THE COLD WAR. WWII PEACE ? Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones Poland reconstituted – Soviet satallite Finland and Austria – Independent.

THE COLD WAR

WWII PEACE?Germany – “unconditional” surrender – divided into 4 zones

Poland reconstituted – Soviet satallite

Finland and Austria – Independent – Russia yoke of influence

Baltic States – absorbed into USSR

Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria - USSR

Yugoslavia, Albania – Communist – resistant to USSR rule

Italy abolished monarchy – unstable democracy

WWII PEACE?Greece – bloody civil war

France – 4th Republic – Unstable

Britain – empire evaporated

Japan – imposed democracy, rapid economic recovery = power status

China liberated from Japanese rule – civil war = Mao Zedong (1949)

League of Nations replaced by the United Nations

US and USSR superpowers = bi-polar world

THREE PERIODS

THE EARLY COLD WAR (1945-53)

THE MIDDLE COLD WAR (1953-74)

THE COLD WAR’S END (1974-91)

WEAPONSPropaganda

Diplomatic Moves

Scientific Competition

Economic Competition

Espionage

Subversion

THE EARLY COLD WAR

YALTA1945

BIG THREE

Issues?

Germany, Japan, Poland

Free-Elections

Intentions, suspicions

WHAT TO DO WITH EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS?

SATELLITES

Heavenly body that orbits a larger body

Eastern and Central Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania

Dictatorships controlled by the Communist Party

Denied Civil Liberties

GERMANY DIVIDED

IRON CURTAIN

1946

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”

CONTAINMENT THEORY

1947

George F. Kennan

“The main element of any United States policy toward Soviet Union must be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.”

CONTAINMENT

Kennan’s prediction = mellow, collapse

Creative application of containment

War, Diplomacy, Aid, Intelligence, Rebel Groups

Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift

TRUMAN DOCTRINE

1947

USSR expansion – Greece - Turkey

US $400 million in aid

1947-50 $660 million

THE MARSHALL PLAN

1947

George C. Marshall, Sec. Of State

Europe “rubble heap” (Churchill)

US recovery - $$$$

$13 Billion

“a miraculous economic recovery”

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT

June 1948 – May 1949

West Berlin – 2.5 million population

2.3 million tons of supplies

After 276,926 flights Soviet Union lifts blockade

NATO1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Brussels, Belgium

Defensive Military Alliance

12 Nations originally

Today?

28 members

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakiCzechoslovakiaa

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

WARSAW PACT

UNITED NATIONS

1945 – 51 founding nations

Goals: International Peace and Security, Friendly Relations, Cooperation in International problems, Human Rights

Five “Super powers”

Today 192 Nations

CHINA REVOLUTION

1949

Mao Tse Tung (r. 1949 – 1976)

Communism

Chaing Kai Shek – Nationalists – Taiwan

KOREA

1950-1953

“The Forgotten War”

38th Parallel

North Korea –Kim Il-Sung

THE MIDDLE COLD WAR

CRISIS AND COMPETITION

HUNGARIAN UPRISING

1956

Imre Nagy

Prime Minister

Krushschev “Secret Speech” – De-Stalinization

Withdrawal – Warsaw Pact

End Communism in Hungary?

Executed 1958

SUEZ CRISIS

1956-1957

British/French Control – military base 80,000 troops

Symbol of the overseas power

“jugular vein of the empire”

Abdel Nassar – President of Egypt

Egyptian Nationalization

SPUTNIK

1957

Russia – 1st man-made satellite

US – NASA

“Space Race”

U2 Incident

1960

Soviets - Krushchev

US – Eisenhower

Col. Francis Gary Powers

US Spy Plane shot down in Russia

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

Fidel Castro (r. 1959-2008)

BERLIN WALL

1961

Divides East and West Berlin

VIETNAM

1955-1963

Imperialist French control of Indo-China

Ho Chi Minh (1892-1969) - Nationalists

US INVOLVEMNT

“If you want to, go ahead and fight in the jungles of Vietnam," Khrushchev said. "The French fought there for seven years and still had to quit in the end. Perhaps the Americans will be able to stick it out for a little longer, but eventually they will have to quit, too." - Nikita Krushchev

VIETNAMIZATION 1969

President Nixon

Gradual withdraw U.S. ground forces

“Peace with Honor”

1973 – all US troops out

Communist North Vietnam captures South Vietnam

Containment?

PRAGUE SPRING

1968

Led to Brezhnev Doctrine

Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992)

“Socialism with a Human Face”

Russia – 500,000 troops

THE COLD WAR’S END

SALT I & II

Strategic Arms Limitation Total

1969-1979

US – USSR strategic arms limitations

SALT I – Moscow (1972) Nixon, Brezhnev

SALT II – Vienna (1979) Carter, Brezhnev

SOLIDARITY

1980

Poland

1956 – workers protested

1970 – food riots

1976 – new strikes

1980 – 17,000 workers Lenin Shipyard – STRIKE (food prices)

SOLIDARITY

Network of Unions

Solidarity Movement

Leader Lech Walesa

1979 – New Pope – John Paul II

27-year Papacy

First non-Italian Pope in 455 years

“There can be no just Europe without an independent Poland on the map of Europe!”

FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL

Gorbachev’s Glasnost - Perestroika

“General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” – Ronald Reagan (June 12, 1987)

November 9, 1989

Unification October 3, 1990 – Reunification of Germany

REVOLUTIONS OF 1989

Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Romania?

Velvet Revolution – Czechoslovakia -Vaclav Havel

Free elections, press

THE DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA

Republic of Yugoslavia (1944-1992)

Six republics – Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia

Two autonomous regions – Kosovo - Vojvodina

Josip Broz Tito (r. 1944-1980)

“Non-Alignment”

THE DEATH OF YUGOSLAVIA

Multi-Ethnic

Violent Break – Civil War

Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia – Independence 1991

Serb minorities in each above region

Slobodan Milosevic (1941-2006) – Yugoslavia

“Ethnic Cleansing” – Bosnian Muslims

THE EUROPEAN UNION

Jean Monnet (1888-1979), Robert Schuman (1886-1963)

1952 European Coal and Steel Community – “Inner Six” – Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, Germany

1957 – Treaty of Rome – Common Market or European Economic Community

1991 – Maastricht Treaty – “single Europe” – European Union

European Parliament, European Commission, Euro

THE EUROPEAN UNION

27 Member Nations

Political and Economic (Euro)

16 members use Euro

“Europe without frontiers”

Peace, Stability, and Prosperity

United States of Europe?

BRIEF HISTORY U.S. – SOVIET RELATIONS

1917-1941 - Unfriendly

1941-1945 - Cooperative

1945 – 1971 – Hostile

1971 –1979 – Detente

1980-1985 - Strained

1980 – Present – Diplomacy