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Chapter Learning Objectives
Discuss the origins and nature of the progressive
movement.
Describe how the early progressive movement
developed its roots at the city and state levels.
Describe how Pres. Roosevelt began applying
progressive principles to the national economy.
Explain why Taft’s policies offended progressives.
Describe how Roosevelt led a progressive revolt
against Taft that openly divided the Republican
Party.
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AIMS to restore the government to the hands
of the people.
to use this properly controlled gov’t to
regulate industry, finance,
transportation, agriculture, foreign
policy
to use gov’t as an agency of human
welfare
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The Origins & Nature of the Progressive Movement
FOREIGN ORIGINS
“Socialist” new immigrants from Europe
Received inspiration from nations abroad
DOMESTIC ORIGINS
advocates of the Social Gospel
feminists enter the fight to clean up
corruption in city govt.
muckrakers exposed society’s evils
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Journalists Lincoln Steffens “The Shame of the Cities”
corrupt alliance between big business/ municipalgovt.
Ida Tarbell “The History of the Standard Oil Co.”
how Standard Oil fleeced consumers, ruined competition
David G. Phillips ”The Treason of the Senate”
revealed corruption caused by the Trusts, Railroads
Upton Sinclair ”The Jungle”
exposed the conditions in meat packing industry
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INTELLECTUALS
Thorsten Veblen (1899)
“The Theory of the Leisure Class”
exposed the inefficiencies of laissez-faire
capitalism
castigated society for “conspicuous
consumption”
JACOB RIIS (1890)
wrote “How the Other Half Lives”
an indictment of slum conditions in the cities
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Influence of the Social Activists
and Muckrakers
counted on publicity of evils to right
social wrongs
sought to cleanse capitalism, not to
overthrow it
believed cures for American society
would come from
more democracy
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POLITICAL PROGRESSIVISM
ATTRIBUTES
emerged in both political parties, in allregions
at all levels of government
was the majority mood of the country
Progressives were mainly middle class men & women
shared goals included
curbing the power of the trusts
stemming the perceived Socialist threat by improving living and labor conditions
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POLITICAL OBJECTIVES
pushed for direct primary elections (undercut bossism)
favored legislative reforms (Popularsovereignty)
initiative
referendum
recall
direct election of U.S. Senators (17th Amen)
Women’s Suffrage (19th Amendment, 1920)
elimination of graft at all levels of government
most reforms originated in the Western states
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The Early Progressive Movementroots developed at the local and state levels
Strive for more democracy; more direct role,
voice
City Government; eliminate corruption,
political machines
Commission Plan (Galveston, Tx. 1900)
government by experts
City Manager Plan (Dayton, Ohio, 1913)
employ trained city managers
run city efficiently, business-like
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STATE GOVERNMENT
State reformers (governors)
Robert M. LaFollette (Wisconsin)
Hiram Johnson (California)
Charles Evans Hughes (New York)
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SOCIAL LEGISLATION
Protection of Workers
child labor laws passed
maximum working hours
10 hr. day (Muller v. Oregon, 1908)
worker’s compensation laws
sweatshop laws (Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire,
1911)
development of the concept of the employers’
responsibility to society: replaced strict
laissez-faire
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Objectives:
1. To examine how Roosevelt began applying
progressive principles to the national economy.
2. To explain why Taft’s policies offended
progressives, especially Roosevelt.
3. Describe how Roosevelt led the progressive
revolt against Taft that openly divided the
Republican Party.
15
Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism
Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902
United Mine Workers strike over wages,
working conditions, union recognition
mine owners refused to negotiate or arbitrate
with workers
TR threatened to operate coal mines with
Federal troops
owners agreed to Federal arbitration
first time the threat of Federal power was
used against capital, not labor.
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Roosevelt and Progressivism
Roosevelt’s program was the Square Deal
for capital, labor, & the public
control of corporations
consumer protection
conservation of natural resources
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The Square Deal #1: Control of Corporations
TR urged Congress to create a
Dept. of Commerce & Labor and a
Bureau of Corporations (1903)
both were authorized to investigate business
combinations, and harmful practices to
interstate commerce
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Northern Securities Company Case (1902)
was a railroad holding company
sought to achieve a monopoly in the
Northwest.
Supreme Court ordered the trust
dissolved
ruled it was a “combination in restrain of
trade” under the Sherman Antitrust Act
TR was then encouraged to seek other
reforms
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Railroad Regulation
Elkins Act (1903)
made granting and accepting secret
rebates illegal
railroads had to publish their rates
and make them public
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Hepburn Act (1906)
expanded Interstate Commerce Commission,
gave it real power to regulate rates
forbade free railroad passes, except to
railroad employees
I.C.C. could nullify existing rates, and
stipulate the maximum rates that were
allowed.
The Hepburn Act forced the railroads to
surrender their interlocking interests in
steamship lines and coal companies
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TR’s Trust-busting Philosophy
1. smashing all monopolies was not good for
the country
2. there were good trusts, and bad trusts.
3. government should regulate, not fragment
the big business combines.
