The Information Artifact Ontology Barry Smith. IAO-Intel An Ontology of Information Artifacts in the Intelligence Domain Barry Smith University at Buffalo.

The Information Artifact Ontology

Barry Smith

IAO-Intel An Ontology of Information Artifacts in

the Intelligence Domain Barry SmithUniversity at

BuffaloNY, USA

Tatiana MalyutaCUNY, NY, USA

Data Tactics, McLean, VA

Ron RudnickiCUBRC, Buffalo

NY, USA

William Mandrick Data Tactics

McLean, VA, USA

David SalmenData Tactics

McLean, VA, USA

Peter MorosoffE-Maps, Inc.

Washington, DC, USA

Danielle K. DuffI2WD

Aberdeen, MD, USA

James SchoeningI2WD

Aberdeen, MD, USA

Kesny ParentI2WD

Aberdeen, MD, USA

presentation tomorrow at 2pm (Session 1B)

describes work being carried out for the US Army’s Distributed Common Ground System (DCGS-A) Standard Cloud (DSC) initiative; part of a strategy for the horizontal integration of warfighter intelligence data

IAO• IAO: The Information Artifact Ontology, developed

by scientific researchers as a vehicle for annotating data about measurement results, publications, protocols, databases, consent forms, licenses

in a way that will allow discovery, integration and analysisTwo kinds of data about data:

– 1. what are the data about Domain Ontologies– 2. how the data are packaged (collected, presented,

formatted, stored) IAO Ontologies

4

http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/IAO

IAO-Intel

• IAO-Intel – an extension of IAO and incorporating features of the AIRS Information Ontology – to provide common resources for the consistent description of information artifacts of relevance to the intelligence community

IAO: Report / IAO-Intel: Intelligence Report

IAO-Intel terms are defined by using terms from the ontologies in the yellow box via relations such as:• is-about• created-by• derives-from and so forth

Anatomy Ontology(FMA*, CARO)

Environment

Ontology(EnvO)

Infectious Disease

Ontology(IDO*)

Biological Process

Ontology (GO*)

Cell Ontology

(CL)

CellularComponentOntology

(FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic Quality

Ontology(PaTO)

Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO)

Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular

Function(GO*)Protein Ontology

(PRO*) Extension Strategy + Modular Organization

top level

mid-level

domain level

Information Artifact Ontology

(IAO)

Ontology for Biomedical

Investigations(OBI)

Spatial Ontology

(BSPO)

Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)

7

8/24

IAO-Science IAO-IntelIAO-

LibraryScience (~Dublin Core)

IAO-Computing

IAO-Biolo

gy

IAO-Physi

cs

IAO-Intel-Navy

IAO-Intel-Army

IAO-Intel-FBI

IAO-Hardware

IAO-Softwar

e

The Email

Ontology

IAO provides the hub for a gradually evolving set of modular spokes; each module built by

downward population from its parent

top level

mid-level(generic hub)

domain level(spokes

populating downwards)

Information Artifact Ontology(IAO)

Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)

9

Strategy of downward populationIAO IAO-Intel (examples)

Report Intelligence Report (FM 6-99.2, 126)

Summary Electronic Warfare Mission Summary (FM 6-99.2, 87)

Diagram Network Analysis Diagram (from JP 2-01.3, II-51)

Overlay Combined Information Overlay (JP 2-01.3, II 33)

Assessment Assessment of Impact of Damage (FM 6-99.2, 53)

Estimate Adversary Course of Action Estimate

List List of High-Value Targets (JP 2-01.3, II 61)

Order Airspace Control Order (FM 6-99.2, 17)

Matrix Target Value Matrix (JP 2-01.3, II-63)

Template Ground and Air Adversary Template (JP 2-01.3, II-57)

Information Artifactsartifact =def. an entity created through some deliberate act or acts by one or more human beings and which endures through time

information artifact: an artifact that can be the bearer of information

(a) information bearing entity (IBE) – a hard drive, a passport, a piece of paper with a drawing of a map(b) information content entity (ICE) – an entity which is about something and which can potentially exist in multiple (for example digital or printed) copies – a jpg file, a pdf file

