The Confederation and The Constitution 1776-1790 Chapter 9.
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The Confederation and The Confederation and The ConstitutionThe Constitution
1776-17901776-1790
Chapter 9Chapter 9
The American RevolutionThe American Revolution
The Revolution was not a radical or total The Revolution was not a radical or total changechange
It was not overturn of the entire political It was not overturn of the entire political system like France or Russiasystem like France or Russia
The RevolutionThe Revolution
The American Revolution did affect social The American Revolution did affect social customs, political institutions, and ideas about customs, political institutions, and ideas about government, society and gender rolesgovernment, society and gender roles
All Americans now wished to be called “Mr.” All Americans now wished to be called “Mr.” and “Mrs.” titles formerly reserved for the and “Mrs.” titles formerly reserved for the wealthywealthy
Inheritance laws of primogeniture were Inheritance laws of primogeniture were abolished.abolished.
The Anglican ChurchThe Anglican Church
The Anglican Church The Anglican Church was humbled after the was humbled after the RevolutionRevolution
Reformed as the Reformed as the Protestant Episcopal Protestant Episcopal ChurchChurch
The Virginia Statute of Religious The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom - 1786Freedom - 1786
Thomas Jefferson penned this religious Thomas Jefferson penned this religious document in 1786; it allowed for the complete document in 1786; it allowed for the complete separation of church and state in Virginia.separation of church and state in Virginia.
This was the first divorce between religion and This was the first divorce between religion and government in the USAgovernment in the USA
The Philadelphia QuakersThe Philadelphia Quakers
Philadelphia Quakers Philadelphia Quakers founded the first anti-founded the first anti-slavery society in the slavery society in the USUS
17751775
Abolition of Slavery in the NorthAbolition of Slavery in the North
Several Northern states either abolished Several Northern states either abolished slavery or provided for gradual emancipation slavery or provided for gradual emancipation (no state south of PA)(no state south of PA)
Still barred owning of propertyStill barred owning of property No education for slave childrenNo education for slave children Couldn’t hold certain jobsCouldn’t hold certain jobs Interracial marriage illegalInterracial marriage illegal
SlaverySlavery
A fight over the issue of slavery would have A fight over the issue of slavery would have divided the fragile new country, so the divided the fragile new country, so the feasibility of abolition was never considered.feasibility of abolition was never considered.
The institution would continue to be a divisive The institution would continue to be a divisive issue (1861-1865)issue (1861-1865)
Women's RoleWomen's Role
Change from Brit. Change from Brit. Empire to USA did not Empire to USA did not redefine women’s roles redefine women’s roles completelycompletely
Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams Mothers were to teach Mothers were to teach
civic virtue and civic virtue and republicanism to republicanism to childrenchildren
ConstitutionsConstitutions
The Continental The Continental Congress called upon Congress called upon each state to draft their each state to draft their own constitution own constitution
The authority of the The authority of the state would rest with the state would rest with the people.people.
MassachusettsMassachusetts
The MA state constitution is especially The MA state constitution is especially noteworthy (written by John Adams)noteworthy (written by John Adams)
Called a Constitutional Convention to draft the Called a Constitutional Convention to draft the documentdocument
Submitted draft directly to the people to vote Submitted draft directly to the people to vote and ratificationand ratification
Adopted in 1780Adopted in 1780
What is a Constitution?What is a Constitution?
An accumulation of laws, customs, and An accumulation of laws, customs, and precedents written down togetherprecedents written down together
Annual elections forced lawmakers to stay in Annual elections forced lawmakers to stay in touch with the people.touch with the people.
