The Ecological Footprint Atlas - 2010 (Global Footprint Network)
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8/7/2019 The Ecological Footprint Atlas - 2010 (Global Footprint Network)
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OCOBER,
GLOBAL FOOPRIN NEWORK
ECOLOGICAL FOOPRIN ALAS
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AUTHORS:
Bd Ewg
Dvd Me
Seve Gdfge
A Oe
Ade Reed
Mh Wkege
Dege:
N Pd
A Oe
Bd Ewg
Sggeed C:
Ewg B., D. Me, S. Gdfge, A. Oe, A. Reed, d M.
Wkege. 2010. Te Eg F A 2010. Okd: Gb
F Newk.
Te Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010bd ev ve he A
m 2008 d 2009.
Te deg emyed d he ee me he TeEg F A 2010 d my he exe y wheve he Gb F Newk e
gz eg he eg y y, ey, y,
e he, eg he dem e
bde.
F he m, ee :
Global Footprint Network
312 Cy See, Se 300
Okd, CA 94607-3510 USA
Phe: +1.510.839.8879
E-m: d@ewk.g
Webe: h://www.ewk.g
P O G F N,O, C, U S A.
x : G F N. A v. A - .
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Tableof ConTenTs
Foreword 5
Rethinking Wealth in a Resource-Constrained World /5
Te Role o Metrics /5
Seizing the Opportunity /6
National Footprint Accounts 8
Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity /8
History o the Ecological Footprint, Biocapacity, and the National Footprint Accounts /9
Linking the National Footprint Accounts with Ecosystem Services /10
Calculation Methodology: National Footprint Accounts 11
Ecological Footprint Assessment /11
Consumption, Production, and rade /12
Land Area ypes o the National Footprint Accounts /13
Cropland
Grazing land
Forest or timber and uelwood
Fishing ground
Built-up land
Forest or carbon dioxide uptake
Normalizing Bioproductive Areas From Hectares to Global Hectares /14
Methodology Updates between the 2008 and 2010 Edition of NationalFootprint Accounts 15
General Updates /15
Cropland Updates /15
Grazing Land/Livestock Updates /15Fishing Grounds Updates /16
Forest Land Updates /16
Carbon Uptake Land Updates /16
Land Cover Updates /16
Global Results from the National Footprint Accounts 18
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Te Global Context /18
Human Development and the Ecological Footprint /21
Factors in Determining Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint /23
Population
Afuence: Consumption Per Person
Technology: Resource and Waste Intensity
Ecological Footprint o Income Groups /26
Ecological Footprint by Land Use ype and Income Group /27
World Maps /32
Regional Results from the National Footprint Accounts 39
Arica /40
Asia /48
Europe /56
Latin America and the Carribean /64
North America /72
Oceania /80
Account emplates and Guidebook
What inormation is in the Guidebook? /88
Limitations of the Ecological Footprint Method 90
Limitations o Scope: What the Footprint Does Not Measure /90
Limitations o Current Methodology and Data: What the Footprint Does Not Measure Well /90
Potential Errors in Implementation /91
Interpreting the Footprint: What the Results Mean /92
Quality Assurance Procedures for Raw Data and Results 93Country-Specifc Adaptations o the National Footprint Accounts /93
Missing Data /93
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Standards and National Footprint Accounts Committees 94
Regular Review /94
Future Standardization Plans /94
Ecological Footprint Standards Committee /94
National Footprint Accounts Review Committee /94
Progress on the Research Agenda o Improe the National Footprint Accounts
Detailed Written Documentation /95
rade /95
Equivalence Factors /96
Nuclear Footprint /96
Carbon Footprint /96
Emissions rom Non-Fossil Fuels and Gas Flaring /96
Fisheries Yields /96
Constant Yield Calculations /96
Policy Linkages and Institutional Context /97
Research Collaborations 98
Freuently Asked Questions 100
Glossary 103
References 10
Sources for the National Footprint Accounts 110
Global Footprint Network Partner Organiations 111
Acknowledgements
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List of AbbreiationsBC B CO
C x
CLC CORINE L CvCOICOP C Iv C PCORINE C I EvDG ENV D G Ev E C
EC E CEE-MRIO Ev Ex M-R I-O (/)EEA E Ev AEF E FEF
CE F
EFE
E F xEF
IE F
EFP
E F EQF Eqv FEXIOPOL Ev A F U Ex D I-O
P AGAEZ G-A E Z
GDP G D PGFN G F NGNI G N IGAP G A PjHANPP H A N P PHDR H Dv RHDI H Dv IxHS Hz S C CIEA I E AIFPRI I F P R IIO I-O A (/)IPCC Iv P C CISEAL I S Ev A LLCA L C AMFA M F A/ANAMEA N A Mx Ev ANFA N F ANPP N P POECD O E C DvPIO P I-O PPR P P RSCP S C PSEEA S E Ev A
SIC S I CSNA S N AUN COMRADE U N UN FAO U N F A Oz YF Y
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Foreword
Rethinking Wealth in a Resource-ConstrainedWorld
Ae eyem eve w beme eve me
em e d eee he 21 ey. Te
e me: e ed e mvg e ew e
ek eegy d me hge. Tee ee w mbe wh
d hge, bdvey , deeed fhee, e dehwe e ee gb y-demd h ee
ee. Hmy edy veh, g me ee
h Eh eew. Oveh e me me, e
he hm emy deee k d f we k. B
evey, h veh w be e me wdey, mkg e
he emegee ek eveyhg wd (Hebeg 2007).
I e he em hk wve e Obe 2008, m
em evey e e emeg he ee ed.
Te mve m e OECD e wee ed
deee eme deedee ee hgh
d eg eve. I dd, demd ee e
ee he ge eme, dg Ch, Id d Bz.
Ubed veh d hve dm eqee he
eme. Fhe degd he Eh y geee
ee, g m geehe ge d he
we, mke key hge, eve e, eyem.
B h h vdbe. Te gd ew h
eed w gb e. Whe he e me
debe me h he wh f my be meve
ddvge, he e e e. Ag ggevey w
meme be w ewd he ee
wh we ee , gee eey he e yh eb d bee g ke dvge
e eeed by dy hgg emy.
My ede e ed he me h
dvg by deme he emy,
exee h w y be dbe me e de. Rhe,
me gb veh, veg ggeve by
e w beme eve me gf mevee
dve. Ce g hge e w be
eed he hege ek eveyhg wd.
Ree g heee v he e-ee
y y, e, y f g. I ge gwg ee y, he weh egy w be
defed em wh h eg e, d wh de .
Adjg eme d he e h ew em
h w ke me, mkg ge beg qky
be. Sege w eed be mey e
bee mge d e eg eeve whe mmzg
edg demd eyem eve Eg
F. Smg d g ehg v
d eve h me we-beg wh dg ee
w y key e h e. Ce, eg, e h
e be vde hgh qy e w F
w be ddvge ee-ed e.
Wh gf hge, e h deed exevey
eg ee m bd w beme y vebe
y h d, d g geehe g
em d we d. A he me me, e d e
wh e eg eeve be he w m eve ex ee w be meve dvge. T
hd e e d mme h BedZed he
UK d Md he UAE, whh ee m Eg
F, d e me key be be m eve mve
he we-beg he ede. F h e, Ed 2009
h mde g mve eg def.
Te hege deme h h
vee h be eed, b he e h
demd bd he de e-ee d
e. I e e em: Pey d we-beg w
be be wh eevg e he b egee d eve h emy, d e.
Te Role o Metrics
Wh wy mg he demd eg eve
he vbe y, ey y mke ge he he
veh, d em eged deg debe ve he
dby by. Ce me he hge hee
deg debe d bed em . T
w ed dedg wh he e k e, d e
bdg e ve he eeded dde hem.
Te Eg F w deveed ve 15 ye g
he vde j h me. Se h me, h beme
egy me d b wy g hm demd
e. B ev ye mee. Wh gwg
eg he ve h me d d by me
gveme d bee, h beme e h deveme
he Eg F eed be gfy eeed.
I 2003, Gb F Newk w ebhed dde h
eed. I dd mvg he ef g d ey
he Eg F mehdgy, h e NGO
wk me be emy by mkg eg me de-mkg. Te gz m e
hm we-beg by edg veh, deeg ee
eyem hey em b whe g vde
hmy wh ee eg eve. Gb F Newk
wk heve h m by dvg he Eg F
b wh xmey 100 e gz
h me he ewk. I de eeh, deve
mehdg dd, d vde de mke wh exeve
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6
ee he he hm emy ee wh he
Eh eg m. A he he h e e he N
F A, whh vde deed g eg
ee demd d y wh ve 1
m. Re he 2010 Ed he A e mmzed
h e, d me he m e exed. A y
w e, he 2010 A ee mbe mveme
med mkg he e me e. Sme he mveme
emeged m eeh b wh e md he wd. Ohe eded e ed by mj evew
he e m DG Evme he Ee Cmm
(2008) Pede Skzy Sgz Cmm (2009).
Gb F Newk d e e
bg b he h be emy. A he key
kehdeeey , e gee, eg
d meeed egge, hey wh e eve-
eg k hey m he eg eme.
Oe hg e: A beme e h f
, gd gvee w deed ee h
he Eg F mh deed G
Dme Pd (GDP) d he f .
I egy ee-ed wd, gveme
fdy eby kw hw mh eg y h
d hw mh g. Gb F Newk, heee,
wkg hve gveme ze he Eg
F me, d e d g d y
de e wh f d h GDP. Whe
h e e d he dm,
he g w be hevbe wh ve
by he be e, v ey d dem .
Teee, he Newk wkg wh hee ee we.
Use o the Footprint by National Governments
A e wkg wh gveme, Gb
F Newk ve he y bvey evew he
deyg d N F A y d
meee. T de dgee he ee h he F
e h y e vd d ebe, d ee
he eby d be he F mehdgy
. Te vefed e he be e by
he gveme wde vey e, dg :
Cee ehed dedg he y
Eg F d by. Sefy, h : Idey ee d deedee;
Regze ee e (e.g. e).
Exe y e :
Pe ee d evege
exg e;
Bg he emy e wh gb m,
dg g w-b e;
Fhe v h m mve qy
e whe edg deedee eg y.
Levege de e :
Cee g de ex by
bee dedg wh h eg eeve
d wh de , d wh he ed e;
Mmze d ze exe ee eed. Cee bee eg g d mg ge
wd g d be em deveme. Gde
veme e h bh ee e
ee, d ee y d meze.
Pvde memey me GDP h he ed
ew wy ggg hm ge d deveme.
Seizing the Opportunity
I ew e ee , ew e eeded
eg em e d eee. Te gd ew h
wh Eg F g, we w k mehgwe dd ee beehe exe whh we e vedwg
eg , d hw we e wy m ebg h
bdge. T m vde he eeve, ggeg
h eve wkg wh wh we hve w, we wh
by ee g-em we-beg ey. I dd,
e-fg eme d eg veme
e hve emed ybk. Sby de my
me b eyem, ee g-em evee em
ee ve, he wh he egh d mke
hge w ee e ee . I ,
we evee ed, mve ee eey mee,
ey ede m d bee mge eg
e ee yed, he demd w ge exeed y.
I we ed veh, ee by def de.
T he mege Gb F Newk mmed
mg. Te Eg F mme he hege
ee-ed wd. A he me me, ve
ee e d fge hemeve. Tey
e hemeve ge h ee d gz bh
ded d ve . Shwg hw h ge eve he
ee d e e-ee h y ee.
By eg ee ee ed wd, e
mke he gb mmy me ee e veh. Le ke dvge h dbe dvded.
