Synchrophasor Based Grid Management and Stability Applications - Synchrophasor Based … · Synchrophasor Based Grid Management and Stability Applications May 18, 2018 Radhakrishnan
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Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Synchrophasor Based Grid Management and Stability Applications
May 18, 2018
Radhakrishnan Srinivasan (Krish)GE Grid Solutions, Redmond, WA
Radhakrishnan.srinivasan@ge.com
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Synchrophasor Technology
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 2
What it brings to the table
• Time synchronized measurements
• Voltages and currents angles with its magnitude
• Sampling rates at 50/60 Hz and higher
• X-ray (SCADA) vs MRI (PMU) comparison needs no explanation
• Numeric SCADA displays today
• With synchrophasors – high resolution trend display
Rapidly changing digits on a numeric display
-5 0 5 10 15 20 2559.98
59.99
60
60.01
60.02
60.03
60.04
60.05
60.06
Time (sec)
Freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Western Interconnection Frequencies - August 4 2000 Oscillation
Grand Coulee
Malin
Devers
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Wide Area Management System (WAMS)
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 3
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
GE’s WAMS Solution offerings
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 4
3 Fold approach
Co-ordinated control hierarchy, centralized (via EMS/DMS), or decentralized as appropriate.
Wide Area Control
Risk assessment, data mining, baselining for grid vulnerability.
Analysis tools for condition monitoring, model validation, control tuning, post-event analysis, compliance monitoring
Engineering AnalysisBig Data Analytics
Create and mange robust real-time variable stability limits.
Add Operational Response Guidance to Situational Awareness for Critical Conditions
Real Time OperationsWide-Area situational awareness and coordination across seams.
Users – Control RoomOperators & Operating Engineers
Users – Protection & ControlPlanning/Protection Engineers
GRIDSTABILITY
1 2 3
End Users
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Synchrophasor Solutions in Control Room
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 5
Measurement based, Model based and Hybrid Applications working in unison
Client Applications
C37.118 PMU/PDC Data Stream
Webservice&
SCADA Protocol eg IEC 60870-101/4
EMS Integration
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Benefits of WAMS-EMS Integration
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 6
Measurement based Apps(WAMS Only)
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WAMS applications in Control Room
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 7
Measurement based applications Hybrid (Model + Measurement ) Applications
Enhanced Disturbance Management
Enhanced Island
Management
Angle based Grid
Management
Online Parameter Estimation
Online Linear State
Estimator
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Measurement based real-time Applications
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 8
Phasor Data Concentrator
• Receives multiple input streams from PMU/PDCs• C37.118/2005 and C37.118/2011/2014 compliant• Output multi-rate data streams• Manages duplicate data (e.g. supporting redundant networking)• Data manipulation (scale, offset, phasor inversion)• Data validity monitoring• High performance • Diverse Transport Protocols (TCP, UDP, Spontaneous UDP, Mixed, Multicast)• Connection statistics and profiling• Automatic data recovery
• Extreme Performance (5ms average processing latency for 5000 PMUs*)• C37.118/2011/2014 Configuration Frame 3• Optional Aggregation Modes per output stream (C37.244)• Redundant data sources (e.g. automatically switch sources)• Format change (float/integer and polar/rectangular)• Scalable – managing over 5000 PMUs with modern HTML5 interface• Data augmentation (calculation of P, Q and symmetrical components)• Advanced connection statistics and profiling (find connection issues fast)• Monitor PDC and WAMS network performance (latency statistics)
New PDC features:
* Processing 5 PDC streams on single 2 socket Xeon E5-2667v2 server
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Oscillation Management
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 9
Oscillation Detection & Monitoring (0.005 – 4 Hz )
1/F MODE FREQUENCY
MODE AMPLITUDE
A
MODE DECAY TIME
EXP(-t/ )
MODE PHASE
Mode Frequency
Mode Amplitude
Mode decay time
Mode Phase
Exp(-t/ )
Measured P / f /
Operations
Planning Dynamic model validation / plant performance
Early warning alarms of poor damping
Inter-area mode at 0.49Hz (Colombia-
Ecuador - 2009). Opposing phase in South
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Oscillation Management
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 10
Oscillation Source Location
Functionality
Uses Oscillation Phase as identification of largest contributions to oscillation. Define largest group contribution, then finds closest PMU to largest contribution in group.
Benefits
• Targeted action - on-line or planning
• Supports operational process to manage unexpected behaviour
• Supports control tuning process
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
System Disturbance Management
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 11
Detect, Locate, Sequence, Classify and Estimate the impact of disturbance
1) Detect disturbance2) Locate trigger point
3) Detect event type
4) Estimate impact
1 sec
Functionality
Enhance location and add disturbance impact measures based on static & dynamic stress. Metrics compared with baseline to show severity. Real-time & off-line performance indicators, with event severity & clustering. Angle-change view to assist restoration strategy.