Weak Executives and JudiciariesWeak Executives and Judiciaries STRONG Legislatures in touch w/ peopleSTRONG Legislatures in touch w/ people
DistrustDistrust
Distrust of His Distrust of His Majesty’s Officials Majesty’s Officials gave power back to gave power back to the people in the the people in the United StatesUnited States
States seized control States seized control of former Crown landsof former Crown lands
Loyalists land cut up Loyalists land cut up into small farmsinto small farms
Cheap land availableCheap land available
ManufacturingManufacturing
There was a sharp rise in manufacturing after There was a sharp rise in manufacturing after the American Revolutionthe American Revolution
Goods from England were cut off to the Goods from England were cut off to the YankeesYankees
This forced manufacturing of their ownThis forced manufacturing of their own Americans remained mostly agriculturalAmericans remained mostly agricultural
Independence Has DrawbacksIndependence Has Drawbacks
There were economic drawbacks to There were economic drawbacks to IndependenceIndependence
American ships were banned from English American ships were banned from English ports and British West Indies ports.ports and British West Indies ports.
BUT America could begin trade with BUT America could begin trade with foreign nations…such as the Baltic nations foreign nations…such as the Baltic nations and Asian nationsand Asian nations
1784 Empress of China brings ginseng to 1784 Empress of China brings ginseng to East Asian herbal doctorsEast Asian herbal doctors
InflationInflation
Inflation hit hard after Inflation hit hard after the warthe war
Avg. citizen was Avg. citizen was worse off after then b4 worse off after then b4 the warthe war
Rich class of Rich class of profiteers from war profiteers from war goodsgoods
Once-wealthy left Once-wealthy left poorpoor
PowerPower
Power was looked at suspiciously after the Power was looked at suspiciously after the RevolutionRevolution
It is hard to start a government and a new It is hard to start a government and a new nation without power of some sortnation without power of some sort
Experimentation & Innovation in GovernmentExperimentation & Innovation in Government
13 States13 States
All 13 states had All 13 states had similar government similar government structure and structure and constitutionsconstitutions
Had good leadership Had good leadership from Revolutionary from Revolutionary War and Continental War and Continental CongressCongress
Coined money, raised Coined money, raised armies/navies and set armies/navies and set tariffstariffs
ConfederationConfederation
Articles of Confederation – adopted by Articles of Confederation – adopted by Congress in 1777 during the War Congress in 1777 during the War
Document was translated to French to prove Document was translated to French to prove that the United States had a real gov'tthat the United States had a real gov't
Not ratified by all 13 states until 1781Not ratified by all 13 states until 1781
State JealousyState Jealousy
Smaller states were jealous of larger states Smaller states were jealous of larger states because of their land West of the Allegheny because of their land West of the Allegheny Mountains.Mountains.
Agreement on Articles of Confederation came Agreement on Articles of Confederation came when the sale of western land would benefit when the sale of western land would benefit the “common benefit” and create new and the “common benefit” and create new and separate “republican states” to be admitted to separate “republican states” to be admitted to the Union laterthe Union later
The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory
Fertile land of the Fertile land of the Northwest Territory Northwest Territory transferred to the transferred to the Central GovernmentCentral Government
Heritage thrown into Heritage thrown into common potcommon pot
Pioneers would buy Pioneers would buy land from the federal land from the federal governmentgovernment
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Provided for a loose Provided for a loose confederation or firm confederation or firm friendshipfriendship
Linked for joint action Linked for joint action against any common against any common problemproblem
Weak Congress – Weak Congress – chief agency of govt.chief agency of govt.
No Executive BranchNo Executive Branch Judicial Arm left to Judicial Arm left to
statesstates
The USA under ConfederationThe USA under Confederation
Each state had a SINGLE vote in CongressEach state had a SINGLE vote in Congress RI and VA were equal in powerRI and VA were equal in power 9/13 for passage of a bill9/13 for passage of a bill 13/13 to change the Articles themselves13/13 to change the Articles themselves Unanimity almost impossibleUnanimity almost impossible Little could be doneLittle could be done
Confederation CongressConfederation Congress
No power to regulate commerceNo power to regulate commerce Each state had different laws about tariffs and Each state had different laws about tariffs and
navigationnavigation Congress had a tax policy, but no authority to Congress had a tax policy, but no authority to
enforce tax collectionenforce tax collection Tax quota for each state, state asked to please Tax quota for each state, state asked to please
paypay Might receive ¼ of what it asked for !!!Might receive ¼ of what it asked for !!!
