The Empire of Rome Chapter 7. The Geography of Rome Roman Empire began on Apennine Peninsula –Shaped like a high-heeled boot –Begins in the Alps to the.
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The Empire of Rome Chapter 7
The Geography of Rome• Roman Empire began on Apennine
Peninsula– Shaped like a high-heeled boot– Begins in the Alps to the north
• Blocks off Italy from rest of Europe• Several mountain passes left Italy vulnerable
to attack– Stretches into the Mediterranean Sea
• Economy often based on sea trade• Often let Italian Sea ports open to invasion
• Apennine Mountains run down the center from top to bottom
How does the geography affect
the cultural development?
The Origins of Rome• As early as 2000 BC invaders from Caucus Mts.
move into Apennine Peninsula• 700 BC-Latins create settlements on banks of
Tiber River– Built on 7 hills, 15 miles inland from coast– Had access to sea via the river– Region known as Latium– Settlements unite to form Rome
• 600 BC - Etruscans from North take over Latium– Had written language– Skilled artisans– Created paved roads, sewer systems, & expanded
farmland by draining marshes– Population increased rapidly
• Greeks settle in Southern Italy & Sicily– City-states extremely disorganized– Absorbed into Latin/Etruscan populations– Latin/Etruscans adopted elements of Greek Culture
What role did geography play in where they chose
to settle?
What
are
som
e s
imila
riti
es
betw
een G
reek
& R
om
an
cult
ure
?
The Early Roman Republic• 509 BC – Etruscans overthrown by Roman
landowners• Establish a republican form of government
– A form a government where voters elect government officials
– Only adult male citizens could vote• Three governing groups:
– The Senate:• Most influential level of gov• Controlled money & foreign policy• During war times, name a dictator to rule for 6 month terms
– The Magistrates• Consisted of three parts
– Consuls: 2 elected officials who ran the day to day operations of the government under the direction of the Senate
– Praetors: oversaw the armies during war times & the courts during peace
– Censors: oversaw the moral conduct of the Roman people & registered citizens according to class
– Popular Assemblies• Voted on laws written by the Senate• Elected officials to public office• Tribunes: 10 people elected by the Assemblies who watched
the actions of the Senate
What are some similarities between the governments of Greece, Rome, & the USA?
Of the magistrates, who had the most impact on daily life ? How?
Government of the
Roman Republic
Either the US
Government or
Athenian Government
Comparison Activity A
The Conflict of the Orders• Two main social classes develop during Roman
Republic:– Patricians:
• Powerful landowners• Controlled the government• Served in public office• Power was inherited (passed down from father to son)
– Plebeians:• Majority of the population• Mainly farmers & workers• Could not hold public office• Could vote but had few other rights
• Shift in Power:– Plebeians gain more power through strikes
• Able to join military• Able to serve public office• Created own assembles & gained positions as tribunes
– Plebeians forced judges to write down codes of law• Known as the Twelve Tables• Open for public viewing in the Forum (public square)
Why would the plebeians want the laws written down; why did the patricians oppose this?
Dictator or Censor
Consul
Praetor
Aedile
Quaestor
Dictator or Censor
Consul
Praetor
Aedile
Tribune
The leadership ladder for the Patricians. Also, Patricians could serve in the Senate.
Quaestor
The leadership ladder for the Plebeians after the Conflict of the Orders. Also, all citizens
served in the Assembly.
Few Plebeians made it beyond the position
of Aedile.
The Republic Grows• Republic grows through wars• The Role of the Army
–Every adult landowning male (citizen) to serve in military
–Extremely strict military discipline –Main military unit was the legion:
• Consisted of 4,500-6,000 legionnaires• The Auxilia was made of non-citizens
• Adapted strategy & techniques of the people they conquered
In some countries, if you do not go to
college, you must serve the state for 2 years? What do you
think of this?
