The Holocaust 1933-1945. Genocide In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in.

TheHolocaust

1933-1945

GenocideIn the present Convention, genocide means any of the

following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or

religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Holocaust Anti-Semitism

Anti-Semitism is a hatred of the Jews and the Jewish religion. Some say it stems from the time Christ was crucified.

Jews were seen in Germany as the root of all the problems with the country.

Germans hated the the Jews and wanted them out of their country.

Holocaust Hitler

In 1933 Hitler comes to power.

Hitler has strong nationalistic feelings and believes that Jews need to be driven from the country.

Holocaust Nuremberg Laws

In 1933 after Hitler comes to power he enacts the Nuremberg Laws.

These laws were designed to treat Jews as second class citizens.

It took away their rights

To vote Fly the German flag Had to wear the Star

of David Change their name

from a German name to a Jewish name.

The Holocaust Kristallnacht

“Night of Broken Glass” Prior to this time Germans took

away rights from Jews but had not been violent.

On November 8-9, 1938 the German people upset at the assassination of a German official began to destroy Jewish shops and temples.

About 100 Jews were killed

The Final Solution Once World War Two started

Hitler wanted to expand the boarders of Germany eastward.

The problem was what to do with the Jews and Slavs who occupied the land.

The first measure was to deport the Jews to Ghettos, areas set up in major Polish cities.

Ghettos Ghettos were the oldest

sections of cities. There was no running water

or plumbing and this portion of the city was walled off so no Jews could get out.

Upwards of 400,000 Jews would live in a 3.5 square mile.

Often three or four families lived in one apartment.

The Germans rationed food in the ghettos and used starvation as a way of exterminating the Jews.

Some infamous ghettos were Warsaw and Lodz.

The Final Solution The second part of the Final Solution

were mobile killing squads. These squads made up of Hitler’s SS

men would follow behind the regular German Army and exterminate whole villages of Jews and Slavs.

These death squads were responsible for 1.5 Jews being exterminated.

The Final Solution The third stage was forced labor camps. The Germans saw the able bodied Jews, Slavs,

Poles as a work force. Those who could work were sent to forced labor

camps. Many of these camps were in Germany. About 1,300 of these camps existed.

Often times the prisoners would be give little food and worked to death.

The prisoners often worked for major German companies, Volkswagen, Bayer, BMW.

The Final Solution The fourth stage was the

extermination camps.

Auschwitz In April 1940, Rudolph Höss, who

become the first commandant, identified the Silesian town of Oswiecim as a possible site for a concentration camp.

The function of the camp was initially to intimidate Poles and prevent resistance to German rule.

Auschwitz The first transport of prisoners,

almost all Polish civilians, arrived in June 1940 and the SS administration and staff was established.

On March 1th, 1941, the camp population was 10,900.

The camp quickly developed a reputation for torture and mass shootings.

Auschwitz Himmler visited Auschwitz

in March 1941 and commanded its enlargement to hold 30,000 prisoners.

Himmler also ordered the construction of a second camp for 100,000 inmates on the site of the village of Brzezinka (Birkenau), roughly 4km from the main camp.

This massive camp was intended to be filled with captured Russian POWs who would provide the slave labor to build the SS

Auschwitz The main camp population

grew from 18,000 in December 1942 to 30,000 in March 1943. In July or August 1941, Himmler briefed Höss about the "Final Solution."

During its history, the prison population of Auschwitz changed composition significantly. At first, its inmates were almost entirely Polish. From April 1940 to March 1942, on about 27,000 inmates, 30 percent were Poles and 57 percent were Jews. From March 1942 to March 1943 of 162,000 inmates, 60 percent were Jews.

Auschwitz Auschwitz became a significant source of slave

labor locally and functioned as an international clearing house.

Of 2.5 million people who were deported to Auschwitz, 405,000 were given prisoner status and serial numbers.

Of these, approximately 50 percent were Jews and 50 percent were Poles and other nationalities.

Of those who received numbers, 65,000 survived. It is estimated that about 200,000 people passed through the Auschwitz camps and survived.

The Final SolutionDeath Tolls Approximately 11 million Jews will be

involved in the final solution of the European Jewish question, distributed as follows among the individual countries.

