The Ebola Virus
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The Ebola VirusMario Rodriguez Solivan200-90-3863
What is Ebola? First discovered in 1976 Severe often fatal viral
disease Human and non-human
primates Lytic life cycle
Does not integrate in host genome
Causes viral hemorrhagic fever With an incubation
period of 2 to 21 days Internal bleeding
Taxonomy Group: Group V
Order: Mononegavirales Monos = single(strand) Negare = negative
ssRNA (-)
Family: Filoviridae Genus: Ebolavirus
Species: Zaire, Reston, Ivory Coast, Sudan, Bundibugyo
Morphology Pleomorphic
Filamentous 800-14,000 nm in length 80-100 nm diameter 970nm smallest foundthat can cause infection
Genes 7 main segments app. 19kb
NP: structural nucleoprotein N terminal interacts with the RNA to contact the rest of the
proteins in matrix and envelope
VP35: plays a strong roll in mRNA synthesis and replication of the negative strands
VP40: MAIN TARGET for research as of 2012 Bridges the lipid envelope with the nucleocapsid Mutations or removal of the protein have shown to attenuate the
virus
Genes GP/SGP: glycoprotein and secreted glycoprotein
Non-structural can confound the immune system
VP30: important for budding out of membrane
VP24: Inhibits INF-alpha/beta and INF-gamma signaling
L: L-RNA polymerase Copies the negative strand to make the positive
transcripts
Gene Map
Origin
New serological studies Fruit bats (Pteropodidae)
Contain specific antibodies to Ebola Probable Natural reservoir
Chimpanzee, Gorillas, smaller primates Carriers of the virus
Some strains and species will affect them
Ecological Cycle
Different Species Zaire
Congo region of Africa (Zaire) Most lethal of all species
Up to 90% mortality rate Sudan
Region of Sudan and Uganda High mortality rate
App. 53% Bundibugyo
Bundibugyo District of Uganda Province Orientale Democratic Republic of Congo
2007 – 2012 App. 36.3% moratality rate
Different Species Reston
Named after Reston, Virginia First Discovered in crab-eating macaques
Mutation from other Ebola Virus Mostly non-pathogenic towards humans
Philippines caused human infection Less aggressive than African Ebola
Extremely hazardous to monkeys
Different Species Côte d'Ivoire
AKA Taï Forest and Ivory Coast First found in Taï Forest of the Côte d'Ivoire in Africa Highly infectuous to chimpanzees
Swiss ethologist infected during necropsy on the chimps “Dengue-like” symptoms a week later Transported to Switzerland for treatment
2 weeks later she was released from hospital Did not fully recover for 6 weeks after release
Viral Life Cycle 1. Virion entrance Endocytosis
2. Formation of endosome3. Endosome binds with lysosome
Formation of endolysosome4. Acidification of endolysosome
Release genetic material5. Replication of ssRNA(-)
Form (+) strand6. Transcription of newly formed
ssRNA(+) Assisted by VP30, VP35 and L
protein7. Translation
mRNA encoding for GP8. Travel to ER
Where GP is synthesized9. GP is further modified in Golgi
Delivered to plasma membrane in secretory vesicles
10. All viral proteins now assemble with the membrane associated proteins
Virions bud from cell surface GP is also secreted
Pathogenesis Hemorrhagic fever
Multisystem syndrome Damaged vascular system Internal bleeding Body regulations abnormal
Mode of Attack Endothelial cells
Walls of vascular system Cytokines
Inflammation Hepatic Cells
Swelling Cytokines
TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 Hemorrhages all over
Symptoms First signs
Headache Fever Joint and muscle
aches Weakness Vomiting Diarrhea Fatigue
Advanced signs Internal bleeding Orificial bleeding Cutaneous
ruptures Hepatic
inflamation Cytokines
Renal disfunction
Diagnostics Virus isolation
Monoclonal antibodies that bind to NP
Determine the species Reverse transcription-PCR
Primers designed specifically for NP region
Real-time quantitative RT-PCR Green Dye Primer set used to amplify
the L-protein genes
Antigen-capture ELISA Monoclonal antibodies NP, VP40, GP Immunizing mice with rNP React with epitopes in
carboxyl groups at NP terminals
AWESOME FACT! The rNP of the Reston
EBOV could only detect Reston NP… but the Zaire rNP could detect NP from all 5 species!
PreventionNO VACCINES AVAILABLE
Avoid traveling to areas of known outbreaks Check CDC before
traveling Wash your hands
frequently Like any other infectious
disease Avoid bush meat
Wild animal meat in developing countriesmarkets
Avoid contact with infected people Body fluids, exposed
tissues, blood, semen Follow infection-control
procedures Gloves, masks, eye shields,
careful disinfections Don't handle remains
Dead bodies are still contagious
TIM-1 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1
This human protein binds to the EBOV GP Recent Study
Reduction of this receptor reduces infection
ARD5 Monoclonal
Antibody Blocked EBOV
binding and infection
Anti-TIM-1 New antiviral
approach
Statistics
1976-2012
2014 http://
www.euronews.com/2014/04/12/west-africa-doctors-fight-to-contain-ebola-outbreak/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BRJPCsUM2w
Questions What kind of genetic material does
Ebola have? A. dsRNA+ B. ssDNA- C. ssRNA- D. dsDNA- E. ssRNA+
What GROUP does EBOV belong to? A. V B. III C. I D. II E. IV
In what organelle is GP (glycoprotein) synthesized? A. Mitochondria B. Nucleus C. Golgi D. ER E. Lysosome
Why is it suspected that the fruit bat is the natural reservoir for EBOV?... ANSWER OUT LOUD
Citations http://jvi.asm.org/content/77/3/1793
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Glycoproteins/Ebola_Virus
http://edusanjalbiochemist.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-deadly-ebola-virus-frequently-asked.html
http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/new-antiviral-shows-potential-against-ebola
http://www.elmundo.es/salud/2014/04/16/534d2762ca47414d4e8b456d.html?cid=SMBOSO25301&s_kw=twitter
http://www.virology.ws/2012/01/18/how-lethal-is-ebolavirus/
https://www.google.com.pr/search?q=province+orientale+&oq=province+orientale+&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.5777j0j7&sourceid=chrome&essm=93&ie=UTF-8
http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=494
http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/eboci.html
http://www.pnas.org/content/108/20/8426
http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00886-6
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485981/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100998/figure/fig01/
http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/ebola-guinea
http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_04_ebola/en/
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/3/1/97-0107_article.htm
http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=494
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24283270
http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/news/2014/05/ebola-virus-disease-in-west-africa-226-cases-149-deaths.aspx
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459631/
http://www.euronews.com/2014/04/12/west-africa-doctors-fight-to-contain-ebola-outbreak/
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