SYMBOLISM--> the government, not big
business ruled the country
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Square Deal # 2: Consumer Protection
Policy centered on Public Healthmeasures
Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed the meat packing industry
foreign governments threatened to ban importation of U.S. meat
Meat Inspection Act (1906) passed by Congress
federal inspection of meat shipped interstate
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
prevent adulteration/ mislabeling of foods and drugs
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Square Deal # 3:
Conservation of Natural Resources
by 1900, U.S. faced exhaustion of discovered mineral and natural resources.
conservationist TR took action
NEW LANDS ACT (1902) (water in the west, why?
$ from sale of western lands --> irrigation projects in the West
established revolving fund to pay for more water projects
effect--> rivers dammed, land became irrigated, productive
Conservation may be TR’s most enduring tangible achievement
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Problems in the Republican Party:
Roosevelt’s Panic of 1907
TR’s actions during his second term
caused uncertainty in the business
community
TR lost some influence after his 1904
re-election by announcing that he would
not run in 1908 (he became a lame duck)
TR’s Square Deal program unsettled
Wall Street for a short time
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The Panic of 1907 paved the way for
needed financial reforms
need for a more elastic money supply
exposed need for ways to increase money in
circulation
Congress passed the Aldrich Vreeland Act
which allowed national banks to issue
emergency currency backed by specified
collateral
foreshadowed the Federal Reserve Act of 1913
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Problems in the Republican Party
Roosevelt and Taft
Roosevelt chose Wm. Howard Taft to be his
successor in 1908
Candidates in the 1908 Campaign
Republicans: Taft (winner)
Democrats: Wm. Jennings Bryan
Socialists: Eugene V. Debs
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Theodore Roosevelt’s Contributions
1. Enlarged the power and prestige of the
Presidency
2. Roosevelt helped shape the Progressive
movement of his times, and future
liberal reforms of the 20th Century
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Taft as President
Wm. Howard Taft was mildly progressive.
He was wedded to the status quo
He came under the influence of the “Old
Guard” of the Republican Party.
The Old Guard was very resistant to the
progressive reforms introduced by Roosevelt.
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Dollar Diplomacy
Taft believed the U.S. should use foreign
policy to protect American business
interests and American investments abroad.
He used Wall Street investments in foreign
nations to uphold our foreign policy.
Wall Street invested in areas of strategic
concern to the U.S.
Far East, Caribbean, Central America
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Taft’s Progressivism
Taft, as a trust-buster, had an outstanding
record.
1911, The Standard Oil Company was ordered
dissolved.
The Supreme Court redefined the Sherman
Anti-trust act.
Added the ‘Rule of Reason’: The Sherman Act
outlawed business combinations that unduly or
unreasonably restrained trade.
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The Tariff Question
Taft endorsed a lowering of the tariff in the
1908 Presidential campaign.
In Congress, the bill that passed actually raised
tariff rates, and was pro-business.
Taft signed the new Payne-Aldrich Tariff in
1909.
This new tariff outraged progressives and
alienated Taft from the progressive wing of
the Republican party.
34
The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy:1910
Grew out of western opposition to
conservation measures because they
inhibited the development of the West.
Secretary of the Interior Ballinger opened
western public lands to corporate
development.
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Gifford Pinchot of the Agriculture
Department (a Roosevelt confidant)
criticized Ballinger’s actions as being
detrimental to the conservation effort.
Taft dismissed Pinchot
Taft threw his weight behind the conservatives
and supported Ballinger.
Ballinger opened over 1 million acres of land
that Roosevelt had reserved for conservation.
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This event exposed the wide gap between
the progressive wing of the Republican
Party and the Old Guard.
Reformers believed Taft was undermining
Roosevelt’s conservation program.
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Speaker of the House Controversy Joe Cannon was the most powerful Speaker,
since Henry Clay.
Cannon opposed nearly all social-welfare
programs and as Chairman of the House Rules
Committee.
He decided which bills would be discussed.
Progressive members wanted to take some of the
Speaker’s powers away.
Conservatives opposed any erosion of the Speaker’s
powers.
Taft further alienated the progressive wing
by supporting Cannon.
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The 1910 Congressional Election
Many progressives campaigned against
Taft-supported candidates.
Roosevelt campaigned for a number of these
progressives.
TR’s speeches called for New Nationalism,
urged the federal government to increase its
power to solve social and economic abuses.
Control of Congress split: Dem/House;
Rep/Senate.
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The Split in the Republican Party
At the Republican National Convention in
1912, progressive Republicans supported
LaFollette.
Roosevelt refused to support either
LaFollette, or Taft and announced that he
was running for president.
Roosevelt openly split with Taft and the Old
Guard.
Roosevelt had decided that the policies of Taft
were not progressive enough.
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Taft, and the Old Guard, controlled the
Republican Convention machinery and
denied Roosevelt the nomination.
Roosevelt and his followers walked-out of the
convention, proclaimed themselves to be the
progressive party.
The Progressives (Bull Moose Party)
nominated Roosevelt for president, with
Gov. Hiram Johnson for vice-president.
Platform included elimination of child labor,
women’s suffrage, 8 hour work-day
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