Transcript
FACTORS INFLUENCING MOTIVATION
Presented by:
Dr. S.M. Yasir Arafat
MBBS (DMC), MBA, FCPS (P1) Psychiatry,
MD Phase A Resident Psychiatry, BSMMU.
MPH, Batch-11, ID: 14-2-42-0004
ASAUB, Dhaka.
December 05, 2014.
Motivation
The set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways
Motivation
Factors that direct and energize behavior of humans and other organisms
Motives - particular desired goals that underlie behavior
Exemplified in behavior
Steer one’s choice of activities
Forces that direct future behavior
Conceptual Approaches
Instinct
Drive-reduction
Arousal approaches
Incentive approach
Cognitive approach
Instinct approach
Inborn pattern of behavior
Biologically determined not learned
Born with preprogrammed set of behavior essential for survival
Provide energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions
Drawbacks
No agreement on nature & number of primary instinct
18 instinct (McDougall, 1908) 5,759 instinct (Bernard, 1924) Can’t explain development of specific
behavior pattern of a given species However focus on evolution and genetic
inheritance
Drive-reduction approaches
Hull, 1943
Lack of some basic biological requirement produce a drive to obtain that requirement
Drive- a motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill some need
Primary drives: related to biological needs of body or species as a whole; hunger, thirst, sleepiness, sex Secondary drives: created by prior experience and
learning: achievement, affiliation, power
Homeostasis
Try to satisfy primary drive by reducing the need underlying it
Body has a tendency to maintain a steady internal state
Operates through feedback loops bring deviations in body function back to an optimal state
Drawbacks
Inadequate to explain behavior to maintain or even increase level of excitement or arousal
Curiosity and thrill seeking behavior
Arousal Approaches
Try to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity
Increasing or reducing them as necessary
Incentive approaches
Based on Operant Conditioning Theory
Stem from the desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives
Desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person’s motivation
Act as an anticipated reward or incentive
Punishment
Drawbacks
Not a complete explanation of motivation seek to fulfill needs even when incentives are not apparent Internal drives proposed by drive-
reduction theory work in tandem with the external incentives theory to “push” and “pull” behavior
Cognitive approaches
Product of people’s thoughts and expectations – their cognition
Intrinsic motivation: participate for our
own enjoyment
Extrinsic motivation: for any concrete, tangible reward
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motivation
Motivation progresses up the pyramid from the broadest, most fundamental biological need to higher order ones.
Certain primary, lower order needs, at the bottom level, must be satisfied before more sophisticated, higher, order needs, in order to work effectively.
Lower and higher order need
Basic physiological need Safety & security Then, need for love and
belongingness Strive for esteem, to develop a sense of
self-worth by knowing that other know and value one’s competence, comes next.
Highest-level need, self-actualization – a state of self fulfillment.
Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Realize one’s full potential
Use abilities to the fullest
EsteemFeel good
about oneselfPromotions
& recognition
BelongingnessSocial
interaction, loveInterpersonal
relations, parties
Safety Security, stabilityJob security,
health insurance
PhysiologicalFood, water,
shelterBasic pay level
to buy items
Need Level Description Examples
Drawbacks
Unable to validate the specific ordering Difficult to measure self-actualization Important: Highlights the complexity of human
needs Emphasizes that until more basic
biological needs are met, people will be unconcerned with higher order needs.
Secondary Drive
Need for achievement: striving for success
A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.
People with high achievement need
Seek out situation to compete with standard to prove success
Tend to avoid situation where success is easy or unlikely
Take task of intermediate difficulty Produce positive outcome in success
oriented society Indicates future economic and
occupational success
Personality & Motivation
Internal Locus of Control
External Locus of Control
Type-A personality
Type-B personality
Need for Affiliation
Striving for friendship Interest in establishing and maintaining
relationships with other people.
People with higher affiliation need: Emphasize desire to maintain or reinstate
friendships Show concern over being rejected by friends Sensitive to relationships with others More time with friends- gender difference
Need for Power
Striving for impact on others A tendency to seek impact, control, or
influence over others, To be seen as a powerful individual People with strong need for power: Apt to belong to organizations and seek
office Work in professions that fulfill power need Gender differences exist
References
1. Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry:
Behavioral Sciences, 10th Edition
2. Psychology, 6th Edition- Andrew B. Crider
3. Understanding Psychology, 10th Edition-
Feldman
4. Principles of Marketing, 11th Edition- Kotler
top related