Mh Wkege, PhD
Pede
Gb F Newk
Reved Obe 2010
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National Footprint AccountsI ee ye, mh he d fe gb ee
h ed he dee -eewbe ee, h
eem. Hweve, egy evde h eewbe
ee, d he eyem eve hey vde, e ge
eve gee k (UNEP 2007, WRI 2007, UNDP 2008, UNEP
2007, Wd Bk 2000, Mem Eyem Aeme 2005).
Gb eme deed he bhee edy y he
b eqeme e: d, eegy, fbe, we k, d he
e- eve. Ay dee hee eve y
ky e hm demd hem gwg, whh
eee he e whh e e qded. O h
e, he by emege. Sby
me de. I bed he eg h whe ee e
med e h hey e eewed, we emed e
h hey e bbed, he ee e deeed d evey
exhed, d we e ge eqeeed d veed bk
ee egh eve m he bhee.
Te em ee eewbe ee dmey
bem, b be exeve mbe, eeywhe he bem gb e. Whe hmy eg
demd em ee m d we b
exeed wh e y, h eg veh
he ey we-beg. J e
be weke eee, eg veh ede
he e , me me vehd.
Te debe ve hw mke he hm eee be
h eeed e he wdey ed Bdd Re m
he UN Wd Cmm Evme d Deveme
w eeed ve w dede g (UN 1987). Te Cmm
defed be deveme h whh mee he eed he ee wh mmg he by e gee
mee he w eed (UN 1987). T def egzed
h he g ewdg ve ee he e eqe
h eyem be be y y he ee d
we b eve eey ey h.
F be deveme g m e ,
eed beme ef d be. Te by e
gee mee he w eed be dey meed
bee we kw hw my ee hee w be e
gee, d wh he eed w be. B me he deyg
d h m be me h deveme beme ey be efed. I be e gee e
be dmhed, he m dme d h we
ede, b he e, he eg weh he bhee.
Wh he d evey ve h, kg
he heh eg e be deveme.
Regde whehe he g m exg e,
ee h he e m e meed by he,
we eed b (Dez d Nemye
2007). Tee A m be be e bh hm demd
eg e, we he by hee e mee h
demd. We mke meg de b whee we eed
g bee we kw whee we d. J gveme
ey e g dme d (GDP) behmk gge
em eme, w gveme
gge he eg eme (Sgz Re, 2009). Te
N F A vde h g, wg de m demd d y eg e h
dey whe m hve bee geed. Te N F
A ze gb de mee he by d
Eg F 240 e, ee, d eg m
1961 2007. Re he N F A
me h 800,000 d h e ed zg me
h 50 m e d m dbe h UN
FAOSA, UN Cmde, d OECD Ie Eegy Agey.
Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity
Te Eg F mee he demd hm
vy he bhee. Me eey, mee hem bgy dve d d we e eqed
de he ee dvd, , vy
me, d bb he we hey geee, gve evg
ehgy d ee mgeme e. T e he
be med wh bg y (by), he m
dve e h vbe geee hee ee d
bb he we. I d we e vde me h e
hee eve y ed e, exggee he
m dve e y vbe. Ld d we e
ed dg bg dvy. T g mke
be me eyem wh deg bdvy d
dee e he wd he me , gb hee. A
gb hee eee hee wh wd vege dvy.
Eg F d by g bed
x dme m (Wkege 2002):
1. Te mjy he ee ee ve
me d he we hey geee be ked.
2. M hee ee d we w be meed
em he bgy dve e eey
m hem. Ree d we w h be
meed em bgy dve e e exded
m he eme, edg yem deeme he demd hee w e eyem.
3. By g eh e bdvy,
dee ye e be veed he mm
vege bdvy, he gb hee. T
ed exe bh F d by.
4. Bee gb hee demd eee e
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h exde y he e ked by he F, d
gb hee y ge ye eee he me m
bdvy, hey be mmed. gehe, hey eee
he ggege demd Eg F. I he me wy,
eh hee dve e be ed dg
bdvy d he dded e by.
5. A bh e exeed gb hee, hm demd (
meed by Eg F ) be dey
med gb, eg, , by.
6. Ae demded exeed he e vbe. I demd
eyem exeed h eyem
egeeve y, he eg e e beg
dmhed. F exme, ee emy demd
ee m e fhee e h hey
be eewed, b he eqee e me k
h eyem. Whe he hm demd exeed
vbe by, h eeed veh.
Eg F Ay k he egeeve y
eyem em h w ee.
A w ed m e me , e,
he mbe e dwd gw gve e ve
e-ye ed. A k he dg be ee
y ef me, e, he e dwd
vbe hve hee e he ed gve
ye. Te N F A e w he h
k, d h d ey whe veh w e he
dee med ee eyem.
Hmy g he egeeve y he Eh eh
yehe w eewhe he me me eg
he dg k ee h h bee bdg ve me
d mg we he evme. T e ede by hve ee he me e he e d
ed eg veh d be eyem e.
History o the Ecological Footprint, Biocapacity,and the National Footprint Accounts
Te Eg F e w eed by Mh Wkege
d Wm Ree he Uvey Bh Cmb he
ey 1990 (Wkege 1991, Ree 1992, Wkege 1994,
Ree 1996, Wkege d Ree 1996). Redg he-
e debe dg yg y (e.g., Medw
1972, Ehh 1982, ezz 1984, 1996, Bw d Ke 1994),
Eg F g w deged eee hm
m bg ee d gee we
em ed eyem e, whh d he be med
he bhee dve y gve ye. I g
y bdve e d ee eey exed d
we eey geeed, he mehd vded ed h
eme hm demd he bhee d he bhee
by mee he ef demd (Wkege e 1999).
Te F h bee ed wde vey wy. I
vde gb eeve he e exe eg
veh, we me zed eeve y d
eg ee e. Gb d hve bee
eed hede wdwde, d ve 100 e eg
hve eed he Eg F. I he Ued Se,
exme, Sm Cy, C F je me
Lghe U ed evey y he y j he
Cme Sve Ive he Ie C LEvme Ive (ICLEI) (Redefg Pge 2002).
A he eve, by 2003 We hd ded he Eg
F hede d by. Te Sw
gveme h ed he F he
be deveme . J de he F
mee Evme P. Amg NGO,
WWF Ie, e he wd m e
ev gz, e he Eg F
mm d y wk dvg ev
d by. WWF eey ebhed ge
bgg hmy veh by 2050, d vey
g h g hgh Oe Pe gm.
Cy-eve F eme hve bee meed
my e, wh me e yzed me me
de dee mehd (Wkege d Ree 1996, Bke
e . 1998, Fke 1998, Sm e . 2000, v Ve d
Smee 2000, Feg 2001, Hbe e . 2001, Leze d My
2001, 2003, MDd d Pe 2004, Med e . 2004,
Bg e . 2005, Medved 2006, Vee d beh 2007,
Wd Wde Fd Ne, Gb F Newk, d
Zg Sey Ld 2006). Se UN gee e
d bh d e d dve he ddz
h eg he wd, d hee d e m he b he N F A, y-eve
e me dey mbe h eme he e. F
e, y y-eve yemy dme
d, m, d ex. Teee, he Eg
F e eve he b he F ye .
Wh gwg mbe gveme gee, gz d
mme dg he Eg F e d
be ee e, d he mbe Eg F
e d he wd eg, dee he
dg F de d ed gme
d dvegee he mehdgy. T wd ede heby he F de e d mbe
e , d d geee .
Te ve he F by me deed
y he ef egy he mehdgy, b
e h mehdgy ye. I
deed e ye beg mmed me h
de d meee fdg. dde hee eed,
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Gb F Newk ed e, mmee-bed
e gg ef evew he mehdgy, d
he deveme dd gveg F .
Te N F A Revew Cmmee
mveme he ef b he N
F A. Te Eg F Sdd Cmmee,
med eeeve m Gb F Newk Pe
Ogz d eeeg dem, gveme, NGO,
d g fm, ed he Ecological Footprint Standards 2009(Gb F Newk, 2009). Te Sdd bd he
Ecological Footprint Standards 2006d e deged ee h
F eme e ded ey d dg
mmy-ed be e. Tey m ee h
eme e ded d mmed wy h
e d e, by vdg dd d gdee
h e e e d, dev ve
, ebhme dy bde, d mm
fdg. Te Sdd e be F de,
dg b- , d, d gz.
Linking the National Footprint Accounts withEcosystem Services
T , v, v.V v z v v v. O j ME A, z v: () v (.. ,
, , , .), () (.. , , , , .), () (.. , ,, , .) (MA ). I x, E F - vv v.Ex v q N F
A v , , , x .
T E E Bv (EEB)
j v v v v -. TEEB v v x ,, v, v v -: () , () , () , () v, () v (EEB ).
A z v v S I Ev E
A (SEEA). T SEEA z v : () v, , ; ()x v v ;() v v v ; ()
v ( , q) (SEEA ).
H - q, , v v v . T v vv v- v v -. T NF A q v v, , , .L x x N F
A v v.
EcosystemS
ervices
Human well-beingSecurity, material needs, health, social relations, etc.
BiodiversitySpecies richness, species rarity, biomass density, primary productivity, and genetic diversity
ProvisioningFood, ber, timber,
medicines, water, air, etc.
RegulatingClimate, ood protection, etc.
CulturalEcotourism, spiritual, ethics, etc.
SupportingHabitat provision,
ecosystem processes, etc.
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Calculation Methodology: NationalFootprint AccountsTe N F A k e e eg
eve d ee we he by vbe eh
y. A wh y ee , hey e , qve
de me, y gve ye he whh
d ex. Te deed mehdgy he m
ded A e debed Calculation Methodology forthe National Footprint Accounts, 2010 Edition (Ewg e . 2010).
Te meme he N F A hgh
dbe-ed eme debed he Guidebook to
the National Footprint Accounts 2010(Kze e . 2010).
Te N F A m :
Pvde efy b d e
he demd ed by dee
he egeeve y he bhee;
Bd ebe d e mehd h
w e m
demd gb egeeve y;
Pde m m h e deveg
e d ege vg wh bhy m; d
Geee e de h be ed he b
b- Eg F ye, h
he ve, e, bee, d.
Te N F A, 2010 Ed e he
Eg F d by 240 e, ee,
d eg, m 1961 2007. O hee 240 e,
ee, d eg, 153 wee veed ey by he UN
yem d he e de. D he ee, ee, d eg e ded h e.
Ecological Footprint Assessment
Te N F A, 2010 Ed k hm demd
eg eve em x mj d e ye (d,
gzg d, e d, b F, fhg gd, d b-
d). Wh he exe b- d d e b
dxde ke, he Eg F eh mj d e ye
ed by mmg he b vey ef
d. B- d ee he bdvy mmed by
e d hydwe. Fe d b dxde ke
eee he we b wd vege hee eeeded bb hm ded b dxde em, e
hvg deed he e eqe y.
Te Eg F e he mbed demd
eg ee wheeve hey e ed d ee hem
he gb vege e eeded ef hm vy.
T qy exeed gb hee, defed
hee bdve e wh wd vege bdvy. By
exeg e mm , by d F
be dey med d e ye d e.
Demd ee d d we m e
ed gb hee by dvdg he m
ee med by he yed e hee, dvdg he
we emed by he bve y e hee. Yed e
ed bed v e , my he
m he Ued N Fd d Age Ogz
(FAO ReeSA S Dbe). Yed e myexve: I w e gw he me me he me
hee, e he hee ged e , d he
emde he he. T vd dbe g. T w
he me g meg he ze m: Eh hee y
ed e, eve hgh mgh vde me eve.
