practice This voluntary

recycling program is the longest running separate collection program ever exists on the Island

In 2004 the municipality of Mytilene and another NGO called ILIAKTIDA who works with

people with disabilities joined YDATINOS in this campaign together they formed a nonprofit

company to operate this pilot voluntary recycling program under the name YDALIOS DAMOS

Some more bins are provided and the municipality of Mytilene provided locations to place the

bins However participation from the municipality and ILIAKTIDA were limited ILIAKTIDA

is a small group of NGO working with people with disabilities Organizing these people to join

waste collection and sorting activities in some occasions is their main contribution In other

words ILIAKTIDA joined the project with specific intention to use the project to increase their

membersrsquo (people with disabilities) social activities and social interaction

In 2004 YDATINOS also received funding support from the EU EQUAL program of the

European Social Fund to start a centre to receive recyclable wastes from specific waste streams

These include metals aluminum cans WEEE printer tonercartridge compact fluorescent lamp

(CFLs) glass wood plastic paper batteries accumulators and used oils

The group also bought a small waste compaction machine before that one-by-one manual

compaction of aluminum cans was used Most of the specific waste streams are sent to or bought

by respective national collective systems for alternative waste management This program has

been advertised in local newspapers and by word-of-mouth people started to call the group to

collect waste especially big electrical appliances from their houses

377 Annexes

3771 Προϊόντα

Τα είδη που προκείπτουν από την ανακύκλωση στην μονάδα μας είναι τα παρακάτω

Μη Σιδηρούχα Μέταλλα

Χαλκός Α Χαλκός Β Ορείχαλκος Βρύσες Ψυγεία Μαλακό Αλουμίνιο Κουτάκι Προφίλ

Σκληρό Αλουμίνιο κλπ

Ανοξείδωτο Σκραπ

Διάφορα κράμματα

Παλαιοσίδηρος

Νο 1 Νο 2 Βαρύ Αλεσμένο Πρεσοψαλιδισμένο Χυτοσίδηρος κλπ

3772 Products made from waste

These products can be bought online from the web site

httpwwwaegeanrecyclinggrindexphpp=p_28ampsName=eE1E8nDD

F0F4E5F2--nEFEBFCE3E9E1-D4EFDFF7EFF5 de la Η

επιχείρηση με την επωνυμία Αφοι Σαμιώτου Ανακύκλωσης ΑΒΕΕ

Καθρέπτες amp Ρολόγια Τοίχου

Ρολόι Τοίχου Μάτι Καθρέπτης Κορνίζα

Διακοσμητικά Αντικείμενα Κορνίζες amp Εικόνες

Αγαλματίδιο Κορνίζα Οβάλ

Σταχτοδοχεία amp Πρες-Παπιέ

Σταχτοδοχείο

3773 Photos taken in Thermi and Mytilene

Photo Waste bin overflowing with waste from Thermi

Foto Separate collection Mytilene

Foto Garbage - Mytilene

Photo Waste bin in Mytilene

3774 Solid waste management studies for the prefecture of Lesvos (Masterplan and

Procurement Preparation Studies)

The projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro

More detailed the location study included the following1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnos and Ag Eustratios1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the island of Lesvos1048766 Siting of a Sanitary landfill site for inert wastes for the Management Unit of the islands of Limnosand Ag EustratiosThe methodology followed includes1048766 Definition and analysis of evaluation criteria and sub-criteria percentage quota and the means of

