The Battle for the Brains: Why Immigration Policy is not Enough to Attract the Highly Skilled
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8/8/2019 The Battle for the Brains: Why Immigration Policy is not Enough to Attract the Highly Skilled
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THE BATTLE FOR THE BRAINSWHY IMMIGRATION POLICY IS NOT ENOUGH
TO ATTRACT THE HIGHLY SKILLED
JEROEN DOOMERNIKTRANSATLANTIC ACADEMY
REY KOSLOWSKITRANSATLANTIC ACADEMY
DIETRICH THRNHARDTTRANSATLANTIC ACADEMY
PAPER SERIES
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2009 Te German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.
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in writing rom the German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF). Please direct inquiries to:
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sarily represent the view o GMF. Comments rom readers are welcome; reply to the mailing address above or by
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About GMF
Te German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF) is a non-partisan American public policy and grant-
making institution dedicated to promoting greater cooperation and understanding between North America
and Europe.
GMF does this by supporting individuals and institutions working on transatlantic issues, by convening leaders
to discuss the most pressing transatlantic themes, and by examining ways in which transatlantic cooperation canaddress a variety o global policy challenges. In addition, GMF supports a number o initiatives to strengthen
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The Battle for the Brains
Why immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
Brussels Forum Paper Series
March 2009
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
3
This paper
examines the
contemporary
debate in
Europe about
implementing
selective migratio
policies often
modeled after
immigration
policies found in
North America.
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Introduction
1
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States4
For the first time
the distinction
was made
between those
migrants whom
we need, and
those who need
us while escaping
dictatorships, war,
and poverty.
The Debate in Europe
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
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We no longer
want immigration
that is inflicted
on us, we
want selected
immigration.
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States6
Not only do
European states
compete among
themselves for
talent; they also
understand that
this competition
is global and
includes long-
standing players
like Australia,
Canada, and the
United States.
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Table 1. What Selected Governments Consider Desirable Regarding Migration in General and
Regarding Highly Qualifed Migration in 1996 and 2007
Cy 1996 2007 1996 2007
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
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With Congress
gridlocked on
immigration, its
clear that the
next Silicon Valle
will not be in the
United States.
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States8
Selective
migration policies
can be grouped
into three models,
the human
capital model
as practiced
by Canada, the
neo-corporatist
model practiced
by Australia, and
the market-
oriented model
practiced by the
United States.
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The Examples of Canada, Australia,
and the United States3
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
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Australia adopted
more skills-speci
approach based
on labor market
assessments and
more rigorous
credential
screening and
English language
testing before
migration.
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States10
The U.S.
government has
not pursued an
explicit selective
migration strategy
based on a
point system,
but certain
provisions of
U.S. immigration
law have long
encouraged both
permanent and
temporary high-
skilled migration.
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
11
The United State
implicit selective
migration strateg
yields more
highly-skilled
workers than
all of the point-
system programs
of other countrie
combined.
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States12
The lopsided flows
of highly-skilled
migrants to the
United States, in
comparison to
flows to Australia
and Canada,
demonstrate that
states using point
systems with more
regulated labor
markets might not
be as effective
in generating the
expected flows of
the highly skilled.
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Table 2. Foreign-born Persons with Tertiary Education and Percentage o Educated Among
Foreign-born
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A 4,73,13 1,465,733 35% 1,7 %
C 5,717,15 ,33,4 356% 6,3 1%
U S 34,634,71 8,4,473 37% 443,15 13%
S: OECD 4, -b 1
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
13
In sum, European
policymakers
seek to adopt
selective migratio
policies practiced
by the United
States, Canada,
and Australia,
but these
countries have
taken different
approaches.
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States14
The United
States enjoyed a
spending boom
Migration thus
was the human
capital sister
of large-scale
imports of goods
and capital.
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Why Immigration Policies
are not Sufficient4
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
15
These factors
give rise to
the proverbial
taxi driver with
a Ph.D.a
phenomenon tha
highlights the
broader challeng
of adequate
placement that,
turn, undermines
the intended
economic impac
of selective
migration policie
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States16
Mounting
acquisition
of university
capital paralleled
immigration
trends, with rich
and able students
from all over
the world trying
to study in U.S.
universities.