Te Eg F, m b m,
ed by he wg eq:
YEF
ANNUAL
=DANNUAL
whee D he demd d d Y he yed
he me d. Yed exeed gb hee. Te wy
gb hee e ed exed me de bew e
he v e ye e ded. B eee, gb hee
e emed wh he he w : he yed (h
me vege yed e hee wd vege yed
he me d egy) d he eqvee (whh e he
eve dvy mg he v d d e e ye).
Teee, he m he Eg F beme:
EQFYF
Y
PEF
N
=
whee P he m d hveed we emed (eq
DANNUAL
bve), YN he vege yed P, d YF
d EQF e he yed d eqvee , eevey,
he y d d e ye qe. Te yed
he - wd-vege yed. I ed he
vby be d d ve by y d ye.
Eqvee e he e ed demded
ef d e ye (e.g. wd vege d, gzg d, e.) wd vege bgy dve e: gb hee
d ve by d e ye d ye.
A demd med devve d (e.g.
wd ), veed my d eqve
(e.g. whe dwd) hgh he e ex e.
Tee qe my d eqve e he ed
Eg F. Te Eg F
embde he eegy eqed he mg e.
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Consumption, Production, and rade
Te N F A e he F
m mbe eeve. M mmy eed
he Eg F m , yy
j ed Eg F. Te Eg F
m gve y mee he by demded
by he f m he ede he y. T
de he hehd m we he eve
m, h h, d, fe bgde, e., whh eve
he hehd, b my be dey d by he hehd.
I , y my d Eg F
he m he F ee hveed d we
geeed wh he y gegh bde. T de
he e wh y eey g he
hve my d (d, gzg d, e d,
d fhg gd), he y e d hydwe
(b- d), d he e eeded bb e b
dxde em geeed wh he y (b F).
Te deee bewee he d d m F
de, hw by he wg eq:
EF =
CEF
PEF
I EF
E
whee EFC
he Eg F m, EFP
he Eg F d, d EFId EF
Ee he
F med d exed mmdy w, eevey.
I de mee he F m d ex, e
eed kw bh he m ded we he embded
ee (dg b dxde em) ege.
Te embded F meed he mbe gb
hee eqed mke e e ye gve d.
EF = EF + EF - EFC P I E
Global biocapacity
(direct and indirect demand)
Exports Imports
Economic System
Production
(Harvest)
CO2 Uptake
(Emissions)
Domestic Biocapacity
(direct demand)
Global Biocapacity
(indirect demand)
Consumption
Te N F A, 2010 Ed k he
embded Eg F ve 700 ege
ded , e, vek, d fh d. Te embded
b dxde em 625 ege d ed
wh de w m he Ued N COMRADE
dbe (UN Cmmdy de S Dbe 2007)
e he embded b F ded gd.
Tgh he N F A, he embded
F de ed mg wd vege Fee d. Ug wd-vege eee
ded gd veeme he F ex
e wh hghe-h-vege d eey. I ,
deeme h y F m. F
e wh bew-vege m eee edy
d, he e e: A deeme he embded
F ex yed exggeed F m.
Te F ey y my d by
def he me ywhee he wd e exeed
gb hee. Hweve, he embded F
edy d w deed m eee(ex e), d hee vy bewee e.
B A
A by wh he m
bdve d vbe. Bdve ee d d we
h gf hyhe vy d m
bm, gg be e w, deed dvy.
T y h e h he Sh Dee, A,
Ae m d e; he d my
wdeed be dey hvebe by hm. By
ggeged mee he m d vbe, weghed
by he dvy h d. I eee he by hebhee de , vek (e), mbe d
(e), d fh, we ke b dxde e. I
de hw mh h egeeve y ed by
e (b- d). I h, mee he by
vbe ee d q e vde eg eve.
A y by y d e ye ed
EQFYFABC =
whee BC he by, A he e vbe gve d
e ye, d YF d EQF e he yed d eqvee ,eevey, he y d e ye qe. Te yed
he wd vege yed. I ed
he vby be d d ve by y
d ye. Eqvee e he e ed demded
ef d e ye (e.g. wd vege d, gzg d,
e.) wd vege bgy dve e (gb
hee) d ve by d e ye d ye.
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Land Area ypes o the National FootprintAccounts
Te N F A de x m d e
ye: d, gzg d, fhg gd, e
mbe d ewd, e b dxde ke,
d b- d. F d e ye hee demd
he e, we y h e.
I 2007, he e bgy dve d d we Eh w xmey 11.9 b hee. Wd by
11.9 b gb hee, e he mbe
vege hee eq he mbe hee. B he
eve e eh d ye exeed gb hee de
m he db hee hw Fge 1.
I 2007, he wd hd 3.9 b gb hee d
by med 1.6 b hee d e
(Fge 1). T deee de he evey hgh dvy
d med he d e ye. T g
e d yy e he m be d dve d
e, e hey hve bee bzed. T, d d me
bgy dve eve hm h he me hy e
he d e ye.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Global hectaresHectares
Area(millions)
Built-up Land
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
Figure 1. Relative Area of Land Use Types Worldwide
in Global Hectares and Hectares, 2007
Cropland
Cd he m bdve he d e ye
d e ed de d d fbe
hm m, eed vek, , d bbe.
Wdwde 2007 hee wee 1.6 b hee deged
d (FAO ReeSA S Dbe 2007); he
N F A e he d F
dg he d qe 164 dee
ege. Cd F d ke
he exe whh mg ehqe be
g e e g-em degd .
Grazing land
Gby 2007, hee wee 3.4 b hee d fed
gzg d. Gzg d ed e vek me, dy,
hde, d w d. Te gzg d F ed
by mg he m vek eed vbe y
wh he m eed eqed he vek ded
h ye, wh he emde eed demd med me
m gzg d. Se he yed gzg d eee he
m bve-gd my d vbe ye,
veh hyy be ve exeded ed
me h d e ye. F h e, y gzg
d F d ed by.
Forest or timber and uelwood
Te e F ed bed he m mbe,
, mbe d, d ewd med by y
yey b. FAO ReeSA e he e wd
e 3.9 b hee (FAO ReeSA S
Dbe 2007). Eme mbe dvy e deved m
he UNEC d FAO emee d Be Fe Ree
Aeme, he FAO Gb Fbe Sy Mde d he
Iegveme Pe Cme Chge (UNEC, 2000, FAO
2000, FAO 1998, IPCC 2006), d gve wd vege yed
1.81 m3 hvebe debk e hee e ye. Tee e
vde m ye, vege, mbe
yed, d e eed d emy ebe e.
Fishing ground
Te fhg gd F ed g eme he
mxmm be h vey fh ee (Gd
1971). Te be h eme e veed
eqve m my d bed he v ee
h eve. T eme mxmm hvebe my
d he dvded mg he e he e
he wd. Gby, hee wee 2.4 b hee e
he d 433 m hee d we e 2007 (Wd
Ree Ie d FAO ReeSA S Dbe
2007). Te fhg gd F ed bed he
emed my d eqed he fh gh.
T my d eqeme (PPR) ed m
he vege h eve he ee qe. Fh h eed
hghe he d h ( hghe h eve) eqe me
my d d h e ed wh hghe
F m. Te N F A
de my d eqeme eme 1,439
dee me ee d me h 268 ehwe ee.
Built-up land
Te b- d F ed bed he e dveed by hm e , hg, d
e, d eev hydwe. B- d ed
167 m hee d wdwde 2007, dg ee
mgg d eeh d e (FAO 2005 d IIASA Gb Ag-
Eg Ze 2000). I med h b- d e
wh w evy d. T m bed he hey
h hm eeme e geey ed hghy ee e.
F k d he ye d ded, hydee
dm e med d d wh gb vege dvy.
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Forest or carbon dioxide uptake
Cb dxde em, my m bg e, e he
y we d ded he N F A. O
he demd de, he b F ed he m
e d eqed bb gve b em. I he
ge hmy e F me e
hgh, m b he ve F.
Te f e g he b F m hemhe em b dxde m bg e,
d e hge (dee, exme), d em m
he e ege d egh. T
he m hge em b dxde eeed
he gb mhee gve ye. Sed, e bg
he m b dxde bbed by he wd e eh
ye m he hge , he emg b dxde
ed he m bdve e h wd be
eeded e h ye. Se mbe hve ed eee
he ked b, g e d b ke d g
mbe e-wd v e deed be my
exve ve (ee e e mbe d ewd).
Normalizing Bioproductive Areas FromHectares to Global Hectares
Eg F e e exeed ge meeme ,
he gb hee. heve h, Eg F g
e dee ye e dvy deee
mg d d we e ye. Eqvee d yed
e ed ve e dee d e ye (
hee) he gb hee eqve. Eqvee d yed
e ed bh F d by .
Yed deee dvy gve de ye bewee y d he gb vege h e ye.
A hee gzg d New Zed, exme, de
me g vege h wd vege gzg d hee.
Iveey, hee gzg d Jd de e. Hee,
he New Zed hee ey be g me
me d h he gb vege hee gzg d.
Tee deee e dve by , h e
qy, we by mgeme e. hee
deee, he yed me he d ef d
e ye y wd vege hee he me d e
ye. Eh y d eh ye h w e yed . F
exme, be 1 hw h New Zed gzg d vege2.5 me dve wd vege gzg d. Te yed
b- d med be eq h d e b
e e yy b e he m dve d e.
2.6
World Average
Yield
0.9
3.0
0.0
0.8
0.7
1.00.0
Fishing
Grounds
0.3
2.2
1.1
1.3
1.1
0.70.2
Cropland
1.0 1.0
Forest
4.1
1.4
1.5
2.00.2
0.4
1.0
2.2
1.9
2.2
0.4
2.51.5
Grazing
Land
0.7
1.0
Japan
New Zealand
Hungary
Jordan
Germany
Algeria
Zambia
Table 1: Sme Yed F Seeed Ce, 2007.
Eqvee e ef d e ye (.e. wd
vege d, e, e, fhg gd) ve
bgy dve e, gb hee. I 2007,
exme, d hd eqvee 2.51 (be 2),
dg h wd-vege d dvy w me h
dbe he vege dvy d mbed. T me
ye, gzg d hd eqvee 0.46, hwg h
gzg d w, vege, h dve he wd-vege
bdve hee. Te eqvee b- d
e eq h d. Eqvee e ed
evey ye, d e de evey y gve ye.
Marine & Inland Water
Grazing Land
Built-up Land
1.26
0.46
0.372.51
Forest
Area Type Equivalence Factor
[global hectares per hectare]
Cropland 2.51
Table 2: Eqvee F, 2007.
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Methodology Updates between the2008 and 2010 Edition of NationalFootprint Accounts
A m e e e mveme he
N F A (NFA) mehdgy. Cded by
Gb F Newk, h e ed by e
d by he N F A Cmmee, we he
kehde.
Tee hve bee hee my mv ev he
mehd he N F A: (1) d
hge he gz he e d, (2) ed
e ed de evew (e.g. Sgz Cmm, Ee
Cmm e, e.), d (3) ee he efy d
y he NFA . My he hge he e
egy g y ef m
deemg he F ee ded gd.
T e debe eh he mehd hge
memeed e he 2010 Ed he N F
A.
General Updates
Se he eee he 2008 NFA, hee hve bee b
ev me he FAO de he NFA ey . F exme,
he d f hve hged, d me e he
exeded HS de ed evy hve bee eed eey by he
FAO w yem mmdy f.