their evaluation and marking1048766 Development of exclusion maps according to land-use environmental and geological restrictionsaccording to the legislation and the overall waste management plan1048766 Location of extensive appropriate areas which do not belong in exclusion areas1048766 Location of individual areas appropriate for integrated waste management facilities within theborderlines of the extensive approved areas per Management Area Overall at the prefecturelevel 27 locations were examined (9 in the 1st MA for the siting of Sanitary landfill sites and 7for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste In the 2nd MA 5 for the siting of Sanitary landfillsites and 6 for the siting of landfill sites for inert waste) From these 16 locations were approvedfor the next stage of evaluation1048766 Next the appropriate locations were forwarded to further evaluation according to geologicalhydrological-hydrogeological land-use environmental feasibility and economical criteria1048766 Finally according to the marking of the 16 locations their ranking was concluded per ManagementDESCRIPTION OF WORKS AT PHASE BAfter the approval of the whole Masterplan and the relevant location studies Enviroplan wasassigned to the elaboration of the ldquoprocurement preparation studiesrdquo for each plant and projectthat was included in the MasterplanMore detailed Enviroplan was assigned to the elaboration of the ldquoProcurementPreparation Studiesrdquo1048766 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies1048766 Technical Studies1048766 Cost Benefit Studies and1048766 Tender Documents according to Design and Build Systemfor the following projectsProject a ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Lesvos at the location of ldquoKleftovigla 2rdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste and roadworksrdquoProject b ldquoCentral Sanitary Landfill site of the island of Limnos at the location of ldquoKordomatirdquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoVigla 3rdquordquoProject c ldquoWaste transfer station of the island of Limnos for the area of MytilinirdquoProject d ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoPetromardquo and roadworksrdquoProject e ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste in the island of Lesvos at the location ofldquoLemonourdquo and Materials recovery facilityrdquoProject f ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoKammenos-Antissardquo in the islandof Lesvos and roadworksrdquoProject g ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoOxysrdquo and roadworksrdquoProject h ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoHalkeliardquo and roadworksrdquoProject i ldquoSanitary Landfill site for inert waste at the location of ldquoAg Triadardquo in the island ofAgAfter the environmental approvals Enviroplan was assigned with the preparation of an applicationfor the funding of all the above projects from the Cohesion Fund

The application to the Cohesion Fund was successful (Decision CCI 2003 GR 16 C PE014) and the projects were funded with the total amount of 1728610000 euro at theend of 2003 The procurement of the projects will be done at the following year 2004

38 Unemployment

Inhabitants of islands have to seek out employment opportunities in a very restricted area

Therefore the inhabitants are exploiting the potentials of the island and in some cases (where

no specific framework exists) the overexploitation is unavoidable Unemployment rates seem

to be higher than those in the mainland

Indicator year

area in square km year 2008 2 154

Population density year 2007 4960

GDP per capita in PPS of EU average year 2007 6390

Unemployment rate year 2007 880

unemployment rage male year 1999 1030

unemployment rate female year 2006 1710

Source Eurostat

Unemployment in 2007 is high especially among women

Value added structure

value added in euro year 2007 1 307 100

value added in agriculture in euro year 2007 7630 584

value added in industry in euro year 2007 124 951

value added in services in euro year 2007 282 2158

value added in financial services in

euroyear 2007 331 2533

value added in public services in

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

Note that the share of added value obtained in 2007 is very high in services sector and very low in

the agricultural sector

Structure of employed by sector

employed in sectors year 2007 4540 100

employed in agriculture year 2007 790 1740

employed in industry year 2007 610 1344

employed in services year 2007 1440 3172

employed in financial

servicesyear 2007 200 441

employed in public

Source Eurostat

In Lesvos in agriculture there are working 1740 of total employees obtaining an added value in 2007 of only 584

39 Deforestation

The island of Lesvos located in the Aegean sea and covering an area of 163429 hectares can

be used as a typical example to analyse the land use evolution and the environmental changes

occurring in the last five thousands of years in the Mediterranean region This island has a

long documented history but the first traces of changes are lost in the past or are hidden

behind myths The first written documents referring to Lesvos prove that the island was

covered by dense forests but after more than 4000 years of human pressure on land serious

degradation of natural resources occurred and in certain places there has been severe

desertification

Lesvos was fully covered by dense forests in pre-historical periods This is also revealed by

the first name of the island Lasia which means place full of dense forests Lesvos was

probably vegetated by the same plant species as nowadays but their distribution throughout

the island was different In the ancient period pine trees occupied the central and southern

west part of the island with oaks the northern-west and the southern part

Deforested area highly degraded due to land mismanagement on the island of Lesvos

Forests have always been crucial to human subsistence food security economic development

and well-being Today the needs and demands facing the forest environment are more

pressing than ever due to demographic growth environmental concerns socio-economic

development and appreciation of cultural and spiritual values As the most important

terrestrial ecosystem forests sustain life through biodiversity climate regulation (climate

changes) water and soil conservation and more They have been deeply scarred by human

activity during the last millennia particularly by agriculture urbanization and natural

resource use The processes of deforestation can therefore be affected by various factors

related to physical environment management and socio-economics characteristics of an area

