The energetics of maturation
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The energetics of maturation
Bas KooijmanDept theoretical biology
Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamBas@bio.vu.nl
http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb
Amsterdam 2012/04/23
Energy Budgets
Basic processes
• Feeding• Digestion• Storing• Growth• Maturation• Maintenance• Reproduction• Product formation• Aging
All have ecological implicationsAll interact during the life cycle
Life history events
• zero: start of development• birth: start of feeding start of acceleration• metamorphosis: end of acceleration• puberty: end of maturation start of reproduction
Life stages
embryo
juvenile
adult
1- maturitymaintenance
maturityoffspring
maturationreproduction
Standard DEB model
food faecesassimilation
reserve
feeding defecation
structurestructure
somaticmaintenance
growth
One type of food faeces reserve structure
Isomorphy
Foetal development 2.6.2l
surface area of the placenta length foetus2
X-ray of dolphin embryo
Fetal developmentw
eigh
t, g
time, d
Mus musculus
Fetus develops like egg but rate not restricted by reserve (because supply during development)Initiation of development can be delayed by implantation egg cellNutritional condition of mother only affects fetus in extreme situations
Data: MacDowell et al 1927
Empirical model: Huggett & Widdas 1951
Reptile-Mammal transition 1.1.4b, 7.7
nursing Platypus
Moschops (Dinocephalia)
Megazostrodon (Triconodonta) Ptilodus (Multituberculata)
Cynognathus (Cynodontia) Lystrosaurus (Dicynodontia)
caseine synthetase 200-310 Mavitellogenin-encoding lost 30--70 Ma
Brawand et al 2008: Plos Biol 6:0507
Egg-foetus transitions in Poeciliopsis
P. elongata
P. fasciata
P. turrubarensis
1.1.4J, cont 2
Embryonic development 2.6.2e
time, d time, dwei
ght,
g
O2 c
onsu
mpt
ion,
ml/h
Carettochelys insculptaData from Web et al 1986
yolk
embryo
Diapauze 2.6.2c
seeds of heather Calluna vulgaris can germinate after 100 year
Embryos with assimilation 1.1.4l
The chlamydomonad Oophila amblystomatis lives intra-cellularly in the embryo-tissues of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatumand returns carbohydrates and dioxygen for ammonia
Acceleration of developmentEmbryo: isomorphic v constant
Early juvenile: V1-morphic v, {pAm} increase with length
Late juvenile/adult: isomorphic v, {pAm} constant
Found in: bivalves, gastropods, copepods, amphipods, decapods,
collembolas, echinoderms, lancelets, tunas, flatfish, anchovy, Danio, cod, caecilians, marsupials
Anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus 7.8.2
time, d
leng
th,
cm 0.16 cm 0.22 cm
0.4 cm
0.9 cm
1.2 cm
>4 cm
embryo
Pecquerie 2008PhD thesis VU A’dam
Stage transitions at maturity thresholds
Danio rerio 28.5°C
Augustine et al 2011Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A
159 :275–283
7.8.2a
Stage transitions at maturity thresholds
Augustine et al 2011Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A
159 :275–283
Danio rerio 28.5°C
Data: Lauwrence et al 2008
caloric restictionData: Augustine
< birth : isomorph birth-metamorphosis: V1-morph> metamorphosis : isomorph
7.8.2b
Acceleration of development 7.8.2c
indirect
direct
acceleration
development
no yes
Pseudophryne bibronii
Geocrinia vitellina
Crinia georgiana
Crinia nimbus
Acceleration of development 7.8.2d
O2 n
mol
/hO
2 n
mol
/h
Dry
mas
s, m
gD
ry m
ass,
mg
Crinia georgiana
Pseudophryne bibronii
age, d
age, d
age, d
age, d
hatc
hha
tch
hatc
hha
tch
birt
h
birt
hbi
rth
birt
hMueller et al 2011,subm
max dry weight 500 mg
max dry weight 200 mg
12 °C
1
0
½
¾
¼
1
0
½
¾
¼
met
am met
am
met
am
met
am
DEB tele course 2013http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/
Free of financial costs; Some 108 or 216 h effort investment
Program for 2013: Feb/Mar general theory (5w) April symposium at NIOZ-Texel (NL) (8d +3 d) Target audience: PhD students
We encourage participation in groups who organize local meetings weekly
Software package DEBtool for Octave/ Matlab freely downloadable
Slides of this presentation are downloadable from http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/bas/lectures/
Cambridge Univ Press 2009
Audience: thank you for your attention
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