The Role of Public Policy• Wanted newly acquired people to be
loyal to Rome – Believed in giving citizenship to conquered
peoples near Rome– Gave partial citizenship to conquered peoples
distant from Rome– Allowed conquered areas some level
of self-government• Appointed a governor to oversee a conquered
territory• Allowed for the creation of local assemblies
– served as advisors to governor– Operated the courts and oversaw day-to-day
operations
• Allowed for the spread of Latin language & culture throughout Europe & the Mediterranean area
Exp
ansi
on o
f the
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– 2
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Rome Fights Carthage• Carthage:
– Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa– Great commercial power, controlled western
Mediterranean– Had colonies on Sicily, island South of Italy
• Reasons for the Punic Wars– Carthage fears Rome will take Sicily– Rome fears Carthaginian navy will prevent Roman
trade in the Mediterranean• First Punic War:
– Rome captured a Carthaginian ship & studied its weaknesses
– Roman navy would ram into Carthaginian ships & board them with armed soldiers
– War lasted 23 years, Carthage asks for peace
Rome Fights Carthage II• Second Punic War:
– Hannibal, a general, leads huge army over the Alps from Spain into Italy• Included foot soldiers, mounted cavalry, & elephants• Heavy casualties during crossing due to mountain climate
& terrain– Northern Roman outposts fall to Carthage– Rome sends troops into North Africa under
command of Scipio• Hannibal called back to Carthage to defend city• Hannibal defeated at the Battle of Zama
• Third Punic War:– Romans decide to crush Carthage so that it could
never again threaten Rome– Rome declares war w/ Carthage & Macedonia, a
Carthaginian ally– Rome wins, taking Greece, gaining territory in
North Africa & eastern Mediterranean
Does he think I’m a mountain
goat?
The End of the Republic• Expansion & warfare lead to unrest in Roman
Republic– Senate gained power at the expense of the citizens– Patricians dominate all political life– Farmer-soldiers bankrupt, lose farms & livelihood
• Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus see need to reform Rome– Tiberius becomes Tribune,
• supports reforms that angered the Patricians• Tiberius & several hundred followers clubbed to death by the
Senate & their followers– Gaius elected Tribune
• Uses public funds to buy grain to sell to poor at low cost• Senate outraged, orders his death• Gaius & supporters killed by riot started by the Senate
• Allies of Rome rebel due to poor treatment– Wars break out throughout republic
• Allied militaries trained by Roman, evenly matched on battlefield
• Rome eventually wins, but at great cost to empire– Civil war & unrest dominates Roman politics
What role did the Senate
play in bringing
about an end to the
Republic?
The First Triumvirate• Julius gains military power
– Caesar joins with two other generals to form a political alliance known as the First Triumvirate• General Gnaeus Pompey• General Licinius Crassus
– Caesar becomes consul in 59BC• Asks for military command in Gaul (modern France)• Within 10 years, all of Gaul under Caesar’s control
• Triumvirate falters– Crassus dies while Caesar in Gaul– Pompey fears Caesar’s power, orders him back to
Rome w/o army• Caesar refuses, marches army to Rome crossing the
Rubicon River• Pompey flees to Greece, where he is defeated• Caesar marches on to Egypt, places Cleopatra on the
throne under command of Rome– Senate declares Julius Caesar dictator for life
How does Julius Caesar rise to
power; why did he join with Pompey &
Crassus
What is the importance of
Caesar's crossing the
Rubicon?
The Reign of Julius Caesar• Caesar & The Senate
– increased the size of the Senate to 900– reduced the Senate’s power– Showed mercy to the Senators who had supported
Pompey• Senate’s Response to Caesar
– Feared Caesar’s popularity with the people– Feared Caesar would take total control of Rome– Group of Senators planned Caesar’s death
• Ware the Ides of March:– March 15, 44BC, Caesar takes his place in the
Senate– Caesar surrounded & stabbed repeatedly– Among the conspirators were two of his friends
Gaius Cassius & Marcus Brutus
Caesar has been hailed as both a
hero and a villain; which do you think
and why?
What does Caesar’s murder
tell you about Roman politics?
The Second Triumvirate• Julius Caesar had named Octavian as his
heir• power struggle breaks out
– Octavian only 19, needs help to hold onto power– Brutus & Cassius take armies east and steal Asia
Minor from Rome• Marc Antony, Octavian, & Lepidus form a new
triumvirate– Antony takes military east to re-conquer lost
territories• Destroys armies of Brutus & Cassius• Reclaims Syria & Asia Minor• Settles in Egypt to rule Eastern Empire under direction of
Octavian– Octavian Grows in Power
• Encourages Lepidus to retire• Takes control of Western Rome• Declares war on Marc Antony & Cleopatra• Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide following fall of
Alexandria to Rome• East & West Roman Empire reunited
What are some similarities
between Octavian & Julius Caesar?