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Italy
France
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
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Albania
Serbia & Montenegro
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Former YugoslaviaRepublic of Macedonia
Source: Swiss Census 2000; World Bank 2007, 189
Figure 1. Proportion of Migrants with Tertiary Education in Switzerland in Low-Skill Jobs17 Countries of Origin Compared
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
17
If European
universities want
to compete, they
must change to
become more
entrepreneurial,
better funded,
better organized
and more service
oriented, more
accessible,
and corporate
image-oriented.
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W A, B, A
v v b
A v
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v v T
, b
b w ,
b
T v
H Bj T
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E v,
A v w v
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A
(IOM 8, 113) H
A (IOM 8, 11)
S v T b $155 b
A , w-
b (O D 8)
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xv A v w
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v-, b,
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v bw
jb T-q C
bw 175 1
(IOM 8, 118 )
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W E
v w U S w , w v S
E EU v
Social Factors: Tolerance
A w
v x
v -
b w b
v v
T ,
b S
xb (
v v
) b -
, b
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States18
Mandatory
integration
courses and
tests may send
a negative signal
to all immigrants
regardless of
their skills and
education.
w v w F x,
v
P b v D
N 1, b
x x
v v
w b EU b
(Mw 7) A E
U 8, F
v E w -
, b
R b
w b
w b
b ( z - )
T v b
v
T b
b v
bv L bv b
q ,
S
b
w , v
, bw
v T q q
bq v
b x
b Y,
v w
w E
w b x v w
I , I b
b b ;
b bwI , bw
J-C ( ) v E
I (EUMC 6,b) O v
v A
v I IT
G v w w
G C w b
G
b
v w K I7
I IT , S T, TheWall Street Journal Europe, w, B wv
b, G
I v
G w v
I , K
I
I A C-b I w
w : T b z
w v G,
B
I, Sv M, w
v , : W v
b G 8
T b
v, b v w
v b
, E b
b T v w
- xb A
b E v b
w x v w
b , , v ww
7 C I
8 S T, M ,
8/8/2019 The Battle for the Brains: Why Immigration Policy is not Enough to Attract the Highly Skilled
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
19
Canada has
been remarkably
successful in
projecting a
positive image of
its immigration
system and
practice to the
world. Not all
countries have
been equally
successful in the
public relations.
L, ,, v, v v
, v
w R
w
v w E w w
x w, , v
Mv, I
v b
b
C b b j v
w, v
b (C 8, 46433)
N v b q
b T w b
b v w
v
8/8/2019 The Battle for the Brains: Why Immigration Policy is not Enough to Attract the Highly Skilled
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States20
More free
movement from
beyond the EUs
borders, beginning
with talented
people, may
offer the way to
the future more
than elaborately
constructed
planned
human capital
schemes do.
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x
v
E
b C A
S, A v U
S
C- A-
O
b E B C, v
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v T
F,
v
b
(Kb 8) I
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x
,
v b v I v (S
175), v
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b, b v
b
v
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v, b b w
q E z,
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w
M v b EU
b, b w ,
w b
Conclusion
5
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
21
B, C A T C W LTheWashington Post, Db 3, 7
B, K F v
International Herald
Tribune, Fb 1, 6
B, Bb, L Hw
S R Evaluation of the
General Skilled Migration Categories,
D I
M A, M 6
BMI Zuwanderung gestalten, Integrationfrdern. Bericht der Unabhngigen
Kommission Zuwanderung, J 4, 1
Bj, G J Friends or Strangers: The
Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy
Nw Y: B B, 1
Cz I C (CIC) Facts and
Figures 2005 Immigration Overview: Permanent
and Temporary Residents.Cz
I C 6 Rv : ://
www//b/5/x
C, S Does North America Exist?
