The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Part II
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Methods of Studying BehaviorMethods of Studying Behavior
Open Field TestOpen Field Test
A measure of general activity. In automated versions infrared sensors A measure of general activity. In automated versions infrared sensors or video tracking is used to obtain precise measures of activity. In older or video tracking is used to obtain precise measures of activity. In older tests, a grid is drawn on the floor and the experimenter would score the tests, a grid is drawn on the floor and the experimenter would score the number of grid crossings.number of grid crossings.
Elevated Plus MazeElevated Plus Maze
Used mostly as a measure of anxiety. The time that an animal spends Used mostly as a measure of anxiety. The time that an animal spends in the enclosed arm and open arms is recorded by hand (stopwatch) or in the enclosed arm and open arms is recorded by hand (stopwatch) or video system. Anxious animals spend more time in the enclosed arms video system. Anxious animals spend more time in the enclosed arms and less time on the open arms.and less time on the open arms.
Behavioral Phenotyping
• Using a battery of behavioral tests to assess multiple functions. • Comparison across different tasks that differ in several ways (motor, sensory, motivational
etc.) may be like comparing apples and oranges.• Functional behavioral phenotyping – hold everything constant across tasks except for the
Independent Variable
What’s wrong with my genetically altered mouseWhat’s wrong with my genetically altered mouse
Neuropsychological TestsBehavioral tests performed with humans (sometimes to determine likely sites of brain damage)•Probabilistic classification – habit formation •WAIS – general intelligence•Wisconsin card sort – frontal lobe function
Radial Arm MazeRadial Arm MazeFood pellets are placed at the end of Food pellets are placed at the end of each arm. In the each arm. In the win-shift taskwin-shift task, , animals have to remember which animals have to remember which arms they have been to (using arms they have been to (using spatial cues) and avoid re-entering spatial cues) and avoid re-entering those arms (errors). those arms (errors).
Cued Win-Stay Task
Paired
Unpaire
d
Training Testing
Conditioned Cue Preference Task
Hippocampal lesions Hippocampal lesions impair spatial win-shiftimpair spatial win-shift
Amygdala lesionsAmygdala lesions impair CCPimpair CCP
Dorso-lateral striatal Dorso-lateral striatal lesions impair lesions impair cued win-staycued win-stay
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Maze Configuration
_maze AND learning (1981-2004)
The Morris water mazeThe Morris water mazePubMed Search 2/25/05PubMed Search 2/25/05
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1981-1986
1987-1992
1993-1998
1999-2004
Years
water maze AND learning - 2,866 total hits
PubMed Search 2/25/05PubMed Search 2/25/05
The Morris water mazeThe Morris water maze
Search done today, 3/29/10 = 5,253 hits
The Morris water mazeThe Morris water maze
The Morris water mazeThe Morris water maze
Tabl
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TD
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ir
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Bookshelf
Doo
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ntra
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Trial 40 – Control ratTrial 40 – Control rat
Top ViewTop View(camera)(camera)
Side viewSide view
Standard Water Maze SetupStandard Water Maze Setup
Submergedplatform
## QuadrantQuadrant11
2233
44Start pointsStart points
Target AnnulusTarget Annulus
LL ZoneZone
Water levelWater level
CCBBAA
Non-targetNon-targetAnnuliAnnuli
Dependent MeasuresDependent Measures
Place learning (acquisition)Place learning (acquisition)
EscapeEscape latencylatency – time (sec) to reach the platformDistanceDistance – length (cm) of swim pathHeading angleHeading angle – deviation (deg) from a direct pathCumulative distanceCumulative distance – cumulative average deviation (proximity to the
goal in cm) from a direct path
Probe test – spatial memory (retention)Probe test – spatial memory (retention)Quadrant timeQuadrant time – % time (sec) in each quadrant
Annulus crossingsAnnulus crossings – number of passes through target and non-targetannuli (= or 2x surface area of platform)
ProximityProximity – average distance (cm) from target and non-targetannuli
DistanceDistance – path length (cm) in each quadrant
ThigmotaxisThigmotaxis – swimming near wall – % time (sec) in outer zoneGeneral performance measuresGeneral performance measures
Swim speedSwim speed – cm/sec
Place Task
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Trial Block
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8 trials/day - 60 sec
4 trials/day - 30 secPlace LearningPlace Learning
Controls (8 trials/day, 60 sec TTI)
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ime
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Probe test without platform (60 sec)Probe test without platform (60 sec)
33 22
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DorsalDorsalHippocampusHippocampus
Adapted from Swanson (1992)Formol-thionin stain
Level 28 of 73
Swanson, L.W. (1992). Brain Maps: Structure of the Rat Brain. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Coronal section
HippocampusHippocampus
Adapted from Swanson (1992)Cresyl violet stain
Swanson, L.W. (1992). Brain Maps: Structure of the Rat Brain. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Level 14 of 73Coronal section
Caudate-putamen complexCaudate-putamen complex
Devan, Goad & Petri (Neurobiol Learn Mem; 1996, 66:305-23)
Extent of damage Extent of damage from electrolytic from electrolytic lesions:lesions:
Minimum – rising-Minimum – rising-right hatchingright hatching
Maximum – rising-Maximum – rising-left hatchingleft hatching
Caudate-putamenCaudate-putamen Fornix/fimbriaFornix/fimbria
Place Acquisition
Blocks of 4 Trials
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Esc
ape
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c. +
/- SEM
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Cntrl
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Cntrl CPu FF
Inco
rrec
t A
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/- SEM
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Cntrl CPu FF
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uad
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Probe Test
Group
Devan, Goad & Petri (Neurobiol Learn Mem; 1996, 66:305-23)
ControlControl CPuCPu FFFF
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