Technology in Action Chapter 7

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Technology in ActionTechnology in Action

Chapter 7Chapter 7Networking: Networking:

Connecting Computing DevicesConnecting Computing Devices

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Chapter TopicsChapter Topics

• Networking fundamentals• Network architecture• Network components• Peer-to-peer networksEthernet networksPower-line networks• Configuring software• Wireless security

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Internet NetworkInternet Network

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Networking FundamentalsNetworking Fundamentals• Computer network

Two or more computers connected together via software & hardware

Devices connected to networks: nodes • Benefits of a network

Sharing resources and peripherals Transferring files Sharing of broadband connection with use of

a router

Benefits of a network

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Sharing resources and peripherals

Transferring files

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Network ArchitectureNetwork Architecture

Network Architecture Is a design of a network It is classified according to how it being controlled

and distance between nodes• Network can be controlled (administered) in 2 main

ways :- Locally administered

• Peer-to-peer (P2P) Centrally administered

• Client/server

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Peer to Peer (P2P)Peer to Peer (P2P)

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Client ServerClient Server

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Network Architecture :Network Architecture :Peer-to-Peer NetworksPeer-to-Peer Networks

• Nodes communicate with each other– nodes in this type are Peers(equals)

• Share peripheral devices• Common in home networks

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Network Architecture : Network Architecture : Client/Server NetworksClient/Server Networks

• Networks with 10 or more nodes• Client computers

– Users who make requests • Server computers

– Provide resources to clients– Central network control

• Internet– A large, multiserver, multiclient network

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Network Architecture Classification : Network Architecture Classification : Distance between NodesDistance between Nodes

Another way to classify network is thru the distance between nodes. Local Area Network (LAN) Home Area Network (HAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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HANs and LANsHANs and LANs

• Home area network (HAN)– Connects digital devices within a home

• Local area network (LAN)– Nodes are within a small geographic region

• Computer lab at Schools• Small businesses

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WANs and MANsWANs and MANs

• Wide area network (WAN)– Made up of LANs connected over long distances

• A few miles to thousands of miles• Uses telecommunications lines

• Metropolitan area network (MAN)– Provides access within a specific geographic

region, such as a city

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Network ComponentsNetwork Components• Transmission media

– Wires/ Radio waves• Network Adapter• Network communication

devices– switches, hub,

routers• Software for networking

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Network Components:Network Components:1- Transmission Media1- Transmission Media

• Provide communications channel between nodes

• Forms of media Twisted pair cable Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable Radio waves (wireless)

• Bandwidth Data transfer rate - - maximummaximum speed speed at which at which data can be transmitted data can be transmitted on on

a network.a network. Throughput - actual- actual speed of data transfer that is achieved speed of data transfer that is achieved

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Network Components: Network Components: 2- Network Adapters2- Network Adapters

• Devices connected to or installed in nodes enableenable the nodes to the nodes to communicatecommunicate with each with each other and to other and to access the networkaccess the network..– Network interface cards (NICs)– External or internal network adapters

• Enable communication between nodes

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Network Components: Network Components: 3- Network Navigation Devices3- Network Navigation Devices

• Data is sent over transmission media in bundles called packets.

• Devices that help make data flow possible• Navigation device:1.Routers

Route data between two or two or more networksmore networks2.Switches

Receive data and retransmit it to nodes on the same network

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switch

RoutersRouters

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SwitchSwitch

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Network Navigation DevicesNetwork Navigation DevicesRepeaters

– Amplify a signal and retransmit it

– do not transmit signals to do not transmit signals to specific devices; they just specific devices; they just forward them along the forward them along the media.media.

Hubs– Transmit signals; have

multiple ports• Receive a signal from a

device• Reconstruct the signal• Transmit the signal to all

ports on the hub

Switches and bridges– Send data on a specific route

through the network• A A switchswitch viewed as a “smart” hub. viewed as a “smart” hub.

It makes decisions, based on the It makes decisions, based on the MAC address MAC address ((Physical address of network adapter) of the data, as to ) of the data, as to where the data is to be sent. where the data is to be sent.

Routers– Send information between

two networks

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Network Components: Network Components: 4- Networking Software4- Networking Software

• Home networks need OS software that supports peer-to-peer networking. – Built into operating systems that support

networking• Windows• Mac OS• Linux

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Network Components: Networking Network Components: Networking SoftwareSoftware

• Client/server software controlled by a central server that has

specialized network operating system (NOS) software installed on it Network operating system (NOS) software

• Windows Server 2008• SUSE Linux Enterprise NOS handles requests for information,

Internet access, and the use of peripherals

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Types of Peer-to-Peer NetworksTypes of Peer-to-Peer Networks

• Three main types P2P:1.Wired Ethernet networks2.Wireless Ethernet networks3.Power-line networks• The difference : is the transmission media by

which the nodes are connected and the bandwidth each achieves.

