The Civilizations of the Greeks - MCCCscherrl/documents/HIS101GreeceHandout12007.pdfHeinrich Schliemann, the Trojan War, and the ... The Civilizations of the Greeks: ...
Post on 30-May-2018
216 Views
Preview:
Transcript
Chapter 3
The Civilizations of the Greeks: Part I. The Bronze Age
Chapter 3, The Civilization of the Greeks
Early Greece The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100c. 750 B.C.) The World of the Greek CityStates (c. 750 c. 500 B.C.) The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece Culture and Society of Classical Greece
Geography of Greece
Mainland Greece Rocky and Mountainous Fertile plains No navigable rivers Limited natural resources Long coastline with many harbors
Aegean Islands The Cycladic Islands Crete
Bronze Age Greece
Heinrich Schliemann, the Trojan War, and the recovery of Bronze Age Greece _______________ Greece _______________ Crete
King Minos, Queen Pasiphaë, the Minotaur, and the Labyrinth Sir Arthur Evans and the excavation of Knossos
Which civilization came first?
Minoan Crete, c. 20001450 B.C. Palaces
Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, etc. Control of sea trade Wall Paintings Religion Thera (?Atlantis!) Literate – Linear A Peaceful
No fortifications
Mycenaean Greece, c. 16001200 B.C.
Palaces Mycenae, Tiryns, Pylos, Thebes, Athens, etc. Fortified citadels • “Cyclopean” masonry
______________ Warrior Burials Conquest of Minoan Crete Trojan War Agamenmon of Mycenae
Literate – _______________
The End of the Bronze Age Mycenaean citadels destroyed c. 1200 B.C. What could have happened? • ______________? • ______________? • ______________?
Connection with the end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean (Hittites, Egypt) _________________
The Trojan War
[Mycenaean] Greeks vs. Troy, c. 1200 B.C.
Troy Level VII A, c. 1250 B.C.
Chapter 3
The Civilizations of the Greeks: Part II
Dark Ages through Archaic Period
Ancient Greece Bronze Age – 2 nd millennium B.C. Minoan Crete Mycenaean Greece
Dark Age, 1100750 B.C. Archaic Period, 750500 B.C. Classical Period, 500323 B.C. High Point of Greek Civilization
Depopulation – from 12 th to 9 th centuries Possible invasion of new peoples
Dorianspeaking Greeks Collapse of agricultural production
More herding, less farming Disappearance of Mycenaean Way of Life
No _____________ No _____________ No _____________
Some Greeks migrate across the Aegean Ionians Aeolians
Dark Age Greece, c. 1100750 B.C.
Material culture poorer than Mycenaean times crude painted pottery
Oral poetry handed down from Mycenaean times Homeric epics and other myths
Dark Age Greece, c. 1100750 B.C.
Homer, c. 8 th century B.C. Blind bard Oral Transmission
The Iliad Trojan War Achilles The Homeric Ideal, Spielvogel, p.56 • “________________”
The movie Troy, 2004 The Odyssey – Odysseus’ voyage home To what era do the stories belong?
Homer and Homeric Greece, c. 1100750 B.C.
Homer
Rise in population Improvements in agriculture Economy shifted from _______ to _______
_____ replaced ______ Competition for resources Revival of trade Phoenicians trading with Greece
__________ reintroduced
End of the Dark Ages: Major changes in the 8 th cent. B.C.
The Polis (plural Poleis) = CityState Urban Center Acropolis Agora (market) citizenship
Poleis varied in size, natural resources, wealth Each polis had unique government, art, society, religious developments Community in which all _______ were entitled to participate at some level
The Rise of the Polis, c. 750 B.C.500 B.C.
Our word “politics” comes from polis, but the polis is much more than politics: Economic Social Religious • Each polis had a patron god or goddess
Best known poleis = Athens and Sparta Competition! Olympic Games, 776 B.C.
The Rise of the Polis, c. 750 B.C.500 B.C.
Monarchy Typical Bronze Age Government Few monarchies survived past the Bronze Age
Aristocracy aristos = best; cratos = rule
Oligarchy oligos = few; archos = power
Tyranny Democracy
Governments of the Poleis, c. 750 B.C.500 B.C.
Three changes in society led to political change: 1. Wealth
• From farming, trade 2. _____________ 3. _____________
Developments in Archaic Greece, c. 750500 B.C.
Overpopulation Motives:
Economic frustration Political frustration
New poleis founded throughout the eastern Mediterranean
Colony Mothercity
Trade and commerce Cultural diffusion
1500 Greek citystates Alphabet Art Architecture Coinage
Greek Colonization, c. 750550 B.C.
Bronze Age warfare – chariots and heavily armed soldiers Early Iron Age warfare cavalry Military Change in the 8 th century: Hoplites Heavily armed infantrymen • Helmet, breastplate, leg guards, shield • Thrusting spear • Sword Phalanx formation • 4 to 8 rows deep
A New Military System
Aristocrats in power Excluded people Poor Middle class The new rich
What could those excluded from power do about it? Political tension Refusal to fight to support the polis Support alternative leaders
Outgrowth of the Changes = Political Changes
The ancient Greek Tyrant, a ruler who: Seized power by force (coup d’etat) Ruled like a monarch (i.e., above the law) Held powers that became hereditary Was supported by the groups who were opposed to the aristocratic oligarchies Was backed by the hoplites
Important stage in the development of the polis Freed the citizens from the outdated aristocratic system
Tyranny was over by the end of the 6 th century B.C.
Tyranny
Laconia Conquered Messenia, c. 730 B.C. Helots Lycurgus Spielvogel, p. 60
Military Service
Sparta: The Military Ideal
Dual kings Council of elders (gerousia) 28 citizens over 60 years old
Ephors 5 magistrates elected annually to supervise education and serve as judges
Assembly of all male citizens (apella)
The Spartan Government (Oligarchy)
Society Spartiates Perioeci (“those who live around”) Helots
Family Life Boys Girls Marriage Wives and Mothers
The Spartan State
Spartan runner
Athens in the Dark Age Governed by 9 aristocratic archons Council of nobles (Areopagus)
Tensions in the 7 th century B.C. Debt slavery
6 th century – emerging democracy Draco, 620 B.C. Solon, 594 B.C.
Athens
Solon
Divided Athenians into 4 classes based on income:
“500 measure (bushel)men” “300 measure men” “200 measure men” Laborers
Archons and Areopagus from the 2 highest classes 3 rd class participated in new council of 400, the boule All classes vote in the assembly and participate in law courts
= Emerging democracy
Solon, the LawGiver, 594 B.C.
Athens: The Move to Tyranny Pisistratis
Tyrant 560 556 B.C.; 546527 B.C. Very popular Athens very peaceful and prosperous
Succeeded by unpopular sons Hippias and Hipparchus (assassinated in 514 B.C.)
Hippias forced into exile in 510 B.C.
The Reforms of Cleisthenes, 508501 B.C.
Weaken the power of localities and regions Ten new tribes, a cross section of the population Council of 500, fifty representatives from each tribe Democracy (demos, “people,” and kratia, “power”)
Greek Culture in the Archaic Age Lyric Poetry Sappho • Spielvogel, p. 64 Hesiod • Spielvogel, p. 63
Greek Culture in the Archaic Age Sculpture Kouros Kore
top related