There are many causes for deforestation The first and most important cause is wood

extraction Wood has always been a primary forest product for human populations and

industrial interests Since wood is an important structural component of any forest its

removal has immediate implications on forest health Intensive non sustainable harvest can

lead to severe degradation even beyond a forestrsquos capacity to recover Forest fires too

contribute to reduce the forest cover land and induce different ecological and environmental

impacts such as degradation of the quality of vegetation erosion of biodiversity damage to

the health of forest ecosystems loss of wildlife habitat air river and estuarine pollution and

overall ecological retrogression

Deforestation has many devastating effects It affects climate significantly in part because the

forest plays a major role in the water cycle recycling rain back into the clouds as it receives

rainfall As a result when the land is cleared flooding and drought become serious problems

as rainwater travels quickly through the ground without the forest to regulate it thereby

causing increased runoff and flooding in the wet season and water shortages in the dry

season

Changes in the area occupied by forests occurring during the period from 1886 to 1996

(httpwwwunibasitdesertnetdis4meimagesphotosissuesdeforestationlesvos_2jpg)

310 Thermal waters

Lesvos is famous not only for its history but also for the presence of important thermal

mineral springs which have been used for spa purposes since ancient times The most

popular thermal springs of Lesvos are located in the southern and southeastern parts of the

island (Lisvori and Polychnitos springs Mytilini springs respectively) as well as in the north

(Eftalou and Argenos springs)

Figure 1 A simplified geological map of the study area (Bornovas et al 1983 modified) 1 alluvial deposits 2 fluvial sand clays andconglomeratesmdashPleistocene 3 marls and tuffitesmdashPliocene 4 upper lava unitmdashPliocene 5 lower lava unitmdashPliocene 6 basaltmdashPliocene7 schistndashchert formationmdashJurassic 8 marbles schists phyllitesmdashPermo-Triassic 9 greenschists phyllites schists greywackes with conglomeratelimestone or dolomite intercalationsmdashUpper Palaeozoic 10 schists phyllites greywackes marblesmdashCarboniferous 11 ophiolites 12 fault 13overthrust 14 geological boundary 15 hot spring 16 borehole

The present hydrogeological study on Lesvos Island and the elaboration of the data collected

have demonstrated that the volcanic rocks of the island have developed freshwater aquifers

In the northern part of the island the aquifers are located at a depth of 100ndash120 m although

thermal waters occur at greater depths

The occurrence of thermalspa waters on Lesvos Island is related to the presence of a major

faulting system Thermal waters are the result of mixing of meteoric and infiltrating seawater

at great depth and their total salinity depends on the percentage of seawater in their

composition According to the diagrams of main elements trace elements and environmental

isotopes

most of the components that determine the chemical composition of thermal waters such as

sodium chloride and sulphates originate from seawaters On the other hand the concentration

of calcium magnesium boron lithium etc was affected by waterndashrock interaction under

high temperature conditions Moving towards the surface thermal waters may become

polluted

by influx of recent seawater allowing their chemical composition to become similar to that of

seawater The thermal waters of Lesvos Island present relatively high concentrations of

ammonia and redox sensitive metals because they are hosted in a reducing environment They

also exhibit low nitrate concentrations due to their mixture with recent fresh water Finally

they show increased radon concentrations ranging from 20 to 60 kBq m_3 in the eastern and

southern parts of the island and about 230 kBq m_3 in the north in the area of Eftaloundash

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Using the discrete data obtained from the meteorological stations a linear

regression based on the elevation factor is performed in order to produce a raster layer of the

rainfall and temperature distributions over the Lesvos island

Weather in Mytilini (AIRPORT) averages from 1961 to 1990 At 785 km from Mytilini Lat 3906 Lon 266 Altitude 5m