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P2P Network :P2P Network :Wired Ethernet NetworksWired Ethernet Networks

• A commonly used technology in LAN architecture– Consists a series of standard specification for

LAN architecture : 802.3 (“Ethernet”) ; developed by IEEE

• Ethernet networks use the Ethernet protocol as the way the nodes on the network communicate.

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P2P Network :P2P Network :Wired Ethernet NetworksWired Ethernet Networks

• Need network adapters are used to connect nodes NIC card ExpressCard USB adapter

• Computers are connected to each other using unshielded twisted pair cable

EthernetPhone

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UTP Cable Category Data Transfer RateCa5 5E 100 to 1000 Mbps

Cat 6 1000Mbps(1Gbps) and higher

Cat 7 10Gbps and higher

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P2P Network : P2P Network : Ethernet SwitchesEthernet Switches

• Data is transmitted through the wires of an Ethernet network in packets.

Ethernet SwitchesEthernet Switches• Keep track of data packets• Amplify and retransmit signals• Keep the network running efficiently

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Ethernet RoutersEthernet Routers

• Transfer packets from one network to another

• Home Internet routers transfer data from the Internet to the home network

• Allows for network-ready devices such as network printers or networkattached storage (NAS)

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Wireless Ethernet NetworksWireless Ethernet Networks

• Ethernet networks that use radio waves instead of wires to connect nodes

• Based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, also known as Wi-Fi

• Each node requires a wireless network adapter Contains transceivers

• A device that translates electronic data into radio wave

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Wireless Access Point (WAP)Wireless Access Point (WAP)

• Device added to a wireless network to extend the range of the wireless network

• Must connect to either a switch, a router, or a node on the network

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Power-Line NetworksPower-Line Networks

• Computers are connected to a house’s electrical wiring to create a network

• A power-line network adapter connects nodes to electrical outlets

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Choosing a Peer-to-Peer NetworkChoosing a Peer-to-Peer Network• Things to consider

- Whether existing wiring is available- Whether you want wireless communications- How fast you want your network connection to be- How much money you can spend on your network

Comparing the Major Types of Home NetworksWired Ethernet

Power-Line Wireless 802.11g

Wireless802.11n

Maximum data transfer rate (bandwidth)

100 Mbps to 1 Gbps

200 Mbps 54 Mbps 540 Mbps

Relative installation and equipment costs for networkingtwo computers

$ $$ $ $$

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Configuring Software Configuring Software for Your Home Networkfor Your Home Network

• Windows Vista and later versions– Use wizards launched from Network and

Sharing Center in Control Panel• Before running wizards:

1.Install network adapters on each node.2.For a wired network, plug all the cables into the

router, network adapters, and so on.

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Configuring Software Configuring Software for Your Home Networkfor Your Home Network

3. Make sure your cable/DSL modem is connected to your router and the Internet.

4. Turn on your equipment in the following order: a. Cable/DSL modem b. Routerc. All computers and peripherals (printers,

scanners, and so on)

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Networking Multiple Versions Networking Multiple Versions of Windowsof Windows

• Set up Windows 7 and Vista machines first– Automatically detect other computers running

Windows on network– Windows XP will need adjustment to see other

versions of Windows• Give each Windows computer a unique

name• Place all computers in the same

workgroupCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

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Configuring a Router to Configuring a Router to Connect to the InternetConnect to the Internet

• Contact ISP for special settings• Access router from Web browser• Enter username and password• Use router’s wizard to set up connection

using settings and info provided by ISP• Test Internet connection speed

– Speedtest.net

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Why we need to have EXTRA Why we need to have EXTRA caution in using wireless network?caution in using wireless network?

• Wireless network range doesn’t stop at the property line – may extend outside of your house

• Default device and network ID settings allow intruders to enter the network

• Internet bandwidth can be stolen• Piggybacking is connecting to a wireless network (that is Piggybacking is connecting to a wireless network (that is

not your own) without the permission of the owner.not your own) without the permission of the owner.• Computers can be vulnerable to hacker intrusion and

takeover

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Securing Wireless NetworksSecuring Wireless Networks• To secure a wireless network, do the following:

– Change your network name (SSID)– Disable SSID broadcast– Change the default password on your router

• Use at least 8 characters ; combination of letters, symbols and numbers

– Turn on security protocols• Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)• Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) : stronger

– Implement media access control (MAC)– Limit your signal range– Apply firmware (software on router) upgrades

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