Octavian: Caesar Augustus• Senate appoints Octavian as Augustus, first citizen– Did not want to make Julius Caesar's
mistakes– Becomes known as the 1st Roman Emperor,
but never called that during his life• Unified Roman Republic becomes
the Roman Empire– Series of military conquests expand Rome’s
territory• Expanded north into Germany to the Rhine
River• Expanded to control Spain
• Time period becomes known as the Pax Romana, “Roman Peace”
What should Octavian do differently?
What constitutes an empire?
The Pax Romana• The Julio-Claudian
Emperors ruled for 54 years– Were descendants of
Julius Caesar– Emperors of Note:
• Caligula: – known for his brutality
& insanity– Murdered after four
years in power• Claudius
– Known for his intelligence
– Ordered the invasion of Great Britain
– Murdered by his wife, Agrippina
• Nero– Blamed for a fire that
devastated Rome– Committed suicide
• The Five Good Emperors– Combined reigned
for nearly 100 years– Emperors of Note:
• Hadrian– Born in Spain– Believed in
Romanizing the provinces
– Built a series of fortifications, including Hadrian’s Wall
• Marcus Aurelius– Last of the Five Good
Emperors – Known as a scholar &
philosopher– Preferred peace to
war, but saw to the defense of the Empire
– Believed to be murdered by his heir
What is the
difference
between a strong
ruler & a brutal
one?
Notice any
trends?
Farthest boundary
of the Empire!
Building A Strong Empire• Government &
Law– Served as a strong
unifying force– Kept order &
enforced laws– Emperor held most
power• Appointed officials to
govern provinces• Made all policy
decisions– Provincial governors
ruled over outlying areas• Reported to Rome
– Written law adapted to meet new needs• Twelve Tables
expanded• Judges given power to
interpret law• Believed that laws &
legal principles applied to all
• Trade & Transportation– Agriculture main
economic activity– Built infrastructure
to support trade• Roman Army built
roads & bridges• Roads designed to
move people & military rapidly
• Over 60,000 miles constructed
• Roman Army:– Soldiers to serve
16-20 years• Stationed at
outposts along frontier
• Non-citizen recruits were given citizenship at end of term
– Goal was peace-keeping
What are
some similarit
ies betwee
n Rome’s gov. & ours?
Life in The Empire• Daily Life
– Life for the Wealthy• Usually had a city
home & country home• Much time for
recreation• Known for lavish
banquets– Life for the Average
Person• Usually lived in multi-
storied apartment houses
• Food was scarce, meal usually just bread, cheese, & fruit
– Life for the Slaves• Largest element of the
population• No laws to prevent
abuse of slaves• Able to buy freedom,
but few could afford it• Slave ownership was a
status symbol
• Roles of Men, Women & Children– Father held most
power– Wife/mother
managed the household
– Women could own property
– Education in Rome• Children educated in
the home during early years
• Elementary schools throughout empire to teach reading, writing, math, & music
• Older boys sent to secondary schools to learn Greek, literature, rhetoric
Why was this a vulnerable social structure? How will
this contribute to the fall of Rome?
Religion & Recreation• Roman Religion
– Early Romans believed in ancestral spirits, • these spirits were
called lares• Focused on Vesta, the
spirit who guided home & hearth
– After conquering Greece, Romans adapted Greek beliefs to meet own needs
– State religion developed during reign of Caesar Augustus• Promoted patriotism• Built temples• Emperor was chief
priest• Rituals part of daily
life to reaffirm harmony with Gods & State
• Recreation– Patrons of Theatre
• Roman plays heavily influence by Greek tradition
• Preferred comedies and satires over tragedies
• Also enjoyed music, acrobats, dances, & mimes
– Patrons of Sport• Large chariot races
in the Circus Maximus in Rome
• Enjoyed seeing people pitted against animals
• Enjoyed watching trained fighters battle (Gladiators)
• Enjoyed watching mock battles
• Almost all sports ended in the deaths of the loser
– Enjoyed public executions
Why might
a gov.
want a
national
religion?
What are
some
modern
examples
?
Factors that Contributed to the Fall of Rome
• Economic Factors
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