Luna T lunară max T lunară min Cantit medie precipitaţii

Cantit min precipitaţii

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

Viteză medie a vacircntului

ianuarie 202 degC -44 degC 1299 mm 0 mm 3184 mm 55 msec

februarie 213 degC -30 degC 972 mm 0 mm 2336 mm 59 msec

martie 280 degC -12 degC 751 mm 5 mm 1730 mm 51 msec

aprilie 310 degC 40 degC 468 mm 4 mm 1641 mm 44 msec

mai 350 degC 84 degC 212 mm 1 mm 728 mm 36 msec

iunie 400 degC 110 degC 60 mm 0 mm 585 mm 38 msec

iulie 395 degC 158 degC 23 mm 0 mm 235 mm 51 msec

august 382 degC 163 degC 41 mm 0 mm 550 mm 49 msec

septembrie 362 degC 109 degC 107 mm 0 mm 809 mm 44 msec

octombrie 308 degC 52 degC 382 mm 0 mm 2383 mm 45 msec

noiembrie 270 degC 14 degC 937 mm 121 mm 3072 mm 47 msec

decembrie 225 degC -14 degC 1454 mm 22 mm 3452 mm 56 mse

Source httpfreemeteocomdefaultasppid=24ampgid=256866ampla=15

The uneven annual and interannual distribution of rainfall the extreme events and the out of

phase of rainy and vegetative seasons in the semi-arid and arid zones of the Mediterranean are

the main climatic attributes that contribute to the degradation of land Land in the above two

climatic zones is unstable and desertification processes are triggered only if the other land

components cross specific thresholds Global climate change is expected to widen the present

geography of the vulnerable zones in the Mediterranean In a number of years the prevailing

weather conditions during the growing period of annual crops may be so adverse that the soils

remain bare creating favorable conditions for overland flow and erosion Any loss of volume

from these marginal lands greatly reduces the potential for biomass production ultimately

leading to desertification Desertification at present threatens only the shallow and severely

eroded soils Global change may threaten the majority of them

The atmospheric conditions that characterise a desert climate are those that create large water

deficits that is potential evapotranspiration (ETo) much greater than precipitation (P) These

conditions are evaluated by a variety of indices One of these is the FAO-UNESCO (1977)

bioclimatic index PETo Areas which are sensitive to desertification can be divided into the

following categories

bull The arid zone 003ltPETolt020

bull The semi-arid zone 020ltPETolt050

bull The sub-humid zone 050ltPETolt075

An area becomes naturally desertified when the ratio PETo acquires values below a certain

threshold regardless of the other components In contrast when the ratio exceeds an upper

threshold desertification does not advance (FAO-UNESCO 1977) The following scheme is

proposed for the threat of desertification induced by the climate

(DESERTIFICATION) 003 gt PETo gt 075 ( NO DESERTIFICATION)

Climate quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk

3112 Soil

From the six soil layers only five are computed due to the lack of data relative to the rock

fragment cover The slope is a relevant factor of desertification since steep sloped terrains are

usually characterised by an important runoff activity

Soil erosion on the Greek island of Lesvos

Soil is a dominant factor of the terrestrial ecosystems in the semi-arid and dry sub-humid

zones particularly through itrsquos effect on biomass production Desertification will proceed in

a certain landscape when the soil is not able to provide the plants with rooting space andor

water and nutrients In the semi-arid and the sub-humid zones the land becomes irreversibly

desertified when the rootable soil depth is not capable to sustain a certain minimum

vegetation cover There are cases that desertification proceeds in deep soils when their water

balance is incapable to meet the needs of the plants In these cases the phenomenon is

reversible Nutrient supply to plants seldom becomes critical in the two climatic zones

mentioned above

Soil quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk

3113 Vegetation

The vegetation plays an important role in the desertification process by affecting the run-off

the evapotranspiration the soil composition etc The vegetation quality index is based on

four layers relative to erosion protection fire risk plant cover and drought resistance

Aridity is a critical environmental factor in determining the evolution of natural vegetation by

considering the water stress which may occur reducing vegetation cover However the existing

Mediterranean vegetation presents a great capacity of adaptation and resistance to dry

conditions which most of these species can survive under prolonged droughts with soil moisture

content below the theoretical wilting point for many months

The effect of aridity on vegetation characteristics can be clearly demonstrated by the

distribution of vegetation in the various climatic zones of Lesvos The climate of the island of

Lesvos can be divided into two major climatic zones defined as semi-arid and dry sub-humid

The great reduction in rainfall for about 45 combined with the high evapotranspiraton

demands has greatly affected the vegetation performance Due to the lack of available soil

water the semi-arid part of the island is dominated by poor maquis vegetation (Fig 8) while

olive trees oak and pine forests prevail in the dry sub-humid part under similar topographical

and geomorphological conditions with the previous zone Vegetation cover increases with

increasing soil depth and decreasing aridity

The dominant biotic land component in terms of desertification is the vegetative cover of the

land Vegetation cover is very crucial for run-off generation and can be readily altered along the

