The Liberal Era Ramadan al-Suwayhili, together with Sulayman al- Baruni and other tribal chiefs, created the Tripolitanian Republic in 1918. Sayyid Idris.

The Liberal EraRamadan al-Suwayhili, together with Sulayman al-Baruni and other tribal chiefs, created the Tripolitanian Republic in 1918.

Sayyid Idris al-Sanusi signed a peace treaty with the Italians (the Akrama Agreement, April 1917).

Italy passed the Legge fondamentale (June and October 1919). Each province was to have its own Parliament and governing councils. Libyans were promised the right to a special Libyan-Italian citizenship, were exempted from military conscription, and could only be taxed by the locally elected Parliament.

In October 1920, the Accord of al-Rajma recognised Idris as-Sanusi as Amir of Cyrenaica.

Italo Balbo (1934-1940)• Libya: Italy’s Fourth

Shore (1934)• Italian citizenship was

granted to natives

• Enlargement and Modernisation of Tripoli

• The Via Balbia• State-directed peasant

colonisation

1938: 20,000 (Ventimila)

1939: 10,000

Italo Balbo presents the certificate of citizenship to natives, Tripoli

1939.

The official ceremony in Piazza Castello, Tripoli 1939.

Il palazzo dell’INFPS, Tripoli. Corso Sicilia, Tripoli.

Palazzo del governatore, Tripoli. Hotel Casino Uaddan, Tripoli.

Visitors’ plan of the city of Tunisi (undated, 1920?)

La Fayette quarter, Tunis

Art Deco building, Tunis

La Fayette quarter, Tunis.

Caryatides

Place de la République, Tunis

The Via Balbia or Via Balbo,a coastal highway running from Tunisia to Egypt

In the middle of Via Balbia, the border of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica was marked by a Marble Arch, named Arch of Fileni. It was created by the Italian architect Florestano Di Fausto. The “Arch of Fileni” was demolished in 1970

by the revolutionary regime of Muammar Gaddafi.

The Via Balbia at the Marble Arch

The municipal building The main square

The Casa Littoria The Catholic church

Italian rural villages in Libya

A farmhouse of the Ente per la colonizzazione della Libia (ECL)

View of a plot of land with farmhouse

Disembarkation of the Ventimila in Tripoli, 1938.

Balbo greets settlers who are leaving for the village Crispi, 1938.

Military trucks are used for the displacement.

Italo Balbo with Italian peasant women

The village Giovanni Berta, 1937.

The visit of Mussolini to Libya, 1937 Mussolini brandishes the ‘sword of Islam’