The Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome
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The Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome
Prologue Section 1
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy• Government- system for controlling the society• Monarchy- king or monarch; rule is hereditary• Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of noble, land-
owning families• Oligarchy- government ruled by a few people based
upon wealth or ability• Democracy- “rule of the people”
▫Adult male citizens participated in governmental decisions and three nobles were elected to the assembly and later the council of advisors
▫Around 600 BC economic problems eventually forced farmers into slavery
Important People in Athens• Reforms of Solon (594 BC)
▫ Outlawed debt slavery and canceled farmers debts▫ Created the Council of 400- prepared business▫ Any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers
Citizen= free adult males; 1/10 population• Cleisthenes Enacts More Reforms
▫ Reorganized the assembly for rich and poor▫ Council of 500- proposed laws and counseled the assembly
Citizens= 1/5 population•Pericles Strengthens Democracy
▫Increased paid public officials▫Direct Democracy- citizens rule and make laws
directly
Greek Philosophers Use Reason•1. The universe is put together in an
orderly way and is subject to absolute and changing laws
•2. People can understand these laws through logic and reason
•SPA▫Socrates- Socratic Method▫Plato- The Republic; rule by philosopher-
kings▫Aristotle- Politics; live in a state
Legacy of Greece•Natural Laws- use of reason and
intelligence to discover•Direct Democracy•Three Branches of Government
Rome Develops a Republic•Republic- power rests with citizens who
have the right to elect the leaders who make governmental decisions; “indirect democracy”
•Patricians vs. Plebeians▫Plebeians could vote but not hold
government positions
Roman Government•Twelve Tables
▫Written law code to protect plebeians▫All free citizens had the right to protection
under law and laws would be fairly administered
•Republican Government▫Dictator- times of crisis▫Two Consuls▫Senate- Patricians▫Two assembles- Plebeians
Roman Law•All citizens had the right to equal
treatment under the law•Innocent until proven guilty•Burden of proof rested in the accuser•Unfair laws could be set aside• Justinian Law Code- “a government of
laws, not of men”
Legacy of Rome•Republic•Individual is a citizen in a state not a
subject•Written law code
Judeo-Christian TraditionPrologue Section 2
Judaism •Hebrews were monotheists who believed
in one god•Practiced Judaism•People had dignity simply by being a child
of God and each person was responsible for the choices they made; emphasis on the worth of the individual
Jewish Law Teaches Morality•Moses forms a covenant with God
▫Ten Commandments- code of morality and ethics; rules of social and religious behavior
•Prophets taught that people should oppose injustice and oppression and the community should assist the unfortunate
Christianity•The Teachings of Christianity
▫Love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and themselves
▫Jesus was thought as the “king of the Jews” and was crucified Christianity – Teaching of Jesus Christ
Christianity (cont.)•The Spread of Christianity
▫Apostle Paul spread Christianity and stressed the importance of equality for all human beings Religion would welcome any converts
•Rome Spreads Judeo-Christian Ideas▫Jewish Diaspora- spread their beliefs that all
people had the right to be treated with justice and dignity
▫Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire
Islam•Monotheistic religion based of the
teachings of Muhammad▫Qur’an was a collection of teaching from
god delivered to Muhammad▫Emphasized dignity of all human beings
and he brotherhood of all people •Muslims were required to offer charity to
those in need
Legacy of Monotheistic Religions•the duty of the individual and the
community to combat oppression•worth of the individual•equality of people before God
Renaissance •Roman Catholic Church- During the middle ages
it controlled all political, social, and religious aspects of life
•Renaissance- renewed interest in classical Greek culture; fueled by the invention of the printing press▫Prepared men for public service instead of
service for the church▫Encouraged human potential and achievement▫Individualism
Reformation•Reformation- religious reform movement
in the 19th century led by the Protestants▫Martin Luther- criticized the Church of
selling pardons Salvation came through faith in God not good
works Protestantism
Interpret the bible by themselves People could find individual paths to God;
didn’t need church Questioned political authority
Legacy of the Renaissance and Reformation•By challenging authority the Reformation
indirectly contributed to the growth of democracy▫Introduced individuals to reading
•Emphasis on the Individual
Democracy Develops in England Prologue Section 3
Reforms in Medieval England• William, duke of Normandy in France, invades