Mediterranean hilly areas depending on the climatic conditions and the period of the year In

areas with annual precipitation less than 300 mm and high evapotranspiration rate the soil water

available to the plants is reduced drastically and the soil remains relatively bare favouring

overland water flow Key indicators of desertification related to the existing natural or

agricultural vegetation can be considered in relation to (a) fire risk and ability to recover (b)

erosion protection offered to the soil (c) drought resistance and (d) percentage plant cover

Vegetation quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification risk

3114 Management

Social economic and policy factors play an important role in accelerating or slowing down

the desertification phenomenon in a particular area In order to take this fact into

consideration the management quality layer is produced by assigning an index depending on

the land use

Management quality map of the island of Lesvos related to desertification

Map of environmentally sensitive areas to desertification for the island of Lesvos

The critical areas (S1 S2 and S3 in the map) located mainly in the western part of the island

have badly degraded very shallow (depth 0-15 cm) to shallow (15-30 cm) soils severely to very

severely eroded and poorly vegetated Burning and overgrazing of this climatically and

topographically marginal areas constitutes a degradation-promoting land use further

deteriorating the existing land resources This area is very sensitive to low rainfall and extreme

events

The fragile areas (F1 F2 and F3) are very sensitive to degradation under any change to the

delicate balance of climate and land use Any change is likely to enhance reduction in

biological potential with the result that this area will loose the remaining vegetative cover and

be subjected to greater erosion rates This area is threatened by higher rates of degradation

under (a) slight climate change and (b) if the existing type of land use such as the well

adapted olives are replaced or the pine forests are burned Due to the relative good vegetative

cover the soils of this zone are moderately shallow (depth 30-50 cm) to moderately deep (50-

100 cm) well vegetated with olive trees pine or oak forests slightly to moderately eroded

BIBLIOGRAFIE

1 Industrial Symbiosis in the Greek Islands The case of Lesvos Elias M Demian Thesis for the

fulfilment of the Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Policy amp Management Lund

Sweden September 2007

2 Agricultural landscape dynamics in the Mediterranean Lesvos (Greece) case study using

evidence from the last three centuries Thanasis Kizos Maria Koulouri Department of

Geography University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Lesvos Greece

Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100

Lesvos Greece environmental science amp policy (2006) 330-342

3 Automated fire and flood danger assessment system K Kalabokidis1 C Karavitis2 and C

Vasilakos3 1Department of Geography University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece

2Department of Civil Engineering Colorado State University Ft Collins CO USA

3Department of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilene Greece

4 Conducting Qualitative Research on Desertification in Western Lesvos Greece Theodoros

Iosifides and Theodoros Politidis University of the Aegean Lesvos Greece The Qualitative

Report Volume 10 Number 1 March 2005 143-162

httpwwwnovaedussssQRQR10-1iosifidespdf

5 Contribution to the study of thermal waters in Greece chemical patterns and origin of thermal

water in the thermal springs of Lesvos N J Lambrakis1 and G N Stamatis2

1 University of Patras Geology Department Section of Applied Geology and Geophysics

26500 Rio Greece 2 Agricultural University of Athens Institute of Mineralogy-Geology Iera

Odos 75 GR-118 55 Athens Greece HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol Process 22

171ndash180 (2008) Published online 30 July 2007 in Wiley InterScience

(wwwintersciencewileycom) DOI 101002hyp6567

6 COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE LINKING

SCIENCE WITH STAKEHOLDERS DESERTLINKS CONTRACT EVK2-CT-2001-00109

DELIVERABLE 13a Driving forces and pressure indicators decision-making by local

stakeholders C Kosmas I Valsamis CO-ORDINATORS DR JANE BRANDT AND DR

NICHOLA GEESON KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website

httpwwwkclacukprojectsdesertlinks

7 Combating desertification in mediterranen Europe linking science with stakeholders

desertlinks Contract EVK2-CT-2001-00109 DELIVERABLE 34b Guidelines on the use of the

desertification indicator system by local stakeholders J Garciacutea Goacutemez Co-ordinators DR Jane

Brandt and DR Nichola Geeson KINGrsquoS COLLEGE LONDON Website

8 DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT IN THE LESVOS ISLAND IN GREECE AND

METHODOLOGY FOR MITIGATION ACTION PLANNING N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka

C Karydas F Katsogiannos GSilleos N Silleos I Cherif J Kolejka C Karydas F

Katsogiannos and GSilleos 2008 lsquoDesertification assessment in the Lesvos island in Greece

and methodology for mitigation action planningrsquo International Advanced Workshop on

Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainable Agri-production and

Environment 22-2308 Alexandroupolis ISBN 978-960-287-103-4 Proceedings 241-254

9 Distributed Generation with Renewable Energy Systems The spatial dimension for an

autonomous Grid Paper presented at the 47th conference of the European Regional Science

Association lsquoLocal governance and sustainable development Thematic Stream M Environment

natural resources and sustainabilityrsquo ERSA 2007 Paris France August 29th ndash September 2nd

2007 Leda-Ioanna Tegou Heracles Polatidis Dias A Haralambopoulos University of the

Aegean Dept of Environment Energy Management Laboratory

10 Economy Demographic Changes and Morphological Transformation of the Agri-Cultural

Landscape of Lesvos Greece Thanasis Kizos Department of Geography University of the

Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece1 Maria Koulouri Department of Environment

University of the Aegean University Hill Mytilini 81100 Greece2 Research in Human Ecology

11 The effect of land parameters on vegetation performance and degree of erosion under

Mediterranean conditions C Kosmas a) NG Danalatos b St Gerontidis a Agricultural

UniIacuteersity of Athens Laboratory of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Iera Odos 75 Athens

11855 Greece b Department of Agriculture Crop and Animal Production UniIacuteersity of

Thessaly Pedion Areos 38334 Volos Greece Catena 40 _2000 3ndash17

12 Marine Monitoring along the Eastern Costal Area of the Island of Lesvos Greece during

2004 In the framework of Medpol III M Aloupi Department of Environmental Studies MO

Angelidis University of the Aegean A Gabriel University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece M

Karatenelli Department of Marine SciencesM Koulousaris University of the Aegean A

Nikolaou University Hill 81100 Mytilini Greece A Petsas G Tsitsis M Vagi F Vlatsiotou

Global NEST Journal Vol 9 No 2 pp 83-97 2007

13 From Morality to Action and Back - Reflections on the Lesvos Conference Manos

Marangudakis University of the Aegean Department of Geography 81100 Mytilene Greece1

Research in Human Ecology

14 Serie Research Memoranda Sustainable Tourism Development A Case Study of Lesbos

Peter Nijkamp Sabine Verdonkschot Research Memorandum 1995-3 1995 Faculteit der

Economische Wetenschappen en Econometrie

15 The Development of the Islands ndash European Islands and Cohesion Policy

(EUROISLANDS) Targeted Analysis 201322 The ESPON 2013 Programme

16 The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos Greece using an

integrated remote sensing dataset G FERRIER Department of Geography University of Hull

Hull HU6 7RX England UK K WHITE G GRIFFITHS Department of Geography

University of Reading Reading RG6 6AL England UK R BRYANT Department of

Geography University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN England UK and M STEFOULI

Greek Geological Survey Messigion Street Athens Greec

17 The Medalus project Mediterranean desertification and land use Manual on key indicators of

desertification and mapping environmentally sensitive areas to desertification Energy

Environment and sustainable development EUR 18882 European Commission Community

Research

18 The social context of forest fire management of the island of Lesvos Chios and Samos in

Greece A Report on Results of a Survey Conducted in Spring 2004 Barbara Morehouse Martha

Henderson Kostas Kalabokidis Theodoros Iosifides

University of Arizona Evergreen State College University of the Aegean University of the

Aegean Tucson Arizona USA Olympia Washington USA Mytilene Lesvos Greece Mytilene

Lesvos Greece Spring 2005

19 A Desertification indicator system for Mediterranean Europe Jane Brandt Kingrsquos College

London UK Nichola Geeson Kingrsquos College London UK

Anton Imeson 3D Environmental Change The Netherlands

20 VISIONS OF LAND USE TRANSITIONS IN EUROPE V O L A N T E Proposal for a

Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project)

21 Wastewater management in the island of Lesvos Greece P A Paraskevas21 D L Giokas22

G Kolokythas1 D Haralambopoulos1 A Stahelli23

22 The sociology of urban public spaces Steacutephane Tonnelat Associate Researcher CNRS

CRH-LAVUE Research Center Paris Forthcoming in the proceedings of the first Sino French