Governing the Continent after NAFTA and 9/11
T: Uv T P 8
D E, T, E
Employment Permits Arrangements Guide
to Green Card Permits. Nvb 8
Rv ://www/
b/b/8/G%-%
GC%-%Nv%8
D H S (DHS)2005 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,
D H S 5
D H S (DHS)Characteristics of Employment-Based Legal
Permanent Residents: 2004, F S,
O I S, D
H S, Ob 5
D H S (DHS)
2006 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,
D H S, 6
Ev, C. M S b S
C Ev M I
Cz: C 8
S M P, 8
E M C R
Xb (EUMC) Perceptions of
discrimination and Islamophobia. Voices
from members of Muslim communities in the
European Union, V: EUMC, 6
E M C R
Xb (EUMC)Muslims in
the European Union: Discrimination and
Islamophobia, V: EUMC 6b
G I M D
I A, F M
I, B, J 18, 4 Rv
J 7, 6 Rv : ://www
zw//x
G, A G Dv A G T
E G C I
P: P P Canadian
Public Policy 1, V 5, N 4
Hw, L Labor Market Outcomes
for Migrant Professionals: Canada and AustraliaCompared Ow: S C 6
References
6
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The German Marshall Fund of the United States22
Hb, D S I C:Cx, P O C A
1, Bb B, L Hw
S R, , Evaluation of the General
Skilled Migration Categories, Commonwealth
of Australia. Cb 6, 185
I Oz M
(IOM)World Migration 2008: Managing
Labor Mobility in the Evolving Global
Economy Gv: IOM 8
Kb, H Einwanderung zwischen
wohlverstandenem Eigeninteresse und
symbolischer Politik. Das Beispiel der
deutschen Green Card, M: L 4
Kb, H P M? S P
I
Kw z E? I: D T
, Entwicklung und Migration, B: L 8,
7
Lw, L B H-1B Temporary Workers:
Estimating the Population.W
P N 1 C CvI S, Uv
C, S D, M 113,
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Soviet Union W B: W 7
Mw, I Integration als Staatsprogramm.
Frankreich, Deutschland und die Niederlande
im Vergleich, M: L 7
MPSV/IOM () (M Lb
S A/I Oz M) Have you decided to live
and work in the Czech Republic?Rv
: ://wwwz/w/
b/EN, Db 18, 8
O E C- Dv (OECD) International
Migration Outlook: SOPEMI 2004 Edition.
P: O E C-
Dv 4
O D 8: INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
ON US CAMPUSES AT ALL-TIME Rv
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OS, Ew Missing the Point(s): The
Declining Fortunes of Canadas Economic
Immigration Program.M
T A, J
P D G S
Y-L Balancing Interests: Rethinking
U.S. Selection of Skilled Immigrants
W, DC: I M
P P, C Ew
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Sv Zw
IMigration und Integration.
Erfahrungen nutzen, Neues wagen.
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Nb: BAMF, 4
S, H Sz Uv Nw
Lw Ex F W The
Telegraph, Fb 7, 6
S, Ov D Ew
Kbb D?
D T , Entwicklung und
Migration, B: L 8, 5178
S, P G Lb(E) Patterns of Corporatist Policy-
MakingL: S Pb 18
S, J A [1942] Capitalism, Socialism
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The Battle for the BrainsWhy immigration policy is not enough to attract the highly skilled
23
T, T R O C I P
S I: P B/Ax Kb
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Integration im Vergleich, Nb: B
M F 8, 455
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Migration Work for Britain UK H O,
M 6 Rv : ://www
v/F//C_P1
UK H O The Points-Based System.UK,
H O, M 4, 8 Rv : ://
wwwbv/b/
/b/
U N D E
S A P Dv
(UNPD) World Population Policies 2007
Nw Y: U N, 8
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D E S
A P Dv POP/DB/
MIG/Rv5/D Fb 6
R C, L I: S
P.US C I
R, 15 Rv : ://www
x/bj//
US S Comprehensive Immigration
Reform Act of 2007 S1348, 7
W, Hz T C G C
Iv F IT S
G International Mobility of the
Highly Skilled(P: OECD, 1)
W H U, W H Pw
Rv M 6, 7 : ://
wwww/w//b/w_
b/W%H%I%P
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O F F I C E S
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