The Universals of Culture

I. Material Culture     A. Food     B. Clothing and Adornment of the Body     C. Tools and Weapons     D. Housing and Shelter     E. Transportation     F. Personal Possessions     G. Household Articles

II. The Arts, Play, and Recreation     A. Forms of the Arts, Play, and Recreation     B. Folk Arts and Fine Arts     C. Standards of Beauty and Taste

III. Language and Nonverbal Communication     A. Nonverbal Communication     B. Language

IV. Social Organization     A. Societies     B. Families     C. Kinship Systems

“Universals of Culture” developed by Alice Ann Cleaveland, Jean Craven, Maryanne Danfelser

V. Social Control     A. Systems and Governmental Institutions     B. Rewards and Punishments

VI. Conflict and Warfare     A. Kinds of Conflict     B. Kinds of Warfare

VII. Economic Organization     A. Systems of Trade and Exchange     B. Producing and Manufacturing     C. Property     D. Division of Labor     E. Standard of Living

VIII. Education     A. Informal Education     B. Formal Education

IX. World View     A. Belief Systems     B. Religion

The Universals of Culture

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I. Material Culture     A. Food

I. Material Culture     B. Clothing and Adornment of the Body

I. Material Culture     C. Tools and Weapons

I. Material Culture     D. Housing and Shelter

I. Material Culture     E. Transportation

I. Material Culture    F. Personal Possessions

I. Material Culture     G. Household Articles

II. The Arts, Play, and Recreation     A. Forms of the Arts, Play, and Recreation

II. The Arts, Play, and Recreation     B. Folk Arts and Fine Arts

II. The Arts, Play, and Recreation     C. Standards of Beauty and Taste

III. Language and Nonverbal Communication     A. Nonverbal Communication

III. Language and Nonverbal Communication     B. Language

IV. Social Organization     A. Societies

IV. Social Organization     B. Families

IV. Social Organization     C. Kinship Systems

V. Social Control     A. Systems and Governmental Institutions

V. Social Control     B. Rewards and Punishments

VI. Conflict and Warfare     A. Kinds of Conflict

VI. Conflict and Warfare     B. Kinds of Warfare

VII. Economic Organization     A. Systems of Trade and Exchange

VII. Economic Organization     B. Producing and Manufacturing

VII. Economic Organization     C. Property

VII. Economic Organization     D. Division of Labor

VII. Economic Organization     E. Standard of Living

VIII. Education     A. Informal Education

VIII. Education     B. Formal Education

IX. World View     A. Belief Systems

IX. World View     B. Religion