England and defeats the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings (1066)▫Ended Feudalism▫Began Centralized Government▫Development of Democracy
• Henry II▫Created a Jury Trial instead of feudal courts
Royal judge would visit each country▫Common Law- reflected customs and
principles established over time
Reforms in Medieval England•King John
▫Fought an unsuccessful and costly war against the France; he tried to raise taxes to pay for the war
▫In 1215 angry nobles forced him to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter) Limited the power of the king by having them
govern according to law and guaranteed individual rights and liberties
Due Process of Law- “judgment by his peers;” king could not punish subjects
Model Parliament• Model Parliament (Edward I needed taxes)
▫Parliament- England’s national legislature House of Lords- nobles and bishops House of Commons- knights and burgesses Limited power of monarch and established representation
• Parliament Grows Stronger▫Eventually The House of Commons grew equal to the
House of Lords and Parliament could vote on taxes, pass laws, and advise royal policies
▫Divine Right of Kings- king’s power came from God Stuart Family and James I
Conflict with Puritans Star Chamber- royal court Money
Parliament Overthrows the King
• Charles I asks for money and signs the Petition of Right No taxing without Parliament’s consent Couldn’t imprison citizens illegally Couldn’t house troops Couldn’t maintain military government in peacetime In 1642 English civil war broke out; royalists vs. antiroyalists
• Oliver Cromwell won control; antiroyalists• Establishment of Constitutional Monarchy
▫ Cromwell established the Commonwealth of England but eventually turned it into a Protectorate “military dictatorship”
▫ Restoration- parliament restored the monarchy under Charles Stuart II Habeas Corpus- prevents police from detaining a person wrongfully
Glorious Revolution (1689)•William and Mary invade England and start the
Glorious Revolution▫Parliament limited the power of the king and could
control the succession to the throne▫Established a Constitutional Monarchy-powers of
the ruler are restricted by the constitution▫Bill of Rights- formal summary of rights and
liberties believed to be essential to people Protected free speech Could not tax or raise an army during peace time
• Excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment were forbidden
The Enlightenment and Democratic RevolutionPrologue Section 4
Enlightenment Thinkers• Enlightenment- intellectual movement that tried to use the
principles of reason and the methods of science to all aspects of society▫ Influenced by the Scientific Revolution
• Thomas Hobbes▫ Leviation; people were by nature selfish and ambitious and
needed an absolute monarchy▫ Social Contract-people submitted to the authoritarian ruler to
prevent disorder• John Locke
▫ Problem was that the king failed to protect the rights of the people
▫ Natural Rights- right to life, liberty, and property People had an absolute right to rebel if the government did not protect
these rights; self-government
Enlightenment Thinkers• Voltaire
▫Favor of tolerance, freedom of religion, and free speech• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
▫The Social Contract- an agreement among free individuals to create a government that would respond to the people will
▫Government from the consent of the governed• Baron de Montesquieu
▫Separation of Powers- divided into three branches Legislature- make laws Executive- enforce laws Courts (Judicial)- interpret laws
The Beginnings of Democracy in America• French and Indian War- battle b/w France and Britain
for North America Seven Years War in Europe
▫After the victory Britain felt the colonies should help pay the cost of the war; tax them
▫Stamp Act of 1765- no taxation without representation▫No western movement for colonists
• American Revolution▫Battle of Lexington and Concord- April 17th, 1775▫Declaration of Independence- July 4th, 1776▫End of Revolution- 1781▫Articles of Confederation- weak central government
Enlightenment shapes the Constitution •Representative Government- citizens
elect representatives to make laws and policies for them (Rousseau)
•Federal System- powers of government were divided among federal, or central, government and the states, or local, governments
•Separation of Powers- executive, legislative, and judicial (Montesquieu) and checks and balances
The French Revolution• Causes:
▫ Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette took the throne with debts building up in 1774
▫ Inequality among clergy and nobility vs. commoners; only the poor paid taxes
▫ Enlightenment Ideas and the American Revolution• Early Reforms of the Revolution
▫ Estates-General was broken up and commoners formed the National Assembly
▫ Storming of Bastille- prison▫ Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Dec. of Ind.)
Rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression• Reign of Terror
▫ Radicals that killed or imprisoned opponents
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