The United StatesThe United States
Capital @ PhiladelphiaCapital @ Philadelphia Could not command or Could not command or
coerce control the statescoerce control the states Articles were a 1Articles were a 1stst in in
republican govt.republican govt. EXPERIMENTAL!!EXPERIMENTAL!!
Articles cont…Articles cont…
The Articles of Confederation were a huge The Articles of Confederation were a huge stepping stone and learning process leading to stepping stone and learning process leading to the future US Constitutionthe future US Constitution
Outlined powers of the federal government, Outlined powers of the federal government, such as treaties and a national postal servicesuch as treaties and a national postal service
HELD STATES TOGETHER IN UNION!HELD STATES TOGETHER IN UNION!
LANDLAND
Confederation Congress Confederation Congress passed much-needed passed much-needed laws on landlaws on land
Old Northwest – NW of Old Northwest – NW of Ohio River, E. of Miss. Ohio River, E. of Miss. River, and S. of Great River, and S. of Great LakesLakes
Land Laws (important for test)Land Laws (important for test)
Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785 – provided that land – provided that land in the Old Northwest should be sold and in the Old Northwest should be sold and proceeds would go to pay off the national debtproceeds would go to pay off the national debt
Surveyed, Sold, SettledSurveyed, Sold, Settled Each township – 6 square milesEach township – 6 square miles 36 sections of 1 mile each36 sections of 1 mile each 1616thth section – provided for a public school section – provided for a public school
Land Laws cont…Land Laws cont…
Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – came to – came to grips with how a nation would deal with its grips with how a nation would deal with its colonies (territories)colonies (territories)
Temporary tutelage, permanent equalityTemporary tutelage, permanent equality 1 – subordinate to federal government 1 – subordinate to federal government 2 – after 60,000 people, eligible to apply for 2 – after 60,000 people, eligible to apply for
statehood into Unionstatehood into Union SLAVERY FORBIDDEN IN OLD SLAVERY FORBIDDEN IN OLD
NORTHWESTNORTHWEST
Foreign RelationsForeign Relations
USA and rest of the world had troubled USA and rest of the world had troubled relationshiprelationship
8 years before Britain would even send an 8 years before Britain would even send an ambassadorambassador
No commercial treaties with Britain signed No commercial treaties with Britain signed and old Navigation Laws still in effect in and old Navigation Laws still in effect in England (no commerce to or from US if not England (no commerce to or from US if not in a British ship)in a British ship)
England shut off West Indies trade to USEngland shut off West Indies trade to US
Foreign Relations cont…Foreign Relations cont…
SpainSpain – openly unfriendly with USA – openly unfriendly with USA Controlled mouth of Miss. RiverControlled mouth of Miss. River 1784 – closed Miss. River to American 1784 – closed Miss. River to American
commercecommerce Almost strangled American WestAlmost strangled American West Florida controlled by SpainFlorida controlled by Spain Spain and Britain incited Indians against USSpain and Britain incited Indians against US
Foreign Relations cont…Foreign Relations cont…
FranceFrance – got revenge against Britain by – got revenge against Britain by helping US win the warhelping US win the war
Became less friendly after the war was overBecame less friendly after the war was over Wanted repayment of all loansWanted repayment of all loans Restricted trade with the USARestricted trade with the USA
Foreign Relations cont…Foreign Relations cont…
North Africa CoastNorth Africa Coast – controlled by Muslims – controlled by Muslims Dey of Algiers – famous pirate who controlled Dey of Algiers – famous pirate who controlled
the Mediterranean Sea along with other the Mediterranean Sea along with other Muslim piratesMuslim pirates
Enslaved Yankee sailorsEnslaved Yankee sailors US too weak to buy off the Barbary Pirates US too weak to buy off the Barbary Pirates
like the British Empirelike the British Empire
Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion
1786 – western Mass. 1786 – western Mass. Farmers, very poor and Farmers, very poor and backcountry, losing backcountry, losing farms to mortgage farms to mortgage foreclosures and late foreclosures and late taxestaxes