I my he de ed e he NFA Begm d
Lxembg e eed ggege m he me ee,
d e y eed eey e 2000. I ed, we hve
ed he 2000 ve he w e dg he hge he mbed F d by xme me
ee eh 2000. I he 2009 d 2010 Ed he
NFA we hve he eed d d de m he
w d whee Begm d Lxembg e eed ggege,
g he he qe he ee ye whee he w e
eed eey. T bby me e, e he
eh d eed by he he d he me
d e egy.
I he NFA 2010, e d eg ghm w memeed
ede (1) ke d gh d (2) e eg
e d e. Te ghm vved e f dg d exde d h e he exeed d
ge.
Cropland Updates
Te d d d de hve bee hged
mh hge he ege eed FAOSA.
Pevy, he FAO deSA dbe eed he m de
d d d hme. Fd d d, vek, d fh
w eed eey m he de, eeg he dd
eve wkhee exy e he embded F
d d w. Se d d qe e eed y
ggege ege, he m eh y dme
d ed deeme he ey d d ex.
I he NFA 2008, wd vege -hveed eege w
ed eh y m qy. T me
hveed wee dded ve x med. T ed eh y d F d
eey eqg d by hd,
we gh mmh bewee d, de qe d
m.
I he NFA 2010, y ef -hveed d eege
h bee ed, d ed he yed ,
mdfe he eeve yed. Sefy, he m he d e
hveed eh em he FAO d be (eed e em wh
d) w bed m he e eh d e ye
eed by he FAO. T ed gby e F/
d, e wh d he d eye, whe mg he h eh y d
EF eq BC. Te ee h ge -hveed
e eege e we by he h hghe
EF.
Grazing Land/Livestock Updates
Te bgge hge he gzg d d vek e he
mdf ex ee ee y dme
eed mx. Pevy, ded vek d wee med
embdy wd vege d d gzg d demd. I he
2009 Ed he NFA, hee ee e mdfed dg
dme mx d ey eed eme y ef
F ey vek. Te ex ey vek
d vek d he ed he weghed vege
d d m ee. T me h e
e me he vek h med, d ex d
deved m hee m - ed m beg
med wh he y (e.g. ge). Idey m wd
be y ef we, b ye e ed my.
Tee hve bee eve me hge:
Te vek whh eed demd ed h
bee exded, vdg me meheve e eh y vek d eed ey.
I he 2009 ed, he eed ey vek d
wee deed be he wegh eed eqed he wegh
d. Tee wee bed m bhed d
e. F he 2010 ed, eed ee wee ed
by g he eed ke eqeme d e
dee vek m. Tee eed ee m wee
he ed he d h me m he m.
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6
Te ggege m ed deeme ede eed
vby e w exy ed m d
qe eh ggege egy e d.
T eme me e dbe-g.
A ve bewee we d dy wegh ed g
eed h bee emved e evew eed yed he
PdSA dbe ded h h ve eey.
I wh g h he emv he Ohe Wded Ldegy debed bew e he gzg d F by
edg my e gzg d F d.
T de he h he e mehd de
w EF gzg exeed by he F
ghm (mg h h hyy be).
I he NFA 2010, hee dd ev
wee mde he A:
Ex vek eed mmde de
fh d he m d ed vek;
I vek d fh d d hme; d
Rev he vek ve wegh
d eed eqeme h e ed e
he F de de mmh bewee
eed d eed eqeme.
Fishing Grounds Updates
Te FAO FhSA dbe de e de fh
mmde 1976. I he NFA 2008, de fh
mmde 1976 w my med. I he 2009
Ed he NFA, we hve ed COMRADE d exe
hee de w bk he me ee (1961).
Te fh ee deed he F
d h gw mewh, he mbe
eed ee h gw, d eme vege
h eve hve bee eed me ee.
Te ex yed eh fh mmdy ed he
weghed vege dme h d m. Te h
ey eh mmdy w bed he eeve
h eve y h eve ee, he
h gb bed he h eve dvd
ee. Te m eeve h eve h bee
eved ee he exe e bewee fh h
eve d F ee (ee gdebk de).
I he NFA 2010, fhme d fh d d de, d
qe, wee ded d he fh mmdy ex e
wee eved de ee-ef ex e ee.
Forest Land Updates
Te e eme (NAI) w efed
he 2009 Ed he N F A. Refeme
ded g whee be, eg he h gb vege
e whee ex NAI eme e kg. Te gb
vege NAI w ed m fge, he h
beg eed deedey. T h bgh gee ey
bewee e e by d F eme.
Carbon Uptake Land Updates
I he NFA 2010, hee wee fve b ev
he b F :
Ue CO2 ey my eegy y,
he h y he d eey gee;
C y-ef CO2 ee eegy
y, weghed vege d d m;
I eey de g IEA d;
A e em (bke
e) dg eh y m
gb de m ( he 2009 ed h
w x ed eh y d); d
C embded eegy ve he 625
UN COMRADE mmde wee emed g
d mhe Uvey Bh Ivey Cb
d Eegy, Tmk 2002, Iee Vkge
Eege e Mekde Eegy Ay Pgm
1999, EAP, d e d m SEI-Yk.
I he NFA 2009, hee wee w m djme he
b F : he CO2 ey me ee
em h bee med by wg he % hge
he m ey eed e, d he ded
mmde w mewh me meheve.
Iee Te Pmy Eegy Sy 1971
hve bee eed, g he hge ey he
dvd e h d hve h d vbe
xy he hge gb ey. Te ghm ed
he 2010 w h: eh y mg mee
me ee, we k he 3 m ey eed e (
em % hge he he me ee h veed)
d ed he vege % hge hee exe bk.
ded gd whh e eed he h m
(e.g. mbe vme) e w ded he embded
b m d ex , e hee em
ded m y vded edy mee.
Land Cover Updates
I he NFA 2010, CORINE Ld Cve 2006 w ded d
he CORINE Ld Cve d NFA edee w eved.
I he NFA 2009, he wg ev wee mde:
F Ee e, he 2008 Ed he NFA ed
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7
he CLC 2000 de e de v d ve.
I he 2009 Ed, CLC d 1990 h bee dded,
wh e eed bewee 1990 d 2000. F ye
de h ge, he hge e eed he FAO
d h bee ed e he CLC eed e.
Te eqvee h bee mved ghy.
I ev ed, he eqvee hed by
bewee 1991 d 1992, my de deee v
d ve e eed by he USSR d he eed byme Sve e. dde h, he 1991 USSR e
hve bee ed mh he ggege e eed by
me Sve e 1992. Te ee hge eed
USSR e he ed he USSR 1991 eme ee
e me ee. I dd, he db GAEZ
by de he USSR w ed, bed he
db eed he me Sve Reb. T ed
gee e- ey he eqvee .
Te d ve egy Ohe Wded Ld, evyded begy gzg d, h bee emved.
T egy ge eed y vbe FAO de,
d e me e e be dbe g
e edy eed he FAO d e ege.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5 National Footprint Accounts 2010National Footprint Accounts 2009
EcologicalFootprint(innumberofofEarths)
2005200019951990198519801975197019651960
Figure 2. Comparison of global results
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Global Results from the NationalFootprint Accounts
Te Global Context
N ee weh d me m e evey
dbed wdwde. Sme e d eg hve e
demd he e gee h he eeve by, whe
he e e h he vbe y. Hmy whe,
hweve, vg wh he me he e. I 2007,
hmy Eg F wdwde w 18.0 b
gb hee (gh); wh wd 6.7 b ee,
he vege e F w 2.7 gb hee. B hee wee
y 11.9 b gh by vbe h ye, 1.8 gh
e e. T veh xmey 50 ee me h
2007 hmy ed he eqve 1.5 Eh
m (Fge 3). I k he Eh xmey ye d
x mh egeee he ee ed by hmy h ye.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Fi ure 3. Humanit s Ecolo ical Foot rint 1961-2007EcologicalFootprint(numberofEarths)
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Grounds
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
World biocapacity
I 1961, he f ye whh N F A evbe, hmy F w b h wh he Eh d
yhmy w vg he e eg ee,
dwg dw . Hm demd f exeeded he
e by mee h demd d he 1970 d 1980,
d h e veh h hezed evey ye e.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
BiocapacityFootprint
GlobalHectares(millions)
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Grounds
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
Figure 4. Total Ecological Footprint and biocapacity by land type, 2007
Fge 4 me Eg F d by by d e
ye he wd. F me he h b F,
whee eg F exeed by, he e def
mde by deeg w eyem ee k, bymg ee m eewhee. A eve, h e
e vbe e wh ewe f ee.
H he gb F w bbe j 10 e
2007 (Fge 5), wh he Ued Se Ame d Ch e
eh eevey g 21 d 24 ee he Eh by.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Figure 5. Humanitys Ecological Footprint by country, 1961-2007
EcologicalFootprin
t(numberofEarths)
United States of America
China
India
Russia
Japan
Brazil
Germany
Mexico
France
United Kingdom
Other
World biocapacity
Fge 6 bew hw he 10 e em
vbe by. Bz h he m by y
y, wed deeg de by Ch, Ued Se
Ame, R Fede, Id, Cd, A,
Ide, Age, d Bv. H he wd by
d wh he bde j egh e.
Other (39.4%)
Brazil (14.4%)
China (11.0%)
United States (10.0%)
Russian Federation (6.9%)
India (5.0%)
Canada (4.1%)
Australia (2.6%)
Indonesia (2.6%)
Argentina (2.5%)
France (1.6%)
Figure 6: By 10 Ce, 2007
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Human Development and the EcologicalFootprint
My w-me e hve bde ee,
ye he e e f d m gy whe
hmy demd he bhee exeed wh he bhee
eewby vde. Ce A, L Ame, d Sh
E A hve me he we e e Eg F
he wd-- my e he w be ee m hee
Eg F m mee b eed d, hee,heh, d . F hee eg ede vey, hge,
d dee, he e ee m ee. Ye he
gwg d he e he wd eg ee
m e mkg h egy d mge
be me. I w-me e e mke dve
hm deveme h e, hey w eed fd he
h wk wh he Eh eg bdge.
Whe zg mdee je UN gee 2050, bed
w gwh d gh mveme ee de,
hm demd wd be we wh Eh d vde. Mvg
eegy yem wy m deedy e, eevgbdve e, d eg dve e wd g
g wy edg h demd, b eve m e e
e bg demd wh he bg y
he Eh. Teee, eyg gwg eve m
be we-beg e, eey gve he
eg gb . Whe ehg mveme
ey he eve he ed he evme, g
mee ee ed mveme he e de
eee gd g. We, he med eg deb m
dede eg veedg key deeg he
bhee egeeve y he me me we e eg
demd . Rezg he gh deve e, whh
he e deyg h b, eqe g
ew deveme hwy h e mh e he gb
evme h hve hy bee he e.
Te hege ehg hgh eve hm we-beg whe
eg g-em ee vby ed he gh
bew. Te Ued N Deveme Pgmme (UNDP) defe
hgh eve deveme HDI e 0.8 bve, whe
1.8 gb hee he vege dve e vbe ehe he e. Ce wh HDI e 0.8 hghe,
d F 1.8 gb hee e e we, mee w
mmm e gb be deveme: hgh eve
deveme d Eg F e e h d be
gby eed eve e h gb by. Ay e
h mee bh e e hw he we gh qd. Dee
gwg d be deveme ex y
g, e d mee bh mmm d.
Te we-beg hm ey ey ked he bg
whh deed. Ag he bg y
vbe , d ed by, ey he dey e dhege meeg hm deveme g. Te hm
we-beg de eg degd e me e gf
me dey, d d evee e he k ee h
bee gfy deeed. Sh-em mehd mve hm
ve h we f, b mede, d eey
h m be memeed by eeve g-em ee
mgeme de dde d evee hmy mve
eg degd.
