The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800-1870.
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The Beginnings of Modernization:
Industrialization and Nationalism,
1800-1870
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Britain in the Industrial Britain in the Industrial RevolutionRevolution
The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution and Its Impactand Its Impact
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Agricultural growth Population growth Able to produce goods cheaply
Changes in Textile Production Flying shuttle James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768 Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787 James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782 Cotton textile production
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Industrialization of Industrialization of
EuropeEurope
Technological ChangesTechnological Changes Iron Industry Railroad
Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830
Ripple effect Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger;
increased sales mean more factories and machinery; thus, self-sustaining
The Industrial Factory Workers in shifts Workers come from rural areas Regulations
Spread of Spread of IndustrializationIndustrialization
Spread to Europe first
Government role
United States Internal transportation Labor
Limiting the Spread of Limiting the Spread of
Industrialization to the Rest of the Industrialization to the Rest of the
WorldWorld
Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled by an autocratic regime that preferred to keep peasants in serfdom
India exported cotton cloth produced by hand labor Purchase British-made goods
Social Impact of the Industrial Social Impact of the Industrial
RevolutionRevolution
Population Growth and Urbanization European population 140 million in 1750 and 266
million by 1850 Decline of death rate Increased food supply Growth of cities
Poor living conditions Sanitation poor
Social Impact of the Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution (cont.’d)Industrial Revolution (cont.’d)
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class New bourgeois Constructed the factories, purchased the machines,
figured out where the markets were Reduce the barriers between themselves and the
landed elite
New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class Poor working conditions Women and children
Efforts at Change Socialism Utopian socialists
Key Moments in the Key Moments in the History of Atlantic History of Atlantic
RevolutionsRevolutions 1776 – American Dec. of
Independence
1783 – American Independence (Brit recognition)
1787 – US Constitution
1780s – Tupac Amaru Revolt in Peru
1789 – French Revolution
1791-1804 – Haitian Revolution
1793-1794 – French Terror
1799 – Napoleon’s Rise
1810-11 – High point of Napoleon’s Empire
1810-13 - Hidalgo – Morales Rebellion in Mexico
1810-1825 – Wars of Spanish American Independence
1815 – Final defeat of Napoleon
1822 – Independence of Brazil from Portugal
Independence and the Development Independence and the Development
of the National State in Latin of the National State in Latin
AmericaAmerica
Nationalistic Revolts
Enlightenment affects the creole class European control weakened by Napoleonic
Wars Mexico
Divisions within Mexico Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico, 1821
South America José de San Martín (1783-1830) Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)
Spanish-American Spanish-American Revolutions 1810-1825Revolutions 1810-1825
Creole intellectuals resented Spain’s exercise of greater power, heavier taxes & tariffs Became familiar with ideas related to Enlightenment thinking
Popular sovereignty Republican government Personal liberty
Little tradition of self-government in Spanish colonies More authoritarian More distinct class divisions Strict Catholicism Whites outnumbered by Native Americans, Africans, mixed
raced people
Events in Europe Events in Europe impact Latin Americaimpact Latin America
1808: Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal Spanish king deposed Portuguese royals in exile Leaves Latin America in disarray
MexicoMexico Began as peasant insurrection in 1810: Miguel Hidalgo (priest)
Wanted to destroy encomienda Freedom from Spanish rule
Creole landowners with support of church, crushed the insurgency
Jose Maria Morelos, a mestizo priest, took command Organized a government 1814 – declared Mexico independent & wrote constitution Met same fate as Hidalgo
Mexico…Mexico… Officer in Spanish army: Agustin de Iturbide
Appointed to crush revolutionary activity Aligned self with rebel leaders, conservatives, and church
leaders 1822 – Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna overthrew emperor
Became a national hero when defeating a Spanish army Ruled over a huge territory Key person in Mexican-American War (lost Texas & more
territory)
South American South American Independence Independence
MovementsMovements Gran Colombia: Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, & Panama
Bolivar: Creole educated in Europe Inspired by the Enlightenment Trained an army & defeated Spanish forces Regional differences split Gran Colombia
Argentina & Chile: Jose de San Martin Creole dominated revolt
Brazil & Uruguay: independence from Brazil
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Latin America in the Early Latin America in the Early
Nineteenth CenturyNineteenth Century
Difficulties of Nation Difficulties of Nation BuildingBuilding
Problems of independence
Caudillos come to power
Economic dependence
Domination by the industrializing nations Source of raw materials and food for industrialized nations
Domination by landed elites
Reaction and Revolution: The Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of NationalismGrowth of Nationalism
Conservative Order Vienna peace settlement (Congress of Vienna), 1815 Concert of Europe
Forces for Change Liberalism
Protection of civil liberties Guaranteed by a document Right to vote to men of property only
Nationalism Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs Each nationality should have a government Becomes a threat to the existing order
Ottoman control of the Balkans wanes
Crimean War, 1853-1855 Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853 Britain and France fear Russians would gain
an advantage, declare war, March 28, 1854 The Crimean War Treaty of Paris, 1855 Crimean War destroyed the Concert of
Europe Results of the war
Nationalism in the Nationalism in the BalkansBalkans
The Balkans in 1830The Balkans in 1830
The Unification of ItalyThe Unification of Italy
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Ethnic groups within Ethnic groups within the Austrian Empirethe Austrian Empire
Nationalism and Reform: Great Nationalism and Reform: Great
Britain, France, the Austrian Britain, France, the Austrian
Empire, and RussiaEmpire, and Russia Great Britain
Reform Act of 1832 Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s
France Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III (1852-1870) Economic growth and development Reconstruction of Paris Opposition grew in 1860s
Austria Problems of ethnic nationalism Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire
Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) Reforms
Growth of the United Growth of the United StatesStates
Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) Jacksonian democracy
Slavery Cotton economy of the South Northern fear that slavery would spread
Abraham Lincoln and secession
Civil War (1861-1865) War to save the Union Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863
Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions Why did the Industrial Revolution emerge in
Britain first?
How did nationalism and liberalism contribute to the Revolutions of 1848?
Compare and contrast the process of national unification in Italy and Germany.
Describe the attitude of the Romantics toward nature and history.
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