Typ es an d to ken s

Copyable information artifacts can exist both as tokensPeirce and as typesPeirce

Token = the particular information artifact of interest, tied to some particular physical information bearer: the photographic image on this piece of paper retrieved from this enemy combatantType = The copyable information content that is carried by the artifact in question. The same photographic image type may be printed out in multiple paper tokens

Warning: this is not the same as the instance-class distinction

Need for controlled vocabulary to describe data about information artifacts

DoD Directive 8320.02 (version dated August 5, 2013) requires • 1. all authoritative DoD data sources to be registered in

the DoD Data Services Environment (DSE)• 2. that all salient metadata be discoverable, searchable,

retrievable, and understandable“Data standards and specifications that require associated semantic and structural metadata, including vocabularies, taxonomies, and ontologies, will be published in the DSE, or in a registry that is federated with the DSE.” FEAR LINKED OPEN DATA

The Dublin Core: How not to solve the problem of creating consistent information artifact metadata

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)an open organization supporting innovation in metadata design and best practices across the metadata ecology http://dublincore.org/ Resource (as in ‘RDF’) + 15 basic ‘elements’:

0. RESOURCE 8. TYPE 1. TITLE 9. FORMAT 2. CREATOR 10. IDENTIFIER

3. SUBJECT 11. SOURCE 4. DESCRIPTION 12. LANGUAGE

5. PUBLISHER 13. RELATION

6. CONTRIBUTORS 14. COVERAGE

7. DATE 15. RIGHTS MANAGEMENT

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)

An open organization supporting innovation in metadata design and best practices across the metadata ecology

http://dublincore.org/

The Core

• Resource (as in ‘RDF’) + 15 basic ‘elements’:

0. RESOURCE 8. TYPE 1. TITLE 9. FORMAT 2. CREATOR 10. IDENTIFIER 3. SUBJECT 11. SOURCE 4. DESCRIPTION 12. LANGUAGE 5. PUBLISHER 13. RELATION 6. CONTRIBUTORS 14. COVERAGE7. DATE 15. RIGHTS MANAGEMENT

1) What’s a “resource”?A resource is anything that has identity. Familiar examples include an electronic document, an image, a service (e.g., "today's weather report for Los Angeles"), and a collection of other resources. Assumption: resource = information artifact

2) How do “elements” apply to “resources”?

An Element is a characteristic that a resource may “have”, such as a Title, Publisher, or Subject.

The same resource can be instantiated in different ways

Format: The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME]. Example: image/jpeg.

The Core (cont.)

What describes the content / topic / subject-matter?

Title: The name given to the resource.

Description: An account of the content of the resource. Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content.

Subject: The topic of the content of the resource. Typically, a subject will be expressed as keywords or key phrases or classification codes that describe the topic of the resource.

The Core (cont.)

Benefits of Dublin Core

• Available in multiple formats• W3C recommended• Mapping to PROV

Problems with Dublin Core• Scope not defined (‘anthing that has identity’)• Does not provide logical definitions, but relies

rather on vague natural language expressions (including use of “scare” “quotes” to warn the user that terms are not intended literally)

• Provides only suggestive guidance as to use of associated standards

• Does not interoperate well with other (topic) ontologies

Confuses words and things

• Source: A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or part.

Engages in sloppy bundling

Type: The nature or genre of the content of the resource. Type includes terms describing general categories, functions, genres, or aggregation levels for content.

What is ‘content of the resource’?Is the nature of the content distinct from the nature of the

resource?

No taxonomic organization, but rather a tangled hierarchy

No distinction between things (continuants) and processes (occurrents) – consider performance of a work

Goals of a Metadata Ontology• Ability to expand consistently to new application

areas • Ability to gracefully integrate with domain

ontologies and with other IA-related ontologies• Ability to represent metadata of different

categories– Complex application-specific content

• specific ways in which one IA relates to another IA

– Content vs. Bearers of content

Requirements to Achieve These Goals

• Conformance to ontology best practices – http://ncorwiki.buffalo.edu/index.php/Distributed_

Development_of_a_Shared_Semantic_Resource

– http://techwiki.openstructs.org/index.php/Ontology_Best_Practices

– http://kmi.open.ac.uk/events/iswc07-semantic-web-intro/pdf/5.%20Ontology%20Design.pdf

• Conformance to an upper level ontology as starting point for coherent definitions

• Separation of aspects of an information artifact such as physical bearer, content, content organization

DC Does Not Conform to Best Practices

Term Name:    LocationPeriodOrJurisdiction URI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/LocationPeriodOrJurisdictionLabel: Location, Period, or JurisdictionDefinition: A location, period of time, or jurisdiction.