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
World average biocapacity per person in 2007
World average biocapacity per person in 1961(This must also include the needs of wild species)
UNDPthresholdforhighhumandevelopment
High human developmentwithin the Earths limits
2
4
6
8
10
12
E
cologicalFootprint(globalhectaresperp
erson)
United Nations Human Development Index
African countries
Asian countries
Latin American and Caribbean countries
European countries
North American countries
Oceanian countries
Figure 9: Hm Deveme Idex d Eg F , 2007
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Eg ee w y e he e e
ede vey, hge, d dee he e. Gb F
Newk Hm Deveme Ive m dde he
qe: Hw edg hm deveme be heved, gve
wd eg ee ?
I e exe he we h qe, Gb F
Newk be wh wde ge e e
hgh L Ame, A d Sh E A. I 2006
Gb F Newk d he Sw Agey Devemed Ce (SDC) bhed he A Eg F
A; dme exmg d hm we-beg d
eg heh 34 b-Sh A e. T dme
eved he b d wkh Seeg, Sh
A, d Key, whee d eg evme ede
gheed d he m ee
deveme A. A 2008 e A: Eg F
d We-beg w beqey bhed e he de
geeed he wkh, whe hghghg e dy exme
hw e hve heved dve hm deveme
wh he y eg m. I 2008, Gb F
Newk wked gehe wh Cmed Ie meme
evme-be g gmme 200 eme edy
h gde he Zmb. Reey, he 2006 A A
w eved beme he 2009 A F Fbk. T ew
ed ded eeve ee exe eh
he e eed.
I Id, Gb F Newk eed wh he Gee
Be Cee he Cede Id Idy (CII) d he
Wd Wde Fd Ne - Id (WWF-Id) bh Id
Eg F; A Be Peeve 2008. T e
exmed Id Eg F d by he ex
Id dy gwg d e. I hghghed bee ef de, gh Id eg
hege.
O he L Ame e, Gb F Newk h
b g eh wh he Cmmy Ade N
(CAN) beg dg he gwg gfe by
eve deveg e. T eh h yeded he
b w m dme; he He Eg y
Bdd e Cmdd Ad, whh ee he Eg
F d by d he CAN membe ,
Ed, Pe, Bv, d Cmb d Te Eg Pwe
N: Te Eh By ew mewk ee.
I he e, Gb F Newk Hm Deveme
Ive w e exe hw he Eg F
be ed mke be veme hm
deveme. By wkg de-by-de wh gveme, ,
d v, we w wk bee ded hw vde
ee hm we-beg whe eevg, d eve eehg,
he wd .
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
World average biocapacity per person in 1980
World average biocapacity per person in 1961(This must also include the needs of wild species)
UNDPthresholdforhighhumandevelopment
High human development
within the Earths limits
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ecolo
gicalFootprint(globalhectaresper
person)
United Nations Human Development Index
African countries
Asian countries
Latin American and Caribbean countries
European countries
North American countries
Oceanian countries
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
World average biocapacity per person in 2000
World average biocapacity per person in 1961
(This must also include the needs of wild species)UNDPthresholdforhighhumandevelopment
High human development
within the Earths limits
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ecolo
gicalFootprint(gl
obalhectaresper
person)
United Nations Human Development Index
African countries
Asian countries
Latin American and Caribbean countries
European countries
North American countries
Oceanian countries
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
World average biocapacity per person in 1990
World average biocapacity per person in 1961(This must also include the needs of wild species)
UNDPthresholdforhighhumandevelopment
High human development
within the Earths limits
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ecolo
gicalFootprint(globalhectaresper
person)
United Nations Human Development Index
African countries
Asian countries
Latin American and Caribbean countries
European countries
North American countries
Oceanian countries
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
World average biocapacity per person in 2007
World average biocapacity per person in 1961
(This must also include the needs of wild species)UNDPthresholdforhighhumandevelopment
High human development
within the Earths limits
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ecolo
gicalFoo
tprint(globalhectaresper
person)
United Nations Human Development Index
African countries
Asian countries
Latin American and Caribbean countries
European countries
North American countries
Oceanian countries
Figure 9a: Hm Deveme Idex d Eg F , 1980
Figure 9b: Hm Deveme Idex d Eg F , 1990
Figure 9c: Hm Deveme Idex d Eg F , 2000
Figure 9d: Hm Deveme Idex d Eg F , 2007
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Factors in Determining Biocapacity andEcological Footprint
By deemed by w : e bgy
dve d we d he dvy h e,
meed by hw mh yed e hee. Se 1961, he
e d hveed de he m eve -- ee
-- h emed evey , whe he yed e hee
h me h dbed. I ee ye, hweve, he e d
de v h bee eg dy, d hmy zg egy ge e d ge ee
d eve ge -- evg e d dbed.
Ce d mgeme ee h bdve e d
deee de hge ee dg
bz, dee, e, , d deef.
Yed e be eed hgh ehgy, b v
eed be mged y vd hmg hm
eg heh. Mehzed ge eqme, geey
egeeed eed, g, eze, d ede ee
he yed bgy dve d. Hweve, my hee
ehg me he exee ge EgF de dd eegy d ee . Tee
ehge my deee by e ye by
eg , edg we vby, deeg
bg dvey, eg he degd dg e.
I 1971, P R. Ehh d Jh P. Hde eeed em
wk h demed he hge dvg e
hee vbe: P, Aee,
d ehgy (Ehh & Hde, 1971). T mde me
be kw he IPA mde (Evme Im = P
* Aee * ehgy), d em e mewk
exmg evme m. Ahgh hee e
key be mg he g , mde ee y y
ee ee d my em m gwh. Teee, emg vd h
ee dee, y mvg ehgy med.
Te dvg e behd hge he Eg F be
deved m he IPA mde, wh fve eg
he degee gb veh y eg def.
Eg F deemed by hee : P,
m e e, d ee d we ey.
Area x Bioproductivity =Biocapacity
(CAPACITY)
Gap between
supply and
demand:
OVERSHOOT
Resource and
waste intensity=
Ecological
Footprint
(DEMAND)
PopulationConsumption
per personx
Figure 10. Footprint and biocapacity factors that determine global overshoot
1.8 global hectares per person(2007 global biocapacity)
2.7 global hectares per person(2007 global Footprint)
x
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Population
P, e he Eg F my
dvg , y deve e he eve hm
deveme wh y eg. Ahgh y
e he deemg he Eg F, he
exe gwh gb y dy
ge e hmy Eg F.
Whe degdg gwh, hm hve mde gfge by eg he wd vege eve hm deveme
m 0.65 0.73 bewee 1980 d 2007, wh eg he
wd vege Eg F e e. Hweve, ve h
ed he Eg F h eed by 46 ee.
P gwh e vy wdey me, geghy,
d e, d dedg hee deyg ed key
deemg he e evme demd. I w-
me e, hee h bee 113 ee ee
e 1980. I , mdde-me e
hve hd 63 ee ee dg h me
me ed; hgh-me e hve eed y 24
ee . Te ymd bew hw
e w, mdde, d hgh-me e.
Hy, ee hve eded ge m yg
wh w e exey (hezed by ymd wh
wde be d w ek) de wh hghe eexey (hezed by -hevy ymd), de
med d hge. I be exeed h he eg
wh yg dy w deg d gwh
d eqe mve ee he Eg F.
AgeGrou
p
1987
2007
2
027
High IncomeMiddle IncomeLow Income
Percent of Population
Figure 11: P ymd hwg e by me g, 1987, 2007, 2027
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6
Ecological Footprint o Income Groups
A gb y he Eg F vde
f k he db he hm demd
e. Hweve, bee ded hw he F
dbed wd-wde, m vde y
he demd geeed me g.
Ug he wg Wd Bk f -- whee hgh-
me e e defed hvg e e g me (GNI) $12,196 me; mdde-me e
e defed hvg e e GNI gg m $996
$12,195; d w-me e e defed hvg e
e GNI $995 e -- we g gh he eh
bewee me eve, hge , hge
m, d vbe by ve me (Wd Bk).
A he me me we ee hee ed Eg F
d gb eve, he e we beve wh he
hee me g hve qe dee ed wh he me
ee d. Hgh-me e hve bee hezed by
e ee he vege e-e Eg F,
m 3.8 gb hee 6.1 gb hee, wh evey
m ee . Te ge em gwh d
mveme qy e h heze hee e
e hw d ee y e y
Eg F. My e wh Nh Ame
d Wee Ee hve y m eege he gb
, ye hey hve me he gee ee,
d eqey, me he ge Eg F.
Te gh he gh hw hw d ee
e he Eg F d by ve
eh he w-, mdde-, d hgh-me g.
Whe hgh-me e e hezed by hgh e-e
m d hgh Eg F e-e ve wh
evey m , w-me e e hezed
by m m d m Eg F e-e,
b wh ge gwh. Exmg he Eg F
d by by me g e vd ey
mg y ee demd wd vege
fge wh he ex gb by. F e,
he gb eve, Eg F e e ve
be deed evey hged ve me, whe
dbe m ey 3 b 1961 6.7 b 2007.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Ind
ex
(1961
=1.0
)
Population
Biocapacity
Footprint
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.02.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Index
(19
61
=
1.
0)
Population
Biocapacity
Footprint
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.03.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Index
(1961=
1.0
)
Population
Biocapacity
Footprint
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Index
(1961=
1.0
)
Population
Biocapacity
Footprint
Figure 12:Wd, Lw-me, Mdde-me, d Hgh-me Idexed 1961
World
Low
-income
Middle-income
High-income
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7
Ecological Footprint by Land Use ype andIncome Group
A v, - E F F- E F. T E F , v --
.
S A, , (IFPRI ),q x F. I -E F , .
T v x v . L- v F - F x E F. M- , F. H- F x 6, .
