The Agriculture of New Zealand

The Agriculture of New Zealand

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Geography

• Group of islands located in South Pacific Ocean

• Predominantly mountainous terrain

• Lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0m

• Highest point: Mount Cook 3764m

• Temperate climate with sharp regional contrasts

People

• Population: 4 million– 0-14 years: 22%– 15-64 years: 66%– 64 years+: 12%

• Population growth rate: 1.09%

• Life expectancy: 78 years

History

• Polynesian Maori arrived around AD800

• Ceded sovereignty to Queen Victoria in 1840

• Land wars between 1843-1872 ended with defeat of native peoples

• Became independent dominion in 1907

Wildlife

• No native mammals apart from bats and marine mammals

• Virtually all the native insects are found nowhere else

• Unique species of birds include kiwi, kakapo and weka

• Seven penguin species

West-facing… wet!

East… dry!

Till

Glacier Ice

Glaciers in Action

Glaciers in Action

Glacial Flour!

Glacial Outwash

New Zealand Streams

New Zealand Streams

New Zealand Caves

Origin of Limestone

Raw ingredient of limestone is…Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), which forms in seas in a variety of ways.

“Dirt is good!”

•Carbonic acid(H2CO3)

– CO2 (g) CO2 (aq)

– CO2(ag) + H2O

– H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

-

New Zealand Caves

New Zealand Caves

New Zealand Caves

New Zealand… a little bit of everything.

Questions to Remember!

2. What is New Zealand’s top agricultural exporter in terms of bringing home the money?

3. Why are the kiwifruit again being renamed by New Zealanders, and what is the new name?

1. Are the majority of New Zealand’s agricultural products (both pastoral and horticultural) used within the local

markets of New Zealand or exported abroad?

4. How can New Zealand afford to compete against three huge competitors in the apple growing market?

Some definitions so we all are on the same page!

Agricultural products: those products that are both pastoral and horticultural

Pastoral products: livestock (ex: sheep, cattle, venison) and livestock products (ex: wool, milk, meat)

Horticultural products: grains, fruits, vegetables, and their respective products

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New ZealandDrawing By: Louis August de Sainson in 1839

“His first glimpse of Maori farmers upon arriving in New Zealand with the French navigator D’Urville.”

A Brief History of Early Maori Agriculture

-Kumara-Taro roots-Yams-Gourds-Paper mulberry

Kumara- a type of sweet potato- was their major crop and most valued.

Skilled agriculturalists that cultivated plants brought from the tropics:

http://www.kumara.co.nz/

Planting, tending, and harvesting called for rituals.

- incantations to Pani, mother of Rongo God of Food Plants

- first tuber of kumara each season laid aside for Rongo

Image of Rongo at Walt Disney’s Tiki Room

Then came the European settlers (Pakeha).

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New ZealandPainting by: Samuel Brees in 1847

- Europeans brought potato with them.

-planted later and harvested earlier than kumara

- Maoris fed early settlers and took part in the growth and export of potatoes and grain to Australia.

- Europeans repaid Maoris by fighting them for their lands in the Land Wars of the 1860s.

-along with lowered prices of exports, land wars brought this era of cooperative farming to an end

Early Animals

Captain James Cook brought in:-sheep-pigs-goats-geese-other fowl

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Samuel Marsden brought more sheep, cattle, and horses to the Bay of Islands from New South Wales (Australia).

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Exportation of New Zealand’s Products

New Zealand exports many agricultural productsincluding but not limited to:

-dairy products-meats (lamb, venison, beef)-wool-grains (wheat, barley, some oats)-fruits (kiwifruit, apples, pears)

Much of New Zealand’s agricultural products are exportedand account for over (NZ$) 60 million of the total GDP.

USA

UK

JapanChina

Australia

Major Exportation Destinationshttp://www.maproom.psu.edu/graphics2/dcw/

New Zealand’s top agricultural producer that brings in the most money per year is the dairy products’ industry.

It brought in (NZ$) 5.5 billion in 2004; totaling 19% of all exports.

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Lamb is New Zealand’s most widely exported meat.

Livestock of New Zealand(yellow on map = pastoral area of livestock)

-sheep and lamb-cattle: dairy and beef-venison-chickens-pigs-others

land cover map from MAF

(red areas = land used in dairy production)

Sheep and Lamb

Sheep population in 2004 = 39.3 million.

21 million sheep were on the South Island alone.

Canterbury region = top lamb producer in 2004.

Most sheep stations are found on the South Island.-sheep can survive in difficult terrain here

Meat or Wool?

Most sheep and lambs are raised for their meat because they have been bred to be a more hearty breed to survive the difficult terrain of the South Island so their wool is more coarse and too strong in fiber.

http://www.maf.govt.nz/statistics/primaryindustries/livestock/slideshow/tour4.htm

Cattle: Dairy

Estimated at 5.2 million head (individuals) in 2004.

http://www.innz.co.nz/accommodation/

Waikato, Taranaki, and Canterbury are the top 3 dairy producing regions of New Zealand.

Cattle: Beef

4.4 million head in 2004

Beef and veal = 40% of NZ meat/ meat products exported

Two major breeds = Angus and Hereford

Beef cattle often grazed in association with sheep now.