This total of 11 million comes from the estimates the Nazis made of all of Europe and the countries they believed they would be in control of.

The Final SolutionProjected Death Tolls Germany proper 131,800 Austria 43,700 Eastern territories 420,000 General Government 2,284,000 Bialystok 400,000 Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia 74,200 Estonia free of Jews Latvia 3,500 Lithuania 34,000 Belgium 43,000 Denmark 5,600 France / occupied territory 165,000 unoccupied territory 700,000

Final SolutionProjected Death Tolls Greece 69,600 Netherlands 160,800 Norway 1,300

B. Bulgaria 48,000 England 330,000 Finland 2,300 Ireland 4,000 Italy including Sardinia 58,000 Albania 200 Croatia 40,000 Portugal 3,000 Rumania including Bessarabia 342,000 Sweden 8,000 Switzerland 18,000

Final Solution Projected Death Tolls Serbia 10,000 Slovakia 88,000 Spain 6,000 Turkey (European portion) 55,500 Hungary 742,800 USSR 5,000,000 Ukraine 2,994,684 White Russia excluding Bialystok 446,484 Total over 11,000,000

The Final SolutionNumber of Deaths Task:

Using the two maps of Europe and the statistics on Jewish populations identify on the first map the countries and the number of Jews prior to World War Two.

On the second map identify the number of Jews left in countries after World War Two.

Final SolutionDeath Tolls Estimated Number of Jews Killed

in The Final Solution Estimated Pre-Final Estimated Jewish Country Solution

Population Population Annihilated Number Percent Poland 3,300,000 3,000,000 90% Baltic Countries 253,000 228,000 90% Germany/Austria 240,000 210,000 90% Protectorate 90,000 80,000 89% Slovakia 90,000 75,000 83% Greece 70,000 54,000 77% The Netherlands 140,000 105,000 75% Hungary 650,000 450,000 70%

Final SolutionDeath Tolls SSR White Russia 375,000 245,000 65% SSR Ukraine* 1,500,000 900,000 60% Belgium 65,000 40,000 60% Yugoslavia 43,000 26,000 60% Romania 600,000 300,000 50% Norway 1,800 900 50% France 350,000 90,000 26% Bulgaria 64,000 14,000 22% Italy 40,000 8,000 20% Luxembourg 5,000 1,000 20% Russia (RSFSR)* 975,000 107,000 11% Denmark 8,000 -- Finland 2,000 -- Total 8,861,800 5,933,900 67%

The Final Solution

Gypsies

Gypsies It is extremely difficult to locate the sorts

of sources about Gypsies in the Holocaust. This may reflect difference between an extremely literate culture and a largely illiterate one.

It is known that perhaps 250,000 Gypsies were killed, and that proportionately they suffered losses greater than any other group of victims except Jews.

Gypsies Gypsies, or the Roma as they prefer

to be called, are an ethnic group which originated in India.

In the late middle ages they took to wandering. Eventually they reached Europe and became part of the ethnic mix of many countries, contributing in areas such a music and the arts.

Gypsies Although they were

Aryan according to the Nazi racial profile, they were pursued relentlessly.

Gypsies For Nazi Germany the Gypsies became a

racist dilemma. The Gypsies were Aryans, but in the Nazi

mind there were contradictions between what they regarded as the superiority of the Aryan race and their image of the Gypsies.

At a conference held in Berlin on January 30, 1940, a decision was taken to expel 30,000 Gypsies from Germany to the territories of occupied Poland.

Gypsies "Like the Jews, Gypsies were singled out by

the Nazis for racial persecution and annihilation. They were non-persons, of 'foreign blood,' 'labor-shy,' and as such were termed asocial. To a degree, they shared the fate of the Jews in their ghettos, in the extermination camps, before firing squads, as medical guinea pigs, and being injected with lethal substances.

Gypsies The Nuremberg Laws of

1935 aimed at the Jews were soon amended to include the Gypsies.

As early as 1936, some had been sent to camps. After 1939, Gypsies from Germany and from the German-occupied territories were shipped by the thousands first to Jewish ghettos in Poland.

Gypsies The first to go were

the German Gypsies; 30,000 were deported East in three waves in 1939, 1941 and 1943.

Those married to Germans were exempted but were sterilized, as were their children after the age of twelve.