LOCATION PERIOD OR JURISDICTION is defined in the DC hierarchy as a subclass of LOCATION

Does Not Conform to an ULO (cont.)

• In the absence of a high-level single hierarchy, the relations between classes are not clear. For example

• PROVENANCE is defined as “A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation” seems to overlap with CREATOR, CONTRIBUTOR, and IS VERSION OF.

• But how?

Limited Usability of DC• DC does not try to separately address such aspects

of an information artifact as its physical bearer, content, and content organization

• Will not allow for rich explications and annotations of document repositories, in particular repositories of military documents, and for various classifications of documents that are based on the content or bearer

Consequences• These issues will

– Prevent acceptance of DC in solving DoD metadata problems

– Make its future development and integration with other ontologies difficult

– Not allow for deep data integration

IAO is designed to address the need for metadata standards, not by

replacing existing standards,• but rather by providing a single, consistent

framework for tagging (‘semantic enhancement’) of existing data stores

• Its purpose is to provide a uniform, non-redundant, algorithmically processable and easily extendible consensus system of tags

Uses of IAO-Intel – Example 1IA #1: a Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO) –product of a joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment used to portray militarily significant features such as obstacles restricting movement, key geography, and military objectivesIA #2 – the plan (document) in accordance with which the IA #1 was prepared

IAO enables three kinds of discovery and analysis

• Annotations to the attributes of IA #1– has-artifact-kind MCOO – has-physical-kind: Acetate Sheet – uses-symbology MIL-STD-2525C– authored-by person #4644

• Annotations linking IA #1 to other IAS– IA#1 output of process realizing plan IA#2

• Annotations relating to the aboutness of IA#1 – Avenue of Approach– Strategic Defense Belt – Amphibious Operations– Objective

Uses of IAO-Intel – Example 2

• A collection of documents prepared according to FM 6-99.2 of kinds:– Intelligence Report [INTREP] – Intelligence Summary [INTSUM]– Logistics Situation Report [LOGSITREP]– Operations Summary [OPSUM] – Patrol Report [PATROLREP]– Reconnaissance Exploitation Report [RECCEXREP]– SAEDA Report [SAEDAREP]

Attributes of Information Artifacts

Attributes of IAs

• Information artifacts have attributes along a number of distinct dimensions, treated in low-level ontology modules

• Terms in these modules will be applied to explicate information relating to IAs of different sorts, and to annotate data pertaining to IA instances

• Attributes of IAs vs. Attributes of subject-matters, targets, topics, …

Attributes of IAs (cont.)

• Some dimensions of IA attributes are common to all areas, both military and non-military – Purpose– Life cycle Stage (draft, finished version, revision)– Language,– Format– Provenance– Source (person, organization)

Generic Attributes of IAs (for IAO)• Purpose

– Descriptive purpose: scientific paper, newspaper article, after-action report

– Prescriptive purpose: legal code, license, statement of rules of engagement

– Directive purpose (of specifying a plan or method for achieving something): instruction, manual, protocol

– Designative purpose: a registry of members of an organization, a phone book, a database linking proper names of persons with their social security numbers

• Purposes specific to IAO-Intel– Inform ing the commander,– Providing targeting support– Intelligence preparation of the battlefield.

47

Descriptive purpose=def. the purpose of describing some portion of

realityExamples: scientific paper, newspaper article,

diary, experimenter log notebookPrescriptive purpose=def. the purpose of prescribing or permitting or

allowing some activityExamples: a legal code, a license

Purpose of an Information Artifact

48

Directive purpose=def. the purpose of specifying a plan or method

for achieving somethingExamples: instruction, manual, recipe, protocolDesignative purpose=def. the purpose of uniquely designating some

entity or the members of some class of entitiesExamples: a registry of members of an

organization, a phone book, a database linking proper names of persons with their social security numbers.