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Figure 13. World Ecological Footprint per person, 1961-2007
GlobalH
ectaresPerPerson
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Grounds
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Figure 14. Composition of the World Ecological Footprint per person, 1961-2007
FractionofTotalEcologicalFootprint
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Grounds
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Figure 15b. Middle Income Countries Ecological Footprint per person, 1961-2007
GlobalHectaresPerPerson Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Fi ure 15e. Composition of Middle Income Countries Ecolo ical Footprint per person, 1961-2007
FractionofTotalEcologicalFootprin
t
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Figure 15c. High Income Countries Ecological Footprint per person, 1961-2007
GlobalHectaresPerPerson Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Figure 15f. Compo sition of High Income Countries Ecological Footprint per person, 1961-2007
FractionofTotalEcologicalFootprin
t
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Figure 15a. Low Income Countries Ecological Footprint per person, 1961-2007
GlobalHectaresPerPerson Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
Figure 15d. Composition of Low Income Countries Ecological Footprint per person, 1961-2007
FractionofTotalEcologicalFootprin
t
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
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Country/Region
Populaton
[millions]
Ecological
Footprint of
Producton
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Imports
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Exports
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Consumpton
[gha per person]
Biocapacity
[gha per person]
Net Exports of
Ecological
Footprint
[gha per person]
World 6670.8 2.70 2.70 1.78
Low Income 1303.6 1.06 0.23 0.09 1.19 1.08 -0.13
Afghanistan 26.29 0.54 0.11 0.03 0.62 0.54 -0.09Bangladesh 157.75 0.48 0.16 0.02 0.62 0.38 -0.14
Benin 8.39 0.99 0.35 0.11 1.23 0.78 -0.24
Burkina Faso 14.72 1.33 0.08 0.10 1.32 1.30 0.02
Burundi 7.84 0.87 0.05 0.02 0.90 0.50 -0.03
Cambodia 14.32 0.96 0.11 0.04 1.03 0.94 -0.07
Central African Republic 4.26 1.35 0.05 0.08 1.32 8.44 0.03
Chad 10.62 1.74 0.05 0.06 1.73 3.17 0.01
Congo, Democratc Republic of 62.52 0.71 0.06 0.01 0.75 2.76 -0.05
Cte d'Ivoire 20.12 1.25 0.27 0.51 1.01 1.67 0.24
Eritrea 4.78 0.69 0.31 0.11 0.89 1.60 -0.19
Ethiopia 78.65 1.08 0.06 0.03 1.10 0.66 -0.03
Gambia 1.62 0.94 2.58 0.08 3.45 1.10 -2.50
Ghana 22.87 1.60 0.38 0.23 1.75 1.19 -0.15
Guinea 9.62 1.59 0.15 0.08 1.67 2.85 -0.07
Guinea-Bissau 1.54 1.13 0.12 0.29 0.96 3.22 0.17Hait 9.72 0.46 0.25 0.03 0.68 0.31 -0.22
Kenya 37.76 0.99 0.19 0.07 1.11 0.59 -0.12
Korea, Democratc People's Republic of 23.73 1.25 0.10 0.03 1.32 0.58 -0.07
Kyrgyzstan 5.35 1.01 0.43 0.19 1.25 1.34 -0.24
Lao People's Democratc Republic 6.09 1.24 0.09 0.05 1.28 1.58 -0.04
Liberia 3.63 1.14 0.21 0.09 1.26 2.47 -0.12
Madagascar 18.60 1.72 0.12 0.05 1.79 3.07 -0.08
Malawi 14.44 0.75 0.07 0.09 0.73 0.70 0.02
Mali 12.41 1.91 0.13 0.11 1.93 2.49 -0.02
Mauritania 3.14 2.64 0.64 0.67 2.61 5.50 0.03
Mozambique 21.87 0.73 0.10 0.06 0.77 1.89 -0.04
Myanmar 49.13 1.82 0.08 0.11 1.79 2.04 0.03
Nepal 28.29 0.76 2.83 0.03 3.56 0.55 -2.80
Niger 14.14 2.31 0.08 0.04 2.35 2.09 -0.04
Nigeria 147.72 1.30 0.16 0.03 1.44 1.12 -0.14
Pakistan 173.18 0.71 0.13 0.07 0.77 0.43 -0.06
Papua New Guinea 6.42 2.48 0.79 1.13 2.14 3.75 0.34
Rwanda 9.45 0.98 0.06 0.02 1.02 0.56 -0.04
Senegal 11.89 0.93 0.36 0.20 1.09 1.20 -0.16
Sierra Leone 5.42 1.10 0.11 0.16 1.05 1.20 0.05
Somalia 8.73 1.33 0.17 0.08 1.42 1.40 -0.10
Tajikistan 6.73 0.79 0.29 0.07 1.00 0.56 -0.21
Tanzania, United Republic of 41.28 1.17 0.09 0.08 1.18 1.02 -0.01
Togo 6.30 0.93 0.20 0.16 0.97 0.60 -0.04
Uganda 30.64 1.59 0.08 0.14 1.53 0.85 0.06
Uzbekistan 26.90 1.85 0.10 0.21 1.74 0.92 0.11
Viet Nam 86.11 1.28 0.41 0.29 1.40 0.86 -0.12
Yemen 22.27 0.68 0.39 0.13 0.94 0.62 -0.26
Zambia 12.31 0.78 0.18 0.05 0.91 2.26 -0.13
Zimbabwe 12.45 1.11 0.23 0.09 1.25 0.75 -0.14
Table 3: Lw-me Eg F, by, d , 2007
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Table 4: Lwemdde-me Eg F, by, d , 2007
Country/Region
Populaton
[millions]
Ecological
Footprint of
Producton
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Imports
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Exports
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Consumpton
[gha per person]
Biocapacity
[gha per person]
Net Exports of
Ecological
Footprint
[gha per person]
World 6670.8 2.70 2.70 1.78
Lower-middle Income 3505.9 1.62 0.31 0.29 1.64 1.03 -0.02
Albania 3.13 1.05 1.00 0.14 1.91 0.87 -0.86Algeria 33.86 1.18 0.71 0.30 1.59 0.59 -0.41
Angola 17.56 0.86 0.22 0.08 1.00 3.00 -0.14
Armenia 3.07 1.01 0.83 0.09 1.75 0.71 -0.74
Azerbaijan 8.63 1.55 0.70 0.38 1.87 0.76 -0.32
Bolivia 9.52 2.72 0.27 0.42 2.57 18.84 0.14
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.78 2.47 1.55 1.28 2.75 1.60 -0.28
Cameroon 18.66 1.00 0.17 0.13 1.04 1.85 -0.05
China 1336.55 2.19 0.40 0.37 2.21 0.98 -0.03
Colombia 44.36 1.70 0.44 0.27 1.87 3.98 -0.17
Congo 3.55 0.99 0.28 0.30 0.96 13.27 0.02
Dominican Republic 9.81 0.98 0.64 0.15 1.47 0.50 -0.49
Ecuador 13.34 2.08 0.62 0.81 1.89 2.33 0.20
Egypt 80.06 1.29 0.47 0.09 1.66 0.62 -0.37
El Salvador 6.11 1.27 1.11 0.35 2.03 0.67 -0.76
Georgia 4.36 0.89 1.38 0.45 1.82 1.21 -0.93Guatemala 13.35 1.48 0.67 0.37 1.77 1.12 -0.30
Guyana 0.76 2.68 0.89 1.19 2.38 62.13 0.30
Honduras 7.17 1.67 0.55 0.31 1.91 1.84 -0.24
India 1164.67 0.91 0.06 0.06 0.91 0.51 0.00
Indonesia 224.67 1.51 0.24 0.54 1.21 1.35 0.30
Iran, Islamic Republic of 72.44 2.56 0.29 0.16 2.68 0.81 -0.12
Iraq 29.49 1.12 0.44 0.21 1.35 0.30 -0.23
Jordan 5.94 1.18 1.60 0.73 2.05 0.24 -0.87
Lesotho 2.03 0.98 0.19 0.10 1.07 0.81 -0.09
Macedonia TFYR 2.04 2.12 4.29 0.76 5.66 1.43 -3.54
Moldova 3.67 1.21 0.59 0.41 1.39 0.66 -0.18
Mongolia 2.61 5.32 0.37 0.16 5.53 15.14 -0.21
Morocco 31.22 0.93 0.67 0.38 1.22 0.61 -0.29
Namibia 2.09 4.25 1.11 4.96 2.15 7.56 3.84
Nicaragua 5.60 1.78 0.34 0.56 1.56 2.82 0.22
Occupied Palestnian Territory 4.02 0.40 0.38 0.04 0.74 0.16 -0.34
Paraguay 6.13 4.87 0.48 2.16 3.19 11.24 1.68
Peru 28.51 1.91 0.41 0.78 1.54 3.86 0.37
Philippines 88.72 1.06 0.35 0.12 1.30 0.62 -0.23
Sri Lanka 19.88 0.89 0.49 0.17 1.21 0.45 -0.32
Sudan 40.43 1.65 0.13 0.05 1.73 2.42 -0.08
Swaziland 1.15 1.56 0.91 0.98 1.50 1.00 0.06
Syrian Arab Republic 20.50 1.40 0.55 0.42 1.52 0.70 -0.13
Thailand 66.98 2.30 1.15 1.08 2.37 1.15 -0.07
Timor-Leste 1.06 0.34 0.11 0.01 0.44 1.21 -0.09
Tunisia 10.07 1.42 1.23 0.75 1.90 0.98 -0.47
Turkmenistan 4.98 4.00 0.07 0.15 3.93 3.21 0.08
Ukraine 46.29 3.31 0.77 1.18 2.90 1.82 0.41
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Table 5: Uemdde-me Eg F, by, d , 2007
Country/Region
Populaton
[millions]
Ecological
Footprint of
Producton
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Imports
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Exports
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Consumpton
[gha per person]
Biocapacity
[gha per person]
Net Exports of
Ecological
Footprint
[gha per person]
World 6670.8 2.70 2.70 1.78
Upper-middle Income 817.4 3.57 1.02 1.28 3.31 4.63 0.26
Argentna 39.49 5.57 0.44 3.41 2.60 7.50 2.97
Belarus 9.72 3.84 1.26 1.30 3.80 3.29 0.03
Botswana 1.89 2.50 1.14 0.96 2.68 3.83 -0.18
Brazil 190.12 3.46 0.42 0.98 2.91 8.98 0.56
Bulgaria 7.64 4.30 1.36 1.59 4.07 2.13 0.23
Chile 16.64 4.56 1.42 2.74 3.24 3.83 1.32
Costa Rica 4.46 1.98 1.51 0.81 2.69 1.90 -0.70
Croata 4.43 3.21 2.19 1.66 3.75 2.50 -0.53
Cuba 11.20 1.31 0.65 0.10 1.85 0.74 -0.55
Gabon 1.42 2.75 0.68 2.45 1.41 29.29 1.77
Jamaica 2.70 1.75 1.26 1.08 1.93 0.38 -0.18
Kazakhstan 15.41 5.27 1.00 1.73 4.54 4.01 0.73
Latvia 2.27 6.44 3.22 4.01 5.64 7.07 0.80
Lebanon 4.16 1.18 2.09 0.37 2.90 0.40 -1.72
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 6.17 2.40 1.54 0.89 3.05 0.44 -0.65
Lithuania 3.36 4.53 3.38 3.25 4.67 4.36 -0.13
Malaysia 26.56 4.10 5.41 4.65 4.86 2.61 -0.76
Mauritus 1.27 1.17 3.60 0.51 4.26 0.56 -3.09
Mexico 107.49 2.23 1.24 0.47 3.00 1.47 -0.77
Panama 3.34 2.40 1.00 0.53 2.87 3.15 -0.47
Poland 38.13 4.11 1.72 1.48 4.35 2.09 -0.24
Romania 21.45 2.51 1.00 0.80 2.71 1.95 -0.20
Russian Federaton 141.94 5.15 0.69 1.43 4.41 5.75 0.74
South Africa 49.17 3.05 0.58 1.31 2.32 1.14 0.73
Turkey 73.00 2.13 1.13 0.56 2.70 1.32 -0.57
Uruguay 3.34 8.38 1.01 4.26 5.13 9.91 3.25
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 27.66 2.57 0.58 0.25 2.89 2.81 -0.33
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Table 6: Hgh-me Eg F, by, d , 2007
Country/Region
Populaton
[millions]
Ecological
Footprint of
Producton
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Imports
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Exports
[gha per person]
Ecological
Footprint of
Consumpton
[gha per person]
Biocapacity
[gha per person]
Net Exports of
Ecological
Footprint
[gha per person]
World 6670.8 2.70 2.70 1.78
High Income 1031.6 5.75 3.04 2.72 6.09 3.06 -0.31
Australia 20.85 11.29 1.74 6.20 6.84 14.71 4.45
Austria 8.31 5.44 5.93 6.07 5.30 3.31 0.14
Belgium 10.53 4.80 14.82 11.62 8.00 1.34 -3.20
Canada 32.95 12.12 3.29 8.40 7.01 14.92 5.11
Czech Republic 10.27 5.95 3.63 3.84 5.73 2.67 0.22
Denmark 5.45 6.23 8.39 6.35 8.26 4.85 -2.03
Estonia 1.34 8.86 4.83 5.84 7.88 8.96 1.01
Finland 5.28 12.29 6.41 12.54 6.16 12.46 6.13
France 61.71 4.27 3.23 2.49 5.01 3.00 -0.74
Germany 82.34 4.72 3.97 3.60 5.08 1.92 -0.36
Greece 11.11 3.94 3.01 1.56 5.39 1.62 -1.45
Hungary 10.03 3.45 2.06 2.51 2.99 2.23 0.46
Ireland 4.36 5.42 4.88 4.00 6.29 3.48 -0.88
Israel 6.93 3.07 2.60 0.85 4.82 0.32 -1.74
Italy 59.31 3.08 3.50 1.59 4.99 1.14 -1.91
Japan 127.40 3.55 2.05 0.87 4.73 0.60 -1.18
Korea, Republic of 47.96 3.79 3.03 1.95 4.87 0.33 -1.08
Kuwait 2.85 6.66 3.09 3.42 6.32 0.40 0.33
Netherlands 16.46 4.20 11.23 9.24 6.19 1.03 -2.00
New Zealand 4.19 11.27 2.47 8.84 4.89 10.77 6.38
Norway 4.72 9.82 7.99 12.25 5.56 5.48 4.26
Oman 2.73 4.56 2.50 2.07 4.99 2.14 -0.43
Portugal 10.64 2.99 4.08 2.60 4.47 1.25 -1.48
Puerto Rico 3.95 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.14 0.00
Qatar 1.14 12.60 6.13 8.22 10.51 2.51 2.09
Saudi Arabia 24.68 4.39 2.15 1.41 5.13 0.84 -0.74
Singapore 4.49 3.63 9.51 7.81 5.34 0.02 -1.70
Slovakia 5.39 4.10 3.44 3.48 4.06 2.68 0.04
Slovenia 2.01 3.88 6.95 5.53 5.30 2.61 -1.42
Spain 44.05 4.13 3.64 2.35 5.42 1.61 -1.29
Sweden 9.16 8.39 5.84 8.34 5.88 9.75 2.50Switzerland 7.51 2.68 4.20 1.86 5.02 1.24 -2.34
Trinidad and Tobago 1.33 6.40 2.64 5.95 3.09 1.57 3.31
United Arab Emirates 6.25 6.22 6.34 1.89 10.68 0.85 -4.45
United Kingdom 61.13 3.38 2.84 1.33 4.89 1.34 -1.51
United States of America 308.67 7.99 1.62 1.61 8.00 3.87 -0.01
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World Maps
Map 1. Bg y e e, 1961 d 2007.