Capt. Daniel Shays led Capt. Daniel Shays led the revoltthe revolt
Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion
Shaysites wanted cheap paper money, Shaysites wanted cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and no foreclosures on their lighter taxes, and no foreclosures on their farmsfarms
100s attempted to enforce demands100s attempted to enforce demands MA took drastic actions & raised a small MA took drastic actions & raised a small
armyarmy Springfield – 3 Shaysites killed, one Springfield – 3 Shaysites killed, one
woundedwounded Shays condemned to death but pardonedShays condemned to death but pardoned
Federal Govt. Needed MuscleFederal Govt. Needed Muscle
Prosperity was coming Prosperity was coming back to shipping by back to shipping by 1789 and US was 1789 and US was coming out of postwar coming out of postwar depressiondepression
BUT – the federal BUT – the federal government needed government needed more muscle to enforce more muscle to enforce commercecommerce
Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention
Ultimately, problems with commerce led to Ultimately, problems with commerce led to the need for a constitutional convention to the need for a constitutional convention to revamp the Articles of Confederationrevamp the Articles of Confederation
39 year old Alexander Hamilton called upon 39 year old Alexander Hamilton called upon Congress to meet in Philadelphia, PA in 1787 Congress to meet in Philadelphia, PA in 1787 ““for the sole and express purpose of revisingfor the sole and express purpose of revising” the ” the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention
May 25, 1787 – 55 representatives from 12 states May 25, 1787 – 55 representatives from 12 states (RI) met @ redbrick statehouse in Philadelphia(RI) met @ redbrick statehouse in Philadelphia
Meetings held in complete secrecyMeetings held in complete secrecy Armed guards, mostly lawyers Armed guards, mostly lawyers T.J. called them “demigods”T.J. called them “demigods” George Washington – unanimous chairmanGeorge Washington – unanimous chairman Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Henry wouldn’t come because he smelled a ratHenry wouldn’t come because he smelled a rat Jefferson, Adams & Jay in Europe – didn’t attendJefferson, Adams & Jay in Europe – didn’t attend
Patriots of PhiladelphiaPatriots of Philadelphia
Conservative, lawyers, shippers, Conservative, lawyers, shippers, moneylenders, experienced in moneylenders, experienced in politicspolitics
Young (avg. age 42)Young (avg. age 42) 19/55 owned slaves19/55 owned slaves ALL NATIONALISTS – intense ALL NATIONALISTS – intense
feeling of pride for one’s own feeling of pride for one’s own countrycountry
Patriots of PhiladelphiaPatriots of Philadelphia
These men wanted to take revolutionary These men wanted to take revolutionary idealism and create a stable, but powerful, idealism and create a stable, but powerful, political structure that would lastpolitical structure that would last
Wanted to give Central Govt. power over Wanted to give Central Govt. power over commercecommerce
Preservation of UnionPreservation of Union Secure Liberty and PropertySecure Liberty and Property 5656thth delegate was FEAR of the alternative delegate was FEAR of the alternative
CompromiseCompromise
11stst decision was made decision was made to SCRAP the Articles to SCRAP the Articles of Confederationof Confederation
It was an overthrow of It was an overthrow of government by government by peaceful meanspeaceful means
This led to several This led to several other compromises other compromises that would be ever that would be ever important to US important to US HistoryHistory
Virginia Plan “The Large State Virginia Plan “The Large State Plan”Plan”
Bicameral Congress Bicameral Congress with membership of with membership of each state decided by each state decided by populationpopulation
Would give large Would give large states most states most representatives in both representatives in both HousesHouses
Not favored by small Not favored by small statesstates
New Jersey Plan “Small State New Jersey Plan “Small State Plan”Plan”
Equal representation in Equal representation in unicameral Congress unicameral Congress regardless of size or regardless of size or populationpopulation
