TEACHING ENGLISH TO CHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIA PAOLO IOTTI ITALY 2010.
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TEACHING ENGLISH TO TEACHING ENGLISH TO CHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIACHILDREN WITH DYSLEXIA
PAOLO IOTTIITALY2010
DEFINITIONDEFINITIONDyslexia is a learning disorder that
manifests itself primarily as a difficulty with reading and spelling. Although dyslexia is thought to be the result of a neurological difference, it is not an intellectual disability.
Dyslexia is diagnosed in people of all levels of intelligence: below average, average, above average, and highly gifted.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Pre – school age children
Early elementary school – age children
Older elementary school – age children
PRE – SCHOOL AGE PRE – SCHOOL AGE CHILDRENCHILDREN
◦Learns new words slowly
◦Has difficulty rhyming words, as in nursery rhymes
◦Late in establishing a dominant hand
EARLY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL EARLY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL – AGE CHILDREN– AGE CHILDREN
◦Difficulty learning the alphabet
◦Difficulty with associating sounds with the letters that represent them (sound – symbol correspondence)
◦Difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or counting syllables in words (phonological awareness)
◦Difficulty segmenting words into individual sounds, or blending sounds to make words (phonemic awareness)
◦Difficulty with word retrieval or naming problems
◦Difficulty learning to decode words
◦Confusion with before / after, right / left, over / under,…
◦Difficulty distinguishing between similar sounds in words, mixing up sounds in multisyllable words (“aminal” for animal, “bisghette” for spaghetti)
OLDER ELEMENTARY OLDER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL – AGE CHILDRENSCHOOL – AGE CHILDREN
◦ Slow or inaccurate reading
◦ Difficulty associating individual words with their correct meanings
◦ Difficulty with time keeping and concept of time
◦ Difficulty with organization skills
◦ Due to fear of speaking incorrectly, some children become withdrawn and shy or become bullies out of their inability to understand the social cues in their environment
◦Difficulty comprehending rapid instructions, following more than one command at a time or remembering the sequence of things
◦Reversals of letters (b for d) and a reversal of words (saw for was) are typical among children who have dyslexia. Reversals are also common for children age 6 and younger who don`t have dyslexia. But with dyslexia, the reversals persist.
◦Children with dyslexia may fail to see similarities and differences in letters and words, may not recognize the spacing that organizes letters into separate words, any may be unable to sound out the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word
CONDITIONS THAT OFTEN CONDITIONS THAT OFTEN CO-OCCUR WITH DYSLEXIACO-OCCUR WITH DYSLEXIA
Dysgraphia
Dyspraxia
Dyscalculia
Specific Language Impairment
Cluttering
TEACHING TIPSTEACHING TIPS
Start the foreign language course with an extended oral phase
Reduce course objectivesMotivationChose a course-book with a very
clear and transparent layout
READINGREADING
Select shorter passages for reading comprehension
Read with a purposeDiscuss vocabulary before readingCloze exercises Enlarge the printTeach the child to use his finger
when readingTeach the child to skim for
informationDon't Force Oral Reading
WRITINGWRITINGDifference between the letter-sound
correspondence of their first language and English
Teach irregular words on a whole word basis.