0 to 1.5 gha per capita
1.5 to 3.0 gha per capita
3.0 to 4.5 gha per capita
4.5 to 6.0 gha per capita
6.0 to 7.5 gha per capita
7.5 to 9.0 gha per capita
9.0 to 10.5 gha per capita
More than 10.5 gha per capita
Insufficient data
0 to 1.5 gha per capita
1.5 to 3.0 gha per capita3.0 to 4.5 gha per capita
4.5 to 6.0 gha per capita
6.0 to 7.5 gha per capita
7.5 to 9.0 gha per capita
9.0 to 10.5 gha per capita
More than 10.5 gha per cap ita
Insufficient data
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Map 2. Eg F m e e, 1961 d 2007.
0 to 1.5 gha per capita
1.5 to 3.0 gha per capita
3.0 to 4.5 gha per capita
4.5 to 6.0 gha per capita
6.0 to 7.5 gha per capita
7.5 to 9.0 gha per capita
9.0 to 10.5 gha per capita
More than 10.5 gha per capita
Insufficient data
0 to 1.5 gha per capita
1.5 to 3.0 gha per capita
3.0 to 4.5 gha per capita
4.5 to 6.0 gha per capita
6.0 to 7.5 gha per capita
7.5 to 9.0 gha per capita
9.0 to 10.5 gha per capita
More than 10.5 gha per capita
Insufficient data
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Map 3. Eg F d e e, 1961 d 2007.
0 to 1.5 gha per capita
1.5 to 3.0 gha per capita
3.0 to 4.5 gha per capita
4.5 to 6.0 gha per capita
6.0 to 7.5 gha per capita
7.5 to 9.0 gha per capita
9.0 to 10.5 gha per capita
More than 10.5 gha per capita
Insufficient data
0 to 1.5 gha per capita
1.5 to 3.0 gha per capita
3.0 to 4.5 gha per capita
4.5 to 6.0 gha per capita
6.0 to 7.5 gha per capita
7.5 to 9.0 gha per capita
9.0 to 10.5 gha per capita
More than 10.5 gha per capita
Insufficient data
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Map 4. Eg ed d deb e, 1961 d 2007. Te eg ed d deb m bve me he EgF m wh dme by.
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6
Map 5. Gb eg ed d deb e, 1961 d 2007. Te gb eg ed d deb m bve me heEg F m wh eh y bde wh gby vbe by.
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7
Map 6. Eg emde d veh e, 1961 d 2007. Te eg emde d veh m bve me heEg F d d by wh eh y bde. Uke he eg ed d deb m, d
[by def] m e de.
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Map 7. Ne mg d exg e, 1961 d 2007. Te e de w m bve defe he e mg e (ed)d e exg e (gee). Ne mg e m me by h hey ex d hve Eg F
m gee h he Eg F d. Te e e e exg e.
Imports more than 3.75 gha per capita
Imports 2.50 to 3.75 gha per capi ta
Imports 1.25 to 2.50 gha per capi ta
Imports 0 to 1.25 gha per capita
Exports 0 to 1.25 gha per capita
Exports 1.25 to 2.50 gha per capita
Exports 2.50 to 3.75 gha per capita
Exports more than 3.75 gha per capita
Insufficient data
Imports more than 3.75 gha per capita
Imports 2.50 to 3.75 gha per capi ta
Imports 1.25 to 2.50 gha per capi ta
Imports 0 to 1.25 gha per capita
Exports 0 to 1.25 gha per capita
Exports 1.25 to 2.50 gha per capita
Exports 2.50 to 3.75 gha per capita
Exports more than 3.75 gha per capita
Insufficient data
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Regional Results from the NationalFootprint Accounts
Reg d e de gey bh he demd by, d he by hey hve vbe wh he
bde. My e e me by h e vbe
wh he bde. T me m m ee,
b yy gee exe hgh e he gb mm
dmg gd b dxde em. F e, he
e ed ex, efg d d we
evey m med he bdve e eeded bb
he we d m bg hee e. Te e e e
he b me he Eg F.
I eveye he wd ved ke vege ede he Ued
Se he Ued Ab Eme, he by me h 4.5Eh wd be eqed hmy m e.
I ed he wd wee ve ke he vege Sh Ke, y
1.8 e wd be eeded. Ad he wd ved ke he vege
e Id dd 2007, hmy wd be g e
h h he e by. Fge 16 hw bh e eF d ze x eg he wd 1961 d
2007 d Fge 17 hw he me eg by--eg
e exeed Ued N defed eg. Whe A hd
w vege e e F 2007, hed me h h
he wd d h hd he ge F
eg. Te eg F w m we by
h ye. Te e w e he L Ame d he
Cbbe eg, whe by w xmey we
he ze F. I dd he A eg, he Nh
Ame, d Ee eg wee eg deb, wh
F exeedg he by. T me hee eg wee
eyg he by he he e he wd, dd he w, v ee d we m.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Eco
logical
Footprin
t(globa
lhectaresperperson
)
Nort
hAmerica
Oceania
Europe
LatinAmerica
Asia
Africa
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Biocapacity(global
hectaresperperson
)
Oceania
Nort
hAmerica
Latin
America
Europe Africa Asia
Figure 16: Eg F d by eg, 2007 Figure 17: By d by eg, 2007
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AFRICA
A me 2,960 m hee d, 1,815 m
whh e ed bdve e he N
F A. O h bdve d e, 627 m
hee e eed, 246 m e d, 911 m e
gd, whe e e 31 m hee
he e. Bdeg he Medee Se, A
Oe, d Id Oe, A h 115 m hee
e he e d 67 m hee d we.
kg deee bewee vege A yed
d edg gb yed d, gzg d,
e, d fhee, A by 1,423 m
gh. Te by vbe e e ve wdey mg
A e. Lby h he we by eve
0.4 gh e e. A he he ed he ge,
Gb h 29.3 gh by vbe e e. Reb
Cg h he hghe by y A
y, g 12 ee he e ve by.
A vege e e Eg F m
1.4 gh, by we h he gb vege F
2.7 gh e e. Hweve, hee e b deeebewee e. Mw h e e Eg F
m j 0.7 gh e e, he we he
wd. M h he hghe Eg F
m mg A e, 4.3 gh e e.
M e A hve F d
we h he by, dg h he dme
hve d em qe e wh he bd wh
he eg ee vde. Hweve, h e
A e. Egy hw he gee eege
eg veh, wh F d we
ge by. Sh A exhb he gee veh, wh F d 94 m
gh gee h by. A ve F
d 10 ee e h vbe by.
ea
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
BiocapacityFootprint
Glob
alHectares(millions)
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
. ,
Figure 18:A Eg F d by byd e ye, 2007
Eg F e e By e e
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Cb dxde em 54 ee he gb
Eg F. I he e A, b dxde em
20 ee d 19 ee he Eg
F d d m, eevey. T
de h e em vy, we f demd, e
evey me deede de b h e
eegy, med he e he wd. F bh d
d m, Sm h he wd we b F
Eg F, g e h eee he bh d d m F.
A whe e me by, hgh eve
A e d ex me eg gd h hey
m. A e m m he e he wd hve
embded by eq 12 ee A F
m, 11 ee e by.
Te Eg F he vege A ede ded
by 22 ee bewee 1961 d 2007. Hweve, he me
me A gew by 230 ee, dvg
ge ee eg demd ve h ed.
Te vege A F m med he e
he wd. F my ede e A, he me
m eeeed by he Eg F m
mee b d, hee, heh, d eed. I de
mke v qy e mveme, ge egme
A m hve gee e ee.