Large states against this Large states against this ideaidea
The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise
As temperatures cooled in Philadelphia, so too As temperatures cooled in Philadelphia, so too did the tempers of the delegatesdid the tempers of the delegates
House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives – representation – representation based on population of each statebased on population of each state
SenateSenate – equal representation for each state (2 – equal representation for each state (2 Senators for each)Senators for each)
* Every tax bill or revenue measure had to * Every tax bill or revenue measure had to originate in the House, where pop. matteredoriginate in the House, where pop. mattered
The ExecutiveThe Executive
The new Constitution The new Constitution called for a strong called for a strong executive head of stateexecutive head of state
Military commander in Military commander in chiefchief
Appointed federal Appointed federal judgesjudges
The Electoral CollegeThe Electoral College
Each state’s populous would vote for Each state’s populous would vote for Electors, not the president directlyElectors, not the president directly
The number of each state’s electors were to The number of each state’s electors were to be based on the number of Reps it had in be based on the number of Reps it had in the House (population)the House (population)
Electors would then cast ballot for presidentElectors would then cast ballot for president If no majority, then election would go to the If no majority, then election would go to the
House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives 1800 & 1824 only times this happened1800 & 1824 only times this happened
3/5 Compromise3/5 Compromise
Slave would be counted Slave would be counted as 3/5 of one person for as 3/5 of one person for state populationstate population
Convention decided Convention decided slave importation would slave importation would end by 1807 but not end by 1807 but not institution of slaveryinstitution of slavery
ConservatismConservatism
Most delegates did agree for the most partMost delegates did agree for the most part All wanted sound money (gold/silver)All wanted sound money (gold/silver) Protection of private propertyProtection of private property All wanted 3 branches of govt. with checks All wanted 3 branches of govt. with checks
and balancesand balances None wanted all-manhood-suffrageNone wanted all-manhood-suffrage Afraid of the masses, made barriers against Afraid of the masses, made barriers against
mobocracymobocracy
Federal JudgesFederal Judges
Elected for lifeElected for life President would be President would be
elected indirectlyelected indirectly Senators were not Senators were not
elected by people, but elected by people, but by the state by the state legislatureslegislatures
But the system did But the system did have democratic have democratic elementselements
September 17, 1787September 17, 1787
Only 42/55 delegates left to sign the Only 42/55 delegates left to sign the ConstitutionConstitution
3/42 delegates were opposed to the passage of 3/42 delegates were opposed to the passage of the document and voted against it.the document and voted against it.
Federalists Anti-FederalistFederalists Anti-Federalist
Silver-buckled, Silver-buckled, powerful, influential, powerful, influential, richrich
Most from the coastal Most from the coastal areas, wealthy, areas, wealthy, educated, better educated, better organized, controlled organized, controlled the pressthe press
Washington, Hamilton, Washington, Hamilton, FranklinFranklin
Opposed the Opposed the Constitution and the Constitution and the stronger federal govt.stronger federal govt.
Wanted a Bill of Wanted a Bill of RightsRights
Supporters of state’s Supporters of state’s rights, country, poorrights, country, poor
Sam Adams, Patrick Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Henry, Richard Henry LeeLee
U.S. HistoryU.S. History
Time has shown that Time has shown that both liberals and both liberals and conservatives from both conservatives from both American parties American parties cherish the heritage and cherish the heritage and agree on the importance agree on the importance of the U.S. of the U.S. Constitution !!!Constitution !!!
The End !!!!!!!!!The End !!!!!!!!!
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