Purpose of an Information Artifact

Examples of Intel-Specific Purpose Attributes (IAO-Intel terms created by downward population from

IAO:Purpose)• Informing the commander

Providing targeting supportIntelligence preparation of the battlefield

• Supporting planning and executionDefining the operational environmentDescribing the impact of the operational

environmentEvaluating the adversaryDescribing adversary courses of action

• Counter adversary deception • Assess the effects of operations

Attributes of IAs Specific to Intelligence IAsRole in the Intelligence Process (JP 3-0, III-11) Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR)

Commander’s Critical Information Requirement (CCIR)Essential Element of Information (EEI)

Essential Element of Friendly Information (EEFI)Confidence Level (JP 2.0, Appendix A)

Highly LikelyLikelyEven Chance

UnlikelyHighly Unlikely

Discipline (JP 2.0, I-5)LegalIdeologyReligionPropaganda

IntelligenceSignalHuman Rumor intelligenceWeb intelligence

Intelligence Excellence (JP 2.0, II-6)AnticipatoryTimelyAccurateUsable

CompleteRelevantObjectiveAvailable

IAO-Intel Defined Attributes relating to source of an IA

• Document Source– Organization

• Government Agency – Military Agency – Intelligence Agency

– Personal source• Intelligence agent, bystander, witness …

• Two kinds of source relations:1. between an IA and a source kind2. between an IA and a source instance (e.g. some

specific intelligence agency, some specific person)

Other IAO-Intel Attribute DimensionsRole in the Intelligence Process (JP 3-0, III-11) Priority Intelligence Requirement (PIR)

Commander’s Critical Information Requirement (CCIR)Essential Element of Information (EEI)

Essential Element of Friendly Information (EEFI)Confidence Level (JP 2.0, Appendix A)

Highly LikelyLikelyEven Chance

UnlikelyHighly Unlikely

Discipline (JP 2.0, I-5)LegalIdeologyReligionPropaganda

IntelligenceSignalHuman Rumor intelligenceWeb intelligence

Intelligence Excellence (JP 2.0, II-6)AnticipatoryTimelyAccurateUsable

CompleteRelevantObjectiveAvailable

Other IAO-Intel Attribute Dimensions

• Classification– Unclassified, open source– Secret– Top Secret

• Level– Strategic– Operational– Tactical

• Encryption Status• Encryption Strength

Strategy for Building IAO-Intel• Incremental expansion; the ontology is planned to

include artifacts spanning the entire range of IAs, from authoritative data sources to unprocessed reports

• Identify orthogonal dimensions of IA attributes and create Low-Level Ontology modules (LLOs)– Small, shallow, and structured following the principle

of single inheritance– Used to

• Construct more complex terms and define IAO terms• Explicate the meanings of terms standardly used by

different agencies• Annotate instance data

IAO and BFO

BFO: Generically Dependent Continuant

BFO: Independent Continuant

BFO: Specifically Dependent Continuant

Information Content

Entity (ICE)

Information Quality Entity

(Pattern) (IQE)

Information Structure

Entity (ISE)

Information Bearing

Entity (IBE)

IA IBE ISE ICE

MS Word file (.doc, .docx)

Hard drive (magnetized sector) MS Word format Varies

KML file Hard drive (magnetized sector) KML Map overlay

JPEG file (.jpg) Hard drive (magnetized sector) JPEG format Image

Email file Hard drive (magnetized sector)

Internet Message Format (e.g., RFC 5322 compliant) Message

USMTF Message file

A specific government network USMTF Format Message

PassportPaper document; (may include photographs, RFID tags)

ID formats, security marking formats …

Name, Personal data, Passport number, Visas

Title Deed Official paper document Varies Varies

Report Varies Varies Varies

Overlay Sheet( e.g. Map Overlay Sheet)

Acetate sheetMIL-STD-2525 Symbols; FM 101-1-5 Operational Terms and Graphics

Map overlay

IAO-Intel Email Ontology

Information Artifact Ontology (IAO)

Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)

61

BFO roots

More than 100 Ontology projects using BFOhttp://www.ifomis.org/bfo/users

Users of BFO

Examples AIRS Ontologies

cROP Ontologies

MilPortal Ontologies

NIF Standard Ontologies

OBO Foundry Ontologies

OAE Ontology of Adverse Events

EnvO Emotion Ontology

IDO Infectious Disease Ontology (NIAID)