Hereford Cattle

Venison (Deer)

1.8 million estimated to be farmed in 2004

Produced primarily for meat.

New Zealand is the major world supplier of venison.

New Zealand venison farm

Pigs and ChickensPigs are mainly raised for New Zealand’s domestic market and had a population estimation of 355,000 in 2003.

Chickens number in the low millions.

-increase of New Zealander’s eating poultry lately with an average person eating about 40 kg in 2005

New Zealand pigsChickens in New Zealand

Horticulture and New Zealand

-kiwifruit-apples, pears, and other fruits-wheat-barley, oats, other crops

Main produce:

Horticultural exports were valued at (NZ$) 2.2 billion in 2004.

Kiwifruit(aka Chinese Gooseberry)

Primarily grown in the Bay of Plenty region on the North Island.

New Zealand began exporting kiwifruit around the world in the 1970s.

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Apples

Compete at harvest time against three huge apple growing nations:

-South Africa-Argentina-Chile

Grow new varieties: Royal Gala, Fuji, Braeburn, Pacific Rose, and Southern Snap.

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Other fruitsPears have also been an export for years.

Exotic fruits also grown in New Zealand (local markets and personal use only):

-feijoa

-babacoHybrid of the pawpaw.

Slow growing evergreen shrub.

http://personales.mundivia.es/schrader_gomera/feijoa.htm

http://aniconic.org/journal/ec-dialup/page08a.html

http://www.communitygarden.org.au/ideas/fruits/babaco.html

botany.cs.tamu.edu/ FLORA/dcs420/fa04/fa04005.jpg

Vegetable Industry

Fresh vegetable exports:-tomatoes-potatoes-onions-squash-carrots and baby carrots-asparagus

Frozen vegetable exports:-peas-corn-mixed vegetables-tomato products-dried peas

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Grain IndustryGrain planted in 2002 covered:-53k hectares for wheat (decreased from 2001)-70k hectares for barley (increased from 2001)-15k hectares for maize (decreased from 2001)

Other arable seed crops:-pea seed, clover seed, and ryegrasses also decreased in 2002 from the previous year.

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Agricultural research is still the major area of scientific research in New Zealand.

Images from powerpoint clipart.

1. Are the majority of New Zealand’s agricultural products

used in New Zealand or exported abroad?

exported abroad and account for (NZ$) 60 million of the GDP

Images from powerpoint clipart.

2. What is New Zealand’s top agricultural exporter in terms of

bringing home the money?

the dairy industry with its related products (even

outshines the wool industry!)

Images from powerpoint clipart.

3. Why are the kiwifruit again being renamed by New

Zealanders, and what is the new name?

Images from powerpoint clipart.

Will be called Zespri kiwifruit to re-associate the clean, green, sunny atmosphere of New Zealand with growing kiwifruit and encourage consumers to purchase more, thus increasing exports of the fruit around the world.

4. How can New Zealand afford to compete against three huge

competitors in the apple growing market?

They have developed newer varieties such as the Royal Gala, Fuji, Braeburn, Pacific Rose and Southern Snap that the three major competitors do not cultivate.

Images from powerpoint clipart.

References for information:

Books: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand

Editor-in-Chief: Gordon McLauchlan; 1992. pgs 12-21.

The Far East and Australasia 2005; 36th EditionA.E. McQueen; 2005. pgs 745-763

Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics;Mark Fisher; vol 16, 2003; pgs 77-90.

Plant Pathology; “Genomic and phenotypic characterization of the bacterium causing blight of kiwifruit in New Zealand;” J.M. Young, L. Gardan; (1997) issue 46, pages 857-864.

The Economist; “Jeu Zespri.” (8/10/96), vol 340, issue 7978, p48-48.

Journals:

References for information:

Websites:

http://www.stats.govt.nz/analytical-reports/agric-in-nz/default.htm

http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/

http://www.kumara.co.nz/about.shtml

http://epix.hazard.net/topics/animal/psorptes.htm

http://www.x-rates.com/calculator.html

http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/web/Media+Release+National+Population+Estimates+December+2003+quarter?open

http://www.casein.com/gen_info.htm

http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/babaco.html

http://www.communitygarden.org.au/ideas/fruits/babaco.html

http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/feijoa.html

References for images:

PowerPoint 2003 clipart images.

http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/rural-nz/agriculture-forestry-horticulture-in-brief/2005/land-cover-map-06.htm

http://www.maproom.psu.edu/graphics2/dcw/

http://www.startedbyamouse.com/features/Details02.shtml

http://www.kumara.co.nz/

http://www.maf.govt.nz/statistics/primaryindustries/livestock/slideshow/tour4.htm

http://www.innz.co.nz/accommodation/

http://www.dreamland.co.nz/lifestyle/

http://www.ourdotcom.com/TripLog/NewZealand/SouthIsland/Kaikoura.htm

http://www.waihakamara.co.nz/events.php?id=47

Agricultural Statistics pdf saved from EBSCO article.

http://www.communitygarden.org.au/ideas/fruits/babaco.html

http://aniconic.org/journal/ec-dialup/page08a.html

botany.cs.tamu.edu/ FLORA/dcs420/fa04/fa04005.jpg

http://personales.mundivia.es/schrader_gomera/feijoa.htm