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EL 102
The Twentieth Century
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The Twentieth Century
20th century: begins with the late 19th century.Weakening of traditional stabilities
Different from victorian age
1.he aesthetic movement in 20th century:
insistence on !art for art"s sake.": it caused thewidening of the ga# between the artists and the
#ublic. $Alienation of the artist%. &rom &rancecame the tradition of the bohemian lifethat
scorned the limits im#osed by conventional ideasof res#ectability
2.rise of #essimism and stoicism
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Important Historical Events in the erio!
The "oer #ar $1%&&'1&02()fought by the(ritish to establish #olitical and economical
control over the (oer )e#ublics of *outh
+frica, marked both the high #oint of andthe reaction against (ritish im#erialism. -t
was a war against which many (ritish
intellectuals #rotested and one which the(ritish in the end were slightly ashamed of
having won.
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Important Historical Events in the erio!
The Irish *uestionalso caused a great deal
of e/citement from the beginning of the
#eriod until well into the 1920s.
+ steadily rising -rish nationalism
-n World War - some -rish nationalists
sought erman hel# in rebelling against
(ritain.
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#omen+s ,ole in -ociety ra!ually Chan/e
he arried Woman"s 3ro#erty +ct of 1442,which allowed married women to own #ro#erty intheir own right
the admission of women to the universities atdifferent times during the later #art of the century
the fight for women"s suffrage, which was not wonuntil 1914 $and not fully won until 1924%
these events marked a change in the attitude towomen and in the #art they #layed in the nationallife as well as in the relation between the se/es
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E!war!ian an! eor/ian erio!s in 20th Century En/lan!
E!war!ian En/lan! $1&01'10( a #eriod of en6oyment and flashiness and it was
marked by 7dward 8--"s e/trovert and selfindulgentcharacter.
a##lies to a #eriod in which the social and economicstabilities of the 8ictorian age remained unim#aired,though on the level of ideas there was a sense ofchange and liberation.
)efers to the social and economic stability of the8ictorian +ge and the flourishing of the middle class
eor/ian perio!the last #hase of assurance andstability before the storm of World War -.
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20th century En/lan! Later Historical evelopments
1920s: #ostwar disillusion 19'0s: de#ression and unem#loyment, followed by
the rise of ;itler and &ascism
*econd World War: Winning a war, reat (ritainlost an em#ire. -nde#endence of -ndia $19%
+lthough -ndia and 3akistan elected to remain
within the (ritish
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Art in 20th Century o!ernism
odernism: =+ style or movement in the arts
that aims to break with classical and
traditional forms>
+ new age, with new values, needed a new
art.
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9Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa,150306
Willem de Kooning, Woman, 1950
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ablo icasso) Guernica) 1&34
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o!ern art 5eo'primitivism
7nd of 19th century into 20th
?ot a movementper se@ a growinginterest in +frican, Aceanic, and ?ative
+merican art
-m#osition of abstract forms on nature
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ablo
icasso)Les
DemoisellesdAvignon)
1&04
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o!ern Art Cubism ,evolt a/ainst space
3o#ular 190B1920
*imultaneous #ers#ective $fragmentationinto multi#le view#oints%
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ablo
icasso)
Still Lifewith a
Bottle of
Rum) 1&11
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6ean
et7in/er)
Table by aWindow)
1&14
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oetry
Ima/ismhe years leading u# to World War - saw
the start of a #oetic movement. -nfluenced by the
#hiloso#her#oet .7. ;ulme"s insistence on hard,
clear, #recise images and encouraged by themodernist +merican #oet, 7Cra 3ound, fought
against romantic fuCCiness and facile emotionalism
in #oetry.
7arly members: +my owell, )ichard +ldington,;ilda Doolittle, E.. &letcher, &.*. &lint
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oetry ima/ism
Direct treatment of the thing, whether sub6ective
or ob6ective
+voidance of all words that did not contribute to
the #resentation $=use no su#erfluous word, no
ad6ective, which does not reveal something>%.
&reer metrical movement
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Ima/ist oem H.+s 89rea!:
#hirl up) sea;
#hirl your pointe! pines)
-plash your /reat pines9n our roc
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Ima/ist oem
E7ra oun!+s 8In a -tation of the etro:
The apparition of these faces in the crow! =
etals on a wet) blac< bou/h.
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oetryother !evelopments
he revival of interest in meta#hysical wit
;igher degree of intellectual com#le/ity than had
been found among the 8ictorians or the eorgians.
?eed to bring #oetic language and rhythms closer to
those of conversation. Develo#ments in literature are not isolated from
other arts. Writers were influenced by the &rench
-m#ressionist, 3ostim#ressionist, and
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>iction he years 1912 to 19'0: the ;eroic +ge of the
modern novel $Eose#h
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ore personal notions of value rather than public
opinion
he novelists" realiCation that the generalbackground of belief which united them with their#ublic in a common sense of what was significantin e/#erience had disa##eared.
he #ublic values of the 8ictorian novel, in whichma6or crises of #lot could be shown throughchanges in the social or financial or marital statusof the chief characters, gave way to more
#ersonally conceived notions of value, de#endenton the novelists" own intuitions and sensibilitiesrather than on #ublic agreement.
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A new view of time
-n the modern novel, time was not a series of
chronological moments, but as a continuousflow in the consciousness of the individual.
the view of time as a constant flow ratherthan a series of se#erate moments.
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A new view of the nature of consciousness
influenced by the e/#lorations of the subconscious by*igmund &reud and
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-tream of consciousness
-n this narrative techniFue, the author tries to renderdirectly the very fabric of a character"s consciousnesswithout re#orting it in formal, Fuoted remarks.Develo#ed in 1920s.
?o !#orch" was constructed at the front of the novel to#ut the reader in #ossession of necessary #reliminaryinformation: such information emerged, as the novel
#rogressed, from the consciousness of each character asit res#onded to the #resent with echoes of the #ast.
?o conventional sign#osts were #ut u# to tell readerswhere they were, for that was felt to interfere with theimmediacy of im#ression.
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a?or themes in mo!ern novel isolation)
estran/ement) loneliness
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