US Army Biometrics Ontology

62

Basic Formal Ontology

ContinuantOccurrent

process(copying a file to

another computer)

IndependentContinuant

thing(hard drive, camera, …)

DependentContinuant

quality(color,

shape, …)

.... ..... .......

universals

instances

Occurrents depend on participants

instances

this bombing on 15 May that insurgency attack on 5 April

occurrent kinds

bombing

attack

participant kinds

explosive device

terrorist group

Basic Formal Ontology

Continuant Occurrent

processIndependentContinuant

thing

DependentContinuant

quality

.... ..... .......quality dependson bearer

Blinding Flash of the Obvious

Continuant Occurrent

process, eventIndependentContinuant

thing

DependentContinuant

quality, …

.... ..... .......event dependson participant

Continuant Occurrent

IndependentContinuant

DependentContinuant

Quality

DispositionProcessRole

Realizable DependentContinuant

67

located near

Latrine

Well

‘VT 334 569’

Distance Measurement

Result

Village Name

‘Khanabad Village’

Village

is_a

instance_of

Geopolitical Entity

Spatial Region

GeographicCoordinates

Setdesignates

instance_of

located in

instance_of

has location designates

has location

instance_of

instance_of

’16 meters’

instance_of

measurement_of

68

Universals and Instances (from Bill Mandrick)

Specifically Dependent Continuant

SpecificallyDependentContinuant

Quality, Role, Disposition

Realizable Dependent Continuant

if any bearer ceases to exist, then the quality or function ceases to exist

the color of my skin

the function of my heart

69

Specifically Dependent Continuant

Red color of my skin

You Me

Accidens non migrat de subjecto in subjectum.Accidents do not migrate from one substance to another

70

Red color of your skin

depends_on depends_on

Generically Dependent Continuant

GenericallyDependentContinuant

pdf filejpg file

Gene Sequence

if one bearer ceases to exist, then the entity can survive, because there are other bearers

(copyability)

the pdf file on my laptop

the DNA (sequence) in this chromosome

71

Information artifacts

pdf file

email

poem

symphony

algorithm

symbol

– can migrate from one information bearer to another

72

Continuant

IndependentContinuant

Specifically DependentContinuant

Quality

Disposition

Information Artifact

Role

Realizable DependentContinuant

73

GenericallyDependentContinuant

Gene Sequence

Continuant

IndependentContinuant

Specifically DependentContinuant

Quality Information Artifact

74

GenericallyDependentContinuant

Gene Sequence

Material Entity

Information Bearing

Entity

Continuant

IndependentContinuant

Specifically DependentContinuant

QualityInformation

Artifact

75

GenericallyDependentContinuant

Material Entity

Information Bearing

Entity (yourhard drive

Information Quality Entity (pattern on

your hard drive)

depends_on

Continuant

IndependentContinuant

Specifically DependentContinuant

Quality Information Artifact

76

GenericallyDependentContinuant

Material Entity

Information Bearing

Entity

Information QualityEntity

depends_on concretized_by

IAO: information content entity=def. an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in the relation of aboutness to some entity

77

78

Shimon Edelman’s Riddle of Representation

two humans, a monkey, and a robotare looking at a piece of cheese;

what is common to the representational processes in their visual systems?

79

Answer:

The cheese, of course

80

The real cheese

81

Each IA is concretized_by at least one IQE (Information Quality Entity)

The same IA can be concretized in multiple different media (paper, silicon, neuron …)

Concretization

Generically dependent continuants such as plans, laws …

are concretized in specifically dependent continuants

(the plan in your head, the protocol being realized by your research team, the law being implemented by this government agency)

82

Types and tokens

A A A

One type, three tokens

A type is a pattern

Patterns can be complex83

fragment of the War and Peace pattern

84

War and Peace is an instance of the universal novel

SpecificallyDependentContinuant

War and Peace quality

85

IndependentContinuant

This bound copy of

War and Peace

GenericallyDependentContinuant

The novelWar and Peace

instance_of instance_of instance_of

depends_on

concretized_by

Is War and Peace a kind or an instance?If War and Peace were a kind, and the copies of War and Peace in my library and in your library were instances, then

• there would be many War(s) and Peaces.