Gypsies The reports of the SS

which operated in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union mention the murder of thousands of Gypsies along with the massive extermination of the Jews in these areas.

Gypsies The deportations and

executions of the Gypsies came under Himmler‘s authority. On December 16, 1942, Himmler issued an order to send all Gypsies to the concentration camps.

Gypsies The deported Gypsies

were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where a special Gypsy camp was erected. Over 20,000 Gypsies from Germany and some other parts of Europe were sent to this camp, and most of them were gassed there.

Gypsies 1942 he signed the decree for all Gypsies to

be shipped to Auschwitz. There they were subjected to all that

Auschwitz meant, including the medical experiments, before they were exterminated.

At Sachsenhausen they were subjected to special experiments that were to prove scientifically that their blood was different from that of the Germans.

Gypsies For racial reasons they were found

unsuitable for sea water experiments. Gypsy women were forced to become

guinea pigs in the hands of Nazi physicians. They were sterilized as unworthy of human reproduction.

Gypsies No precise

statistics exist about the extermination of European Gypsies. Some estimates place the number between 500,000 and 600,000, most of them gassed in Auschwitz.

Pictures of Auschwitz

Work Makes One Free

The Fences

Attempt to Escape

No One Escapes

The Execution Wall

Living Quarters

The Orchestra

The Gallows

The Route to Auschwitz

Jews Heading to Auschwitz

To the Right or Left

More Jews More Selections

Block #11

The Walk to the Gas Chamber

Empty Gas Canisters

Furnaces

Crematoria

Shoes

Hair

Auschwitz Today

Birkenau Today

Artwork of the Holocaust Artwork can often express emotions

that words can not convey. Even during the Holocaust artwork

was important and used as a medium for people to tell their stories.

Take a look at the following artwork and the handouts.

What emotions or responses does each piece of artwork convey to you?

Fritz Hirschberger

Judith Goldstein

Neddy Vanderpol

Artwork Assignment Complete the artwork assignment by

next class.

Oskar Schindler

Can one person make a difference?

Oskar Schindler Who was Oskar Schindler?

Born in what is today the Czech Republic. Grew up in a wealthy household. Liked to drink, and womanize.

Was married at 19 but always had a mistress.

Like to gamble and eventually ruined the family business.

Schindler and the War When war broke out in Europe

Schindler moved into Poland just behind the German Army.

Schindler became involved in the black market and the underworld in Poland.

Schindler also associated with the Gestapo supplying them with alcohol and women.

Schindler and the War Schindler acquired a factory in

Krakow Poland making enamel goods. Schindler used cheap Jewish labor to run

the factory. Schindler was driven by profit and greed,

however this all changed in 1941.

Schindler and the Jews Schindler, while living in Krakow

experienced first hand the brutality the Nazi’s had for the Jews. Schindler saw Jews being executed in the

ghetto. Schindler also knew that the trains packed

with Jews were going to concentration and death camps.

Schindler’s List Schindler realized that he could not

let innocent people go to their deaths. Schindler began to pay off the Nazi’s to

allow him to keep his Jewish workers. Schindler hired only Jews to work in the

factories so that they would not be sent to the camps.

Schindler both paid and fed all his workers and their families.

Schindler’s List As the Russians approached Poland the Nazi’s

wanted to liquidate all the ghettos and Jews. Schindler remained loyal to his Schindlerjuden

(Schindler’s Jews) and convinced the commander of the Plaszow concentration camp that he needed 900 Jews to work in his factory.

Schindler spent almost all his earnings and profit bribing the Nazi’s to allow him to keep the Jews in his factory.

That list of 900 Jews became known as Schindler’s List and many of those Jews were saved from certain death.

Why The question is why did Oskar Schindler, a

greedy man, a drinker, gambler, womanizer, black-market profiteer, someone with seemingly no moral value save so many Jews from certain death?

Ask yourself this question while you are watching the movie. What motivated Schindler to do what he did.

Why One survivor said

“ I don’t know what his motives were but I don’t care. What’s important is that he saved our lives.”At the beginning of World War Two there were 3.3 millions Jews in Poland.At the end of the war there were about 4,000 Jews left. About 1,000 of them worked for Oskar Schindler.

Schindler’s List One person can make a difference?