Ye A gwg d he wd eg
ee m e mkg h egy d.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
,
GlobalHectaresPerPerson
Built-up Land
Carbon Footprint
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
0
1
2
3
4
5
2007200019951990198519801975197019651961
GlobalHectaresPerPerson
Built-up Land
Fishing Ground
Forest Land
Grazing Land
Cropland
AgeGroup
1987
2007
2027
Percent of PopulationFigure 20:A ymd hwg e,1987, 2007, 2027
Figure 19:A Eg F e e Figure 21:A by e e
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Table 8:A e e F m by d e ye, 2007
Country/Region
Total Ecological
Footprint
[gha per person]
Cropland
[gha per person]
Grazing Land
[gha per person]
Forest Land
[gha per person]
Fishing Grounds
[gha per person]
Carbon Footprint
[gha per person]
Built-up Land
[gha per person]
World 2.70 0.59 0.21 0.29 0.11 1.44 0.06
Africa 1.41 0.51 0.21 0.30 0.07 0.26 0.06
Algeria 1.59 0.57 0.20 0.14 0.02 0.63 0.02
Angola 1.00 0.36 0.08 0.13 0.22 0.16 0.05
Benin 1.23 0.57 0.05 0.31 0.06 0.20 0.04
Botswana 2.68 0.40 1.04 0.19 0.11 0.88 0.05
Burkina Faso 1.32 0.65 0.18 0.36 0.01 0.04 0.08
Burundi 0.90 0.30 0.07 0.46 0.01 0.02 0.04
Cameroon 1.04 0.42 0.12 0.28 0.06 0.12 0.04
Cape Verde 1.17 0.53 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.47 0.00
Central African Republic 1.32 0.36 0.59 0.30 0.01 0.02 0.04
Chad 1.73 0.61 0.73 0.29 0.01 0.02 0.07
Comoros 1.42 0.32 0.03 0.01 0.95 0.11 0.00
Congo 0.96 0.26 0.05 0.47 0.10 0.06 0.03
Congo, Democratc Republic of 0.75 0.15 0.01 0.49 0.02 0.04 0.05
Cte d'Ivoire 1.01 0.44 0.05 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.07
Egypt 1.66 0.63 0.06 0.14 0.05 0.62 0.17
Eritrea 0.89 0.27 0.24 0.20 0.02 0.11 0.05
Ethiopia 1.10 0.36 0.13 0.50 0.00 0.06 0.06
Gabon 1.41 0.48 0.12 0.64 0.15 0.00 0.03
Gambia 3.45 0.73 0.17 0.21 2.01 0.29 0.04
Ghana 1.75 0.50 0.06 0.60 0.27 0.25 0.06
Guinea 1.67 0.61 0.32 0.51 0.06 0.08 0.07
Guinea-Bissau 0.96 0.30 0.38 0.18 0.00 0.05 0.05
Kenya 1.11 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.06 0.15 0.04
Lesotho 1.07 0.12 0.53 0.39 0.01 0.02 0.01
Liberia 1.26 0.31 0.02 0.72 0.08 0.08 0.05
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 3.05 0.73 0.23 0.10 0.04 1.92 0.02
Madagascar 1.79 0.29 0.41 0.84 0.12 0.07 0.06
Malawi 0.73 0.42 0.03 0.16 0.01 0.05 0.06
Mali 1.93 0.73 0.83 0.18 0.03 0.07 0.09
Mauritania 2.61 0.43 1.62 0.21 0.08 0.22 0.05
Mauritus 4.26 0.65 0.19 0.19 1.74 1.49 0.00
Morocco 1.22 0.57 0.20 0.06 0.04 0.33 0.02
Mozambique 0.77 0.25 0.03 0.33 0.08 0.04 0.05
Namibia 2.15 0.58 0.96 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.03
Niger 2.35 1.37 0.61 0.27 0.00 0.04 0.05
Nigeria 1.44 0.84 0.09 0.21 0.06 0.17 0.07
Rwanda 1.02 0.44 0.06 0.42 0.01 0.05 0.05Senegal 1.09 0.40 0.23 0.23 0.04 0.17 0.03
Sierra Leone 1.05 0.37 0.14 0.40 0.00 0.07 0.07
Somalia 1.42 0.17 0.61 0.50 0.02 0.07 0.04
South Africa 2.32 0.42 0.21 0.29 0.06 1.31 0.02
Sudan 1.73 0.55 0.82 0.21 0.00 0.10 0.04
Swaziland 1.50 0.33 0.49 0.03 0.02 0.57 0.06
Tanzania, United Republic of 1.18 0.35 0.36 0.24 0.09 0.08 0.06
Togo 0.97 0.31 0.09 0.37 0.06 0.11 0.02
Tunisia 1.90 0.78 0.10 0.26 0.04 0.68 0.04
Uganda 1.53 0.53 0.14 0.55 0.19 0.06 0.06
Zambia 0.91 0.16 0.18 0.35 0.08 0.13 0.02
Zimbabwe 1.25 0.22 0.35 0.31 0.00 0.33 0.03
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Table 8:A F by d e ye, 2007
Country/Region
Total Ecological
Footprint
[million gha]
Cropland
[million gha]
Grazing Land
[million gha]
Forest Land
[million gha]
Fishing Grounds
[million gha]
Carbon Footprint
[million gha]
Built-up Land
[million gha]
World 17993.56 3903.29 1394.94 1909.95 725.76 9633.35 426.27
Africa 1356.39 487.24 198.71 292.75 67.87 251.07 58.75
Algeria 53.71 19.29 6.81 4.66 0.72 21.39 0.84
Angola 17.61 6.28 1.37 2.24 3.95 2.89 0.88Benin 10.31 4.78 0.41 2.64 0.48 1.70 0.30
Botswana 5.06 0.76 1.96 0.36 0.21 1.67 0.10
Burkina Faso 19.38 9.50 2.68 5.27 0.13 0.65 1.14
Burundi 7.09 2.38 0.54 3.58 0.11 0.16 0.31
Cameroon 19.48 7.87 2.21 5.19 1.18 2.26 0.76
Cape Verde 0.57 0.26 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.23 0.00
Central African Republic 5.61 1.53 2.50 1.29 0.03 0.09 0.16
Chad 18.33 6.44 7.72 3.09 0.11 0.18 0.78
Comoros 1.18 0.27 0.02 0.01 0.79 0.09 0.00
Congo 3.43 0.92 0.19 1.65 0.34 0.20 0.12
Congo, Democratc Republic of 47.08 9.29 0.82 30.72 0.97 2.32 2.95
Cte d'Ivoire 20.33 8.81 0.91 4.08 3.09 1.94 1.50
Egypt 132.87 50.49 4.56 11.02 3.93 49.45 13.41
Eritrea 4.24 1.28 1.14 0.96 0.10 0.53 0.23
Ethiopia 86.70 28.49 10.15 39.10 0.00 4.37 4.58
Gabon 2.01 0.68 0.17 0.90 0.22 0.00 0.04
Gambia 5.57 1.18 0.27 0.34 3.25 0.47 0.06
Ghana 40.06 11.40 1.48 13.76 6.16 5.79 1.48
Guinea 16.03 5.89 3.08 4.92 0.62 0.80 0.72
Guinea-Bissau 1.48 0.46 0.58 0.28 0.01 0.08 0.08
Kenya 41.98 10.72 10.45 11.25 2.44 5.51 1.62
Lesotho 2.18 0.25 1.07 0.78 0.01 0.05 0.02
Liberia 4.57 1.12 0.09 2.63 0.27 0.29 0.17
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 18.82 4.51 1.45 0.61 0.26 11.87 0.12
Madagascar 33.37 5.42 7.70 15.68 2.15 1.28 1.13
Malawi 10.55 6.04 0.43 2.37 0.15 0.69 0.87
Mali 23.97 9.01 10.26 2.28 0.40 0.88 1.13
Mauritania 8.19 1.35 5.08 0.67 0.25 0.69 0.16
Mauritus 5.42 0.83 0.24 0.25 2.21 1.90 0.00
Morocco 38.12 17.91 6.25 1.78 1.16 10.29 0.73
Mozambique 16.88 5.40 0.76 7.22 1.73 0.78 0.99
Namibia 4.50 1.22 2.01 0.00 0.00 1.21 0.06
Niger 33.21 19.42 8.69 3.80 0.06 0.50 0.73
Nigeria 212.23 123.90 13.18 30.96 8.65 24.97 10.58
Rwanda 9.63 4.12 0.60 3.96 0.05 0.46 0.43Senegal 13.02 4.77 2.77 2.76 0.42 1.97 0.33
Sierra Leone 5.69 2.01 0.78 2.18 0.00 0.37 0.35
Somalia 12.43 1.52 5.36 4.39 0.20 0.59 0.38
South Africa 114.05 20.75 10.28 14.45 3.16 64.27 1.14
Sudan 70.09 22.36 33.10 8.58 0.13 4.22 1.71
Swaziland 1.72 0.38 0.56 0.04 0.02 0.66 0.07
Tanzania, United Republic of 48.61 14.28 14.88 9.97 3.72 3.31 2.44
Togo 6.14 1.98 0.54 2.36 0.41 0.70 0.16
Tunisia 19.09 7.90 0.99 2.58 0.39 6.87 0.36
Uganda 46.93 16.30 4.32 16.95 5.88 1.73 1.74
Zambia 11.24 1.93 2.23 4.29 1.03 1.54 0.21
Zimbabwe 15.55 2.80 4.39 3.82 0.05 4.10 0.39
8/7/2019 The Ecological Footprint Atlas - 2010 (Global Footprint Network)
47/113
Table 9:A e e by by d e ye, 2007
Country/Region
Total Biocapacity
[gha per person]
Cropland
[gha per person]
Grazing Land
[gha per person]
Forest Land
[gha per person]
Fishing Grounds
[gha per person]
Built-up Land
[gha per person]
World 1.78 0.59 0.23 0.74 0.16 0.06
Africa 1.48 0.44 0.41 0.45 0.11 0.06
Algeria 0.59 0.20 0.32 0.04 0.01 0.02
Angola 3.00 0.24 1.70 0.75 0.26 0.05Benin 0.78 0.48 0.04 0.20 0.03 0.04
Botswana 3.83 0.12 2.67 0.69 0.29 0.05
Burkina Faso 1.30 0.69 0.19 0.34 0.00 0.08
Burundi 0.50 0.28 0.17 0.01 0.01 0.04
Cameroon 1.85 0.46 0.11 1.12 0.12 0.04
Cape Verde 0.51 0.07 0.02 0.13 0.29 0.00
Central African Republic 8.44 0.36 0.61 7.43 0.00 0.04
Chad 3.17 0.59 1.36 1.06 0.09 0.07
Comoros 0.29 0.23 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.00
Congo 13.27 0.15 3.79 8.81 0.48 0.03
Congo, Democratc Republic of 2.76 0.14 0.28 2.25 0.05 0.05
Cte d'Ivoire 1.67 0.83 0.30 0.46 0.01 0.07
Egypt 0.62 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.17
Eritrea 1.60 0.16 0.24 0.11 1.04 0.05
Ethiopia 0.66 0.37 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.06
Gabon 29.29 0.27 4.19 21.33 3.48 0.03
Gambia 1.10 0.33 0.13 0.22 0.39 0.04
Ghana 1.19 0.60 0.29 0.18 0.06 0.06
Guinea 2.85 0.57 0.91 0.77 0.52 0.07
Guinea-Bissau 3.22 0.45 0.39 0.37 1.96 0.05
Kenya 0.59 0.24 0.27 0.02 0.02 0.04
Lesotho 0.81 0.05 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.01
Liberia 2.47 0.21 0.72 1.17 0.33 0.05
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.44 0.17 0.23 0.02 0.00 0.02
Madagascar 3.07 0.28 1.58 0.96 0.20 0.06
Malawi 0.70 0.47 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.06
Mali 2.49 0.74 0.85 0.74 0.06 0.09
Mauritania 5.50 0.15 3.57 0.06 1.67 0.05
Mauritus 0.56 0.16 0.00 0.01 0.38 0.00
Morocco 0.61 0.23 0.18 0.08 0.10 0.02
Mozambique 1.89 0.22 1.12 0.34 0.17 0.05
Namibia 7.56 0.22 1.75 0.40 5.16 0.03
Niger 2.09 1.34 0.63 0.07 0.00 0.05
Nigeria 1.12 0.82 0.18 0.02 0.02 0.07
Rwanda 0.56 0.42 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.05
Senegal 1.20 0.25 0.20 0.54 0.19 0.03
Sierra Leone 1.20 0.34 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.07
Somalia 1.40 0.08 0.67 0.27 0.34 0.04
South Africa 1.14 0.25 0.62 0.02 0.22 0.02
Sudan 2.42 0.49 0.83 0.92 0.14 0.04
Swaziland 1.00 0.27 0.62 0.05 0.01 0.06
Tanzania, United Republic of 1.02 0.3
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