Hence War and Peace is an instance.

What is a work of literature?

86

There can be two copies of the US Declaration of Independence

There cannot be two US Declarations of Independence

There cannot be subkinds of the US Declaration of Independence

Hence the US Declaration of Independent is an instance and not a kind.

There are not two Declarations of Independence

87

Rule for universals

Their names are pluralizable

There can be three peopleThere cannot be three Michelle Obamas.

Information Content Entities are GDCs = entities which can exist in many copies

88

they have a different kind of provenance

◦Aspirin as product of Bayer GmbH◦aspirin as molecular structure◦This Financial Report is submitted to the

SEC

Generically dependent continuants are distinct from universals

89

IAO and BFO

BFO: Generically Dependent Continuant

BFO: Independent Continuant

BFO: Specifically Dependent Continuant

Information Content

Entity (ICE)

Information Quality Entity

(Pattern) (IQE)

Information Structure

Entity (ISE)

Information Bearing

Entity (IBE)

Information Content Entities (ICEs)

• ICEs are about something in reality (they have this something as a subject; they represent, or mention or describe this something; they inform us about this something).

• Aboutness may be identifiable from different perspectives. Thus one analyst may interpret a given ICE as being about the geography of a given encampment; another may view it as providing information about the morale of those encamped there.

Information Bearing Entities – IBEs

• An IBE is a material entity that has been created to serve as a bearer of information. IBEs are either (1) self-sufficient material wholes, or (2) proper material parts of such wholes.

• Examples under (1): a hard drive, a paper printout (e.g., a report)

• Examples under (2): a specific sector on a hard drive, a single page of a paper printout.

Information Quality Entities (IQEs)

• An IQE is the pattern on an IBE in virtue of which it is a bearer of some information

• An IQE exists in a given IBE because of a certain patterned arrangement for example of ink or other chemicals, or of electromagnetic excitations.

• Every ICE is concretized by at least one IQE

Information Structure Entities (ISEs)

• Information Structure Entity (ISE) is a structural part of an ICE, for example an empty cell in a spread sheet; or a blank Microsoft Word file. ISEs thus capture part of what is involved when we talk about the ‘format’ of an IA.

Organization of IAO-Intel – IA‘IA’ refers either

– to some combination of ICEs and ISEs (roughly: the IA as body of copyable information content); or

– to some concreti zation of ICEs and ISEs in some IBE in which some IQE inheres (the information artifact is: this content here and now, on this specific computer screen or this printed page).

Different information artifact kinds will differ in different ways along these dimensions, as illustrated in Table 2.

IA IBE ISE ICE

MS Word file (.doc, .docx)

Hard drive (magnetized sector) MS Word format Varies

KML file Hard drive (magnetized sector) KML Map overlay

JPEG file (.jpg) Hard drive (magnetized sector) JPEG format Image

Email file Hard drive (magnetized sector)

Internet Message Format (e.g., RFC 5322 compliant) Message

USMTF Message file

A specific government network USMTF Format Message

PassportPaper document; (may include photographs, RFID tags)

ID formats, security marking formats …

Name, Personal data, Passport number, Visas

Title Deed Official paper document Varies Varies

Report Varies Varies Varies

Overlay Sheet( e.g. Map Overlay Sheet)

Acetate sheetMIL-STD-2525 Symbols; FM 101-1-5 Operational Terms and Graphics

Map overlay

IAO and BFO

BFO: Generically Dependent Continuant

BFO: Independent Continuant

BFO: Specifically Dependent Continuant

Information Content

Entity (ICE)

Information Quality Entity

(Pattern) (IQE)

Information Structure

Entity (ISE)

Information Bearing

Entity (IBE)

IAO and BFO (cont.)

• BFO relations between ICEs, ISEs, IQEs and IBEs can be set forth as follows:– ICE generically-depends-on IBE– ISE generically-depends-on IBE– IQE specifically-depends-on IBE– ICE concretized-by IQE– ISE concretized-by IQE

• IAO contains in addition relations which allow to formulate metadata concerning attributes of IAs such as author, creation date, classification status, and so forth