Urban Planning Conference (SFURP) edited by Ye Shanshan and Michel Savy

22 Influences of Geographic Environment On The Basis Of Ratzels System of Anthropo-

Geography By Ellen Churchill Semple January 1911 Author of American History and Its

Geographic Conditions TO THE MEMORY OF FRIEDRICH RATZEL Hither as to their

fountain other stars Repairing in their golden urns draw light MILTON

23 Urban Sociology Images and Structure Fifth Edition William G Flanagan ROWMAN amp

LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Lanham bull Boulder bull New York bull Toronto bull Plymouth UK

24 CONTROVERSIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Rob White is Professor of

Sociology at the University of Tasmania Cambridge University Press 0521601029 -

Controversies in Environmental Sociology Edited by Rob White Frontmatter

25 Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform Frederick H Buttel

Organization Environment 2003 16 306

26 Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources Institutional Histories

and Intellectual Legacies FREDERICK H BUTTEL Department of Rural Sociology and

Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin

USA Society and Natural Resources 15205plusmn 211 2002

27 From Environmental to Ecological Sociology By Dr Gary Bowden Sociology University of

New Brunswick-Fredericton Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Australian

Sociology Association LaTrobe University December 8-11 2004

28 GREEK ENVIRONMETALISM FROM THE STATUS NASCENDI OF A MOVEMENT

TO ITS Integration by Stelios Alexandro-poulos and Nik Serdedakis Paper for ECPR workshop

on Environmental Organizations Copenhagen April 2000

21 Dep of Environmental Studies University of the Aegean Mytilini 81100 Greece

22 Dep of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece23 Prefecture of Lesvos Mytilini 81100 Greece 7th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Ermoupolis Syros island Greece ndash Sept 2001

29 The Perception of the Environment Tim Ingold is Professor of Social Anthropology at the

University of Aberdeen

30 Integrated Research Paradigm A Neorealist Model for Environmental Sociology Hannah

Brenkert Julie L Gailus Aaron Johnson Megan Murphy March 2004 Institute of behavioral

science Research program on environment and behavior University of Colorado at Boulder

Boulder CO 80309-048

31 Sociology and the environmentTerry Leahy Social Transformations Sociology and the

environment

32 Theoretical Trends in Environmental Sociology Implications for Resource Management in

the Modern World (Steve Picou) Selected Theoretical Themes in Environmental Sociology

Implications for Resource Management in the Modern World J Steven Picou University of

South Alabama Department of Sociology and Anthropology

32 Urban Sprawl European Patterns Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development

URBS PANDENS Contract-No EVK4-2001-00052 Annual Report (Sections 1-4) January 03 ndash

December 03

33 Current situation and collection of data on the recycling of packaging waste and waste

electrical electronic equipment (WEE E ) in Cyprus Malta Greece and France 34 Greece

LIFE- Environment Policy and Governance ldquoΕnvironmental Policy Support Tool for Recycling

in Islands - REPTrdquo The information presented in this report has been compiled by the personnel

of GAIA Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the University of Cyprus Margarita

Vatyliotou Despo Fatta Kassinos

34 OECD Workshop on waste Preventiontoward performance indicators 8-10 October 2001

OECD headquarters Paris ENVEPOCWGWPRSE(2002)1FINAL

35 Developing integrated solid waste management plan training manual Volume 2 Assessment

of Current Waste Management System and Gaps therein United Nations Environmental

Programme Division of Technology Industry and Economics International Environmental

Technology Centre OsakaShiga Japan

36 Solid waste management studies for prefecture of Lesvos(Masterplan and Procurement

Preparation Studies) Enviroplan

37 The City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage Environment amp sustainable development key

action 4 EUWMC (European urban waste management cluster)

Project Reference EVK4-CT-2002-80013 Start Date 01-03-2003

38 Manual on waste statistics A handbook for data collection on waste generation and treatment

ISSN 1977-037 2010 edition copy European Union 2011

httpeppeurostateceuropaeucacheITY_OFFPUBKS-RA-10-011ENKS-RA-10-011-

39 Municipal waste generation and treatment by type of treatment method

httpeppeurostateceuropaeutgmtabledo

tab=tableampinit=1amplanguage=enamppcode=tsdpc240ampplugin=0

40 Solid waste management in the northern aegean region-current situation and prospects Chr

Tsompanidis G Lolos K Paschali-Manou and Th Lolos Enviroplan SA

41 LAW 2939 Packaging and alternative management of packaging and other products ndash

Establishment of a National Organisation for the Alternative Management of Packaging and

