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Traducin idioma 1. III: galego > ingls
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Preliminary norms(Toury 1995: 58)
Translation policy
Factorsthat govern the choice of text-types, or evenof individual texts, to be imported through translation
into a particular culture/language at a particular pointin time.
Directness of translation
Considerationsconcerning directness of translationinvolve the threshold of tolerance for translating fromlanguages other than the ultimate source language: isindirect translation permitted at all? In translatingfrom what source languages/text-types/periods (etc.)is it permitted/prohibited/tolerated/preferred?
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Operational normsMay be conceived of as directing the decisions
made during the act of translation itself. Matricial norms
May govern the very existence of target-languagematerial intended as a substitute for thecorresponding source-language material [...], itslocation in the text [...], as well as the textualsegmentation.
Textual-linguistic normsGovern the selection of material to formulate the
target text in, or replace the original textual andlinguistic material with.
Textual-linguistic norms may either begeneral[...]
orparticular[...].4
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Extratextual / Intratextual factors (Nord1991/2005: 41-153)
Extratextual factors (external factors) Sender
Sendersintention
Audience
Medium/channel
Place of communication
Time of communication Motive for communication
Text function
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Intratextual factors (Internal factors)
Subject matter
Content
Presuppositions
Text composition
Non-verbal elements
Lexis
Sentence structure
Suprasegmental features
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Domestication vs. Foreignization (Venuti1995: 20)
Admitting (with qualifications like asmuch aspossible) that translation can never becompletely adequate to the foreign text,Schleiermacher allowed the translator to choosebetween a domesticating method, anethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to
target-language cultural values, bringing theauthor back home, and a foreignizing method, anethnodeviant pressure on those values to registerthe linguistic and cultural difference of theforeign text, sending the reader abroad.
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Translation procedures(Newmark 2006)
Transference
Naturalisation
Cultural equivalent Functional equivalent
Descriptive equivalent
Synonymy
Through-translation Shifts or transpositions
Modulation
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(Cultural references: Agost, 1999:100-101)
Same reference (globalizacin cultural)
Explanation (preference for meaning)
Cultural adaptation: replacement of a ST referencefor a TT one
Omision of the reference (careful with context)
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Neutralization: replacement by an elementthat is generic or explains the one of the
source text
Internalization: a segment shared by sourceand target texts
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Type of text(Reiss 2000: 24-47)
Content-focused texts
Form-focused textsAppeal-focused texts
Audio-medial texts
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[] the principal kinds of text in thecontent-focused type would include pressreleases and comments, news reports,commercial correspondence, inventories ofmerchandise, operating instructions,directions for use, patent specifications,treaties, official documents, educationalworks, non-fiction books of all sorts, essays,treaties, reports, theses, and specializedliterature in the humanities, the naturalsciences, and other technical fields.
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Form: howan author expresses himself, asdistinct from content, which deals with
whatthe author says.
In these texts the author makes use of
formal elements, whether consciously orunconsciously, for a specific aestheticeffect.
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Generally speaking, all texts based onformal literary principles, and therefore all
texts which express more than they state,where figures of speech and style serve toachieve an aesthetic purpose in a word:texts which may be called for and fully
justified.
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they are distinctive in always presentinginformation with a particular perspective, anexplicit purpose, involving a non-linguisticresult.
[] alltexts in which the element of appealis dominant, with advertising, publicity,
preaching, propaganda, polemic, demagogyor satire providing either the purpose orlinguistic means of expression.
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[They] do not represent the simpletranscription of oral communications, butrather are more or less importantcomponents of a larger complex.
Generally speaking, any text that requiresthe use of and a degree of accommodation toa non-linguistic medium in order to
communicate with the hearer, whether in thesource or in the target language. Primaryexamples would be radio and televisionscripts, such as radio newscasts and reports,topical surveys and dramatic productions.
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Brief conditions
Initiator(Nord 1991/2005: 9-11)The initiator wants the translation for a certain
purpose. The reception of the target text by the
initiator or any other person the target text is passedon to depends on this purpose. It is this purpose thatdetermines the requirements to be met by thetranslation.
If the translation is to be suitable for a certain
purpose, it must fulfil certain requirements, which aredefined by the translation instructions or translationbrief.