Teach the words in context as wellTeach them different planning techniques
(mind mapping...)Tell your students to write in pencil in classUse the blackboardLet dyslexic students use a laptop in class
(if available)
LISTENINGLISTENINGExplain important things in the
child’s first languageUse a small tape recorderUse visuals and picturesDo not expect dyslexic students
to be able to listen and write at the same time
Speak in simple, short sentences
SPEAKINGSPEAKING
Never force a dyslexic child to speak
Encourage them with lots of positive feedback
THE ORTON-GILLINGHAM THE ORTON-GILLINGHAM METHODMETHOD
Developed in the early-20th century
Language-based Multisensory Structured Sequential Cumulative Cognitive Flexible
Features of the ApproachFeatures of the ApproachLanguage- based
based on a technique of studying and teaching language
understanding the nature of human language
the mechanisms involved in learning, and the language-learning processes in individuals
Multisensory:Multisensory:
teaching sessions are action-oriented
interaction between the teacher and the student
simultaneous use of multiple sensory input channels
using auditory, visual, and kinesthetic elements
Structured, Sequential, and Structured, Sequential, and Cumulative:Cumulative:
teacher introduces the elements of the language systematically
sound-symbol associations along with linguistic rules
generalizations are introduced in a linguistically logical, understandable order
Cognitive:Cognitive:
students learn about the history of the English language
study the many generalizations and rules that govern its structure
They also learn how best they can learn and apply the language knowledge for achieving reading and writing competencies
Flexible:Flexible:
teaching is diagnostic and prescriptive in nature
teachers try to ensure the learner is not simply recognising a pattern and applying it without understanding
when confusion of a previously taught rule is discovered, it is re-taught from the beginning
THE ORTON-GILLINGHAM THE ORTON-GILLINGHAM APPROACHAPPROACH
teaching the sounds that letter makes
letters make sounds
sounds make words and syllables
words make sentences
sentences make paragraphs
paragraphs make stories and reports
MULTISENSORY TEACHINGMULTISENSORY TEACHINGVisual-Auditory-Kinetic-Tactile
teaching method (VAKT)
Visual memory: from seeing the letter
Auditory memory: hearing the sound
Tactile memory: the sense of touchKinetic memory: body movement
Visual memoryVisual memorySound/Symbol association - look at mouth of teacher - look at the letters - discriminate the letters - look at the card with the letter and
key word or picture
Syllables - look at mouth of teacher - look at word to identify a number of
syll. - look at word to identify vowel sounds
Visual RemindersVisual RemindersPicturesFlash cards
„b“ and „d“ confusion
Left and right hand
Auditory memoryAuditory memorySound/Symbol association - listen (hear) the sound and
identify its name with symbol - listen/hear the sound and
identify it with its symbol - say key word & sound - discriminate sounds
Auditory memoryAuditory memorySyllables - listen (hear) syllables in spoken
words - discriminate number of
syllables in spoken words - segment words into syllables - blend syllables into a word
Tactile memoryTactile memoryTracing the letter with fingersTracing the letter with penAirwriting / SkywritingBackwritingMaking the letter out of
plasticine, play-dough, clay or sandpaper
Rice Box
Kinetic memoryKinetic memoryFeel articulatory (lips/facial) muscles
moveDrawing the letter LARGE on the
carpetBody language: pantomime, gesturesBody alphabetSand / crayon writingPantomime, gesturespat or tap out syllablesSongs with movements
VAKT Procedure VAKT Procedure say the word, trace the word with
two fingers while saying each part of the word, say the word again;
write the word without looking at the word card and then compare what was written to the word card;
repeat the first step until the word is written correctly three consecutive times without looking at the prompt card.
Confidence-buildingConfidence-buildingThe difficulty with dyslexia is that it is
not visible. If the child had a broken arm, everyone would be rushing around giving extra consideration. 'Of course he can't write - his arm is broken! There's nothing wrong with his intelligence.' But no-one ever says 'Of course he can't spell - he has inherited a different pattern of brain circuits! There's nothing wrong with his intelligence.'
Confidence-buidling Confidence-buidling excercisesexcercisesPositive statements „I do a good job when I work hard." "I feel good about myself when I try
hard.„
Positive self-esteem
Things that I am good at Things that I am no so good at
Child´s interestsCharacterisitcs
SpellingReadingWritingMath/s
Treatment – hints and tipsTreatment – hints and tipsThe Goldfish RoomPupils highlight their own spelling
errorsReading using a pencilMaking a window (reading)Using scotch tapeSay each word child hesitates on
or can not read yetSitting not at the back of the class
Treatment – hints and tipsTreatment – hints and tipsPrefer handouts to the board (minimum) - Arial size 14 - sheets: shades of yellow, green,
orange - different colour of each line - keywords printed on bold - images used frequentlySpecial folder - all the materials: independent learner
ActivitiesActivitiesSorting: cards showing pictures of
objects with the problem sounds, and two boxes
1) T names the object, S picks the correct card
2) S repeats the word, and places in the right box that is labeled for the sound
Odd One Out: four pictures are named and odd one is pointed out (hat-pen-cat-map)
Picture dictationNumbers: rolling two dices and
countingScrabble Looing for antonyms, a specific
word or new wordsMatching pictures with
words/sentencesCloze excercises: filling the words,
finishing the sentencesContextual guessing
Notebook / cards with difficult words (homonyms – filling in gaps)
Listening for a specific word: children clap when hear the word
Reading for a specific word: underlining or highlighting the word
Using realia: toys, equipment of the class
Finding differences and similiarities: pictures
IT: computer softwares
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