Other Products (NOAMPOP) and other provisions Government gazette of the Hellenic

Republic Issue One Edition 179 August 6 2001

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

CONTENT

1 Lesvos Island 3

11 Introduction 3

12 Land management situation 3

13 Land use 4

14 Planning 5

2 Sociology and the Environment 7

21 General 7

22 Greek environment 9

3 Sociology and the Environment ndash Lesvos 10

31 Environment Endogenous and Exogenous Factor 10

32 Rural Exodus and Abandonment 11

33 Agricultural landscapes in Lesvos Island 13

34 Wildfire danger 15

35 Energy 16

36 Waste water 17

361 Water Resources 17

362 Waste water Management 18

3621 Legislation and principles 18

3623 Sewage from hotel facilities 20

37 Solid Waste 24

371 Introduction 24

372 European Approach to Solid Waste Management 24

373 European legislation garbage 25

3731 The Waste Framework Directive (WFD) 25

3732 The Landfill Directive 26

3733 Packaging and Packaging Wastes Directive 27

3734 Directive on Batteries and Accumulators and their Wastes 28

3735 Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 29

377 Annexes 45

38 Unemployment 51

39 Deforestation 53

3111 Climate 57

3112 Soil 59

3113 Vegetation 60

3114 Management 62

Bibliography 65

1 Lesvos Island

11 Introduction

by the State)

38522010)

13 Land use

14 Planning

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

377 Annexes 45

38 Unemployment 51

39 Deforestation 53

3111 Climate 57

3112 Soil 59

3113 Vegetation 60

3114 Management 62

Bibliography 65

1 Lesvos Island

11 Introduction

by the State)

38522010)

13 Land use

14 Planning

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

3112 Soil 59

3113 Vegetation 60

3114 Management 62

Bibliography 65

1 Lesvos Island

11 Introduction

by the State)

38522010)

13 Land use

14 Planning

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

1 Lesvos Island

11 Introduction

by the State)

38522010)

13 Land use

14 Planning

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

13 Land use

14 Planning

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

14 Planning

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

problem

problems

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

interdependencies

Factors

Endogenous factors

Natural system L

Biotic factors

Abiotic factors

Climate

Geology

Hydrology

Economic

Factors

Productive

Structure

Political

Factors

structure

Cultural

factors

Tradition

culture

Social

factors

Population

structure

Social

International

influences

Policies

(National

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

development areas

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

1521 3500 36000 1867 1000001548 2900 1874 15000 1200001581 4000 1890 15000 1010001601 4500 1908 17000 1385381644 5200 1913 1408461678 5000 1920 1133681709 5600 1928 1371601729 60000 1940 1340581800 40000 1951 1299261816 28000 1961 1173711835 60000 1971 970081840 7500 72776 1981 886011850 80-85000 1991 32146 871511854-1858 11000 80000 2001 36196 89935

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

34 Wildfire danger

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

35 Energy

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

36 Waste water

361 Water Resources

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

the plant

possibilities)

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

wastewater to

savings

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

3 7 Solid Waste

371 Introduction

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

- waste prevention

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

operations

states that

- prevention

- recycling

- disposalrsquo

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

industry

municipality)

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

(EC 2008c)

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

end of 2001

by the law

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

treatment

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

wwwafisgr

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

3751 Introduction

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

future

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

three families

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

38 Unemployment

Indicator year

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

Source Eurostat

euroyear 2007 331 2533

euroyear 2007 431 3298

Source Eurostat

employed in public

Source Eurostat

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

39 Deforestation

desertification

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

season

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

310 Thermal waters

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

isotopes

polluted

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

Argenos

311 Desertification

3111 Climate

Cantit max lunară

precipitaţiimm

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

3112 Soil

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

mentioned above

3113 Vegetation

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

3114 Management

the land use

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

events

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

Research

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

environment

December 03

377 Annexes 45
377 Annexes

Theory and Practice in Sociology of Environment in Lesvos, Greece

compressed

procurement

eu cohesion

municipal

specific waste

fire ignitions

waste transfer

waste transfer

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