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Althoughthe initiator is the one who actually defines
the TT skopos (even if he or she may not be able toformulate the brief), the responsibility for thetranslation will always rest with the translator. It is
the translator alone who has the competence todecide whether the translation which the initiator asksfor can actually be produced on the basis of the givensource text and, if so, how, i.e. by which proceduresand techniques, this should best be done. After all, it
is the translator, and not the initiator, who is theexpert on translation.
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Reader
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Function
Bhler: Representation
Expression
Persuasion
Jakobson: Referential
Expressive
Conative
Poetic
Phatic
Metalingual21
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Socio-cultural context (Brunette 2000: 178-179)
Non-linguistic circumstances surrounding theproduction of the discourse to be assessed. Forassessors of general or pragmatic texts, these
circumstances include the end user of the target text(in its relation to that of the source text), theposition of the end user, the author (e.g. personality,experience, habits, relation to end user), the timeand place in which the translation will be used, the
life span of the translated text, the text type, themedium used to disseminate the text, the socialsituation (e.g. multilingualism) and ideologicalcircumstances (e.g. political) surrounding theproduction of the target text.
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Historical moment
Situation (Hatim & Mason 1997: 205)
Purpose
Authorsintention (Nord 1997, Hatim and Mason1991; Brunette 2000)
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Coherence and Cohesion (Brunette 2000:175)
Coherence: Continuityof the meaning of a textfrom one idea to another and plausibility of suchmeaning.
Cohesion: Linguistic means used to ensurecontinuity of the form and content of a text.
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Reception in target culture(Toury 1995: 56)
[] a translator may subject him-/herself eitherto the original text, with the norms it hasrealized, or to the norms active in the target
culture, or in that section of it which would hostthe end product.
[] whereas adherence to source norms
determines a translations adequacy ascompared to the source text, subscription tonorms originating in the target culturedetermines its acceptability.
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Nord 1991/2005: 174-177
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Pragmatic translation problems
Convention-related (cultural) translationproblems
Linguistic translation problems
Text-specific translation problems
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Pragmatic translation problems
Every source text can be translated intodifferent target languages aiming at differenttranslation purposes.
Since these problems are present in anyimaginable translation task, they can begeneralized irrespective of the languages andcultures involved or of the direction of
translation (into or out of the foreign language.[...] pragmatic problems can be identified using
the extratextual factors of the text-analyticalmodel.
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Convention-related translation problems
Translating from one particular culture intoanother, certain translation problems may arisewhich would not occur between two othercultures.
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Linguistic translation problems
The structural differences between two
languages, particularly in lexis and sentencestructure, give rise to certain translationproblems which occur in every translationinvolving this pair of languages, no matter whichof the two serves as source and which serves astarget language.
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Text-specific translation problems
Any problem arising in a particular text
specimen which cannot be classified aspragmatic, convention-related or linguistic, hasto be regarded as text-specific, which meansthat its occurrence in a particular text is a
special case.
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Following Nordsclassification:
Pragmatic
Linguistic Cultural
Text-specific
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Comprehension of the ST Contradiction
False friend
Non sense
Different meaning
Addition
Omission
Wrong proposal for a cultural reference
Inadequate proposal for linguistic deviation
Tone
Style
Dialect
Idiolect 34
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Expression in the TL
Orthography and punctuation
Grammar
Vocabulary Textual Coherence
Thematic sequence
Reference Connectors
Writing
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Pragmatic deviations
Adequate proposals Very good equivalence
Good equivalence
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Agost, R. 1999. Traduccin y doblaje:Palabras, voces e imgenes. Barcelona: Ariel.
Brunette, L. 2000. A Comparison of TQA
Practices. The Translator, 6/2, 169-182.Hatim, B. and I. Mason. Discourse and the
Translator. London: Longman.
Hurtado, A. 1999. Ensear a traducir:
metodologa en la formacin de traductorese intrpretes. Madrid: Edelsa.
Newmark, P. 2006.A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice Hall.
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Nord, C. 1991/2005. Text Analysis inTranslation. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Reiss, K. 2000. Translation Criticism The
Potencials & Limitations. Translated by ErrolF. Rhodes. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Toury, G. 1995/2012. Descriptive TranslationStudies and Beyond. Amsterdam andPhiladelphia: John Benjamins.
Venuti, L. 1995. The TranslatorsInvisibility.London: Routledge.
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