Benefits
Real-time
• Present severe events or sequences, assess risk. High level warnings
• Identify restoration strategy, especially following multi-contingency
Analysis
• Long-term performance statistics & risk
• Select events for reporting
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Island Management, Black Start and Re-sync
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 12
Island Detection
Functionality
PMU-based methods to quickly detect an islanding condition, and assist with the re-synchronization process.
Model-based topology processing to identify the islanded boundaries, and generation/load resources in each island.
Benefits
• Real-time alerts/alarms on islanding condition.
• Visually identify the islanded regions.
• Localized frequency and angle measurements to assist with the re-synchronization process (i.e. enabling the check-sync relay to ensure successful reclosure).
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Island Management, Black Start and Re-sync
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 13
Black-start and re-synchronization
Select 2 locations for:Frequency differenceVmag differenceVangle difference
Align for successful re-closing
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PMU Based Linear State Estimator
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 14
State Estimator at sub-second rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Estimated
30 degree bias
Benefits
• Back up to existing EMS SE (provides an alternate layer of visibility).
• PMU data validation (detect bad data) including topology errors.
• Correct for problematic CT and PT errors.
Concept
• State estimator driven purely with PMUs (i.e. “state measurement”).
• Operates at the sub-second cycle (tracking the PMU data).
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Hybrid Applications
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 15
Integrating WAMS into the DNA of the control room operations
Control Center - PDC
New
Ap
plic
atio
ns
Oth
er E
MS
Ap
plic
atio
ns SCADA & Alarms WAMS Alarms
State Estimator State Measurement
Small Signal Stability Oscillation Monitoring
Transient & Voltage Stability Stability Monitoring & Control
Island Management Island Detection, Resync, & Blackstart
EMS
MODEL-BASED Analysis
WAMS
PMU MEASUREMENT-BASED Analysis
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Hybrid Applications
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 16
PMU based alarms and phasor data EMS
• Bring data from real-time Synchrophasor system at a down sampled rate of 1 frames/second
• Alarms and composite events are used by integrated alarms application – operators doesn’t need to switch between screen
• Raw data is being used by hybrid applications where phasor measurements meets model
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Angle-Based Grid Management
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 17
Observe . Analyze . Predict . Correct
• Use angle difference as stress indicator
• Transforming angle based Monitoring into operator guidance
• Predict angle difference for the all branch contingencies
• Recommend unit based control actions for each contingency – The most sensitive unit for each node pair and contingency combination
• Independent of state estimation (Measurement and topology based)
δCorrect
Predict
Angle Monitoring
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Angle-Based Grid Management
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 18
Observe . Analyze . Predict . Correct
1 2
Monitoring Post-CTG Angle Differences
1Controlling Post-CTG Angle
Differences
2
Generator sensitivities (in MW) to reduce angle difference values during Post-CTG events.
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Enhanced Disturbance Management
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 19
Detect and Describe Events
• Disturbance Detection
• Correlation between WAMS events and topology change in EMS. Associate it to the nearest PMU
• Disturbance classification
• History and statistical analysis of disturbance/events
• Automated CSV Report
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Enhanced Island Management
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 20
Detect, Manage Islands and Assist to Resync
• Island Detection
• Island interfaces
• Cause and location of island formation
• Real-time generation, load and its contribution to total generation and loading in the island respectively
• Resynchronization paths
• Voltage, angle and frequency deltas across the islands
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Offline Engineering Analysis
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 21
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Offline Engineering Analysis
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 22
Leveraging time-synchronized and high fidelity PMU measurements in Operations Planning
• Quicker post-mortem analysis.• Sequence of events & root cause analysis.
Post Event Analysis
• Dynamic model verification.• Generator model calibration.• CT/PT calibration.• Load characterization.
Dynamic ModelValidation
• Assess dynamic performance of the grid.• Steady-state angular separation.• System disturbance impact measures.
Baselining
• Primary frequency (governing) response. • Power System Stabilizer (PSS) tuning.• Sub-synchronous resonance.
Compliance Monitoring
Synchrophasor benefits for Post-Event Analysis
Phasor data are also valuable for investigation of grid disturbances, improving both the speed and quality of analysis.
In the case of the 2007 Florida blackout, NERC investigators used phasor data to create the sequence of events and determine the cause of the blackout in only two days; in contrast, lacking high-speed, time-synchronized disturbance data it took many engineer years of labor to compile a correct sequence of events for the 2003 blackout in the Northeast U.S. and Ontario.
NERC RAPIR Report, 2010.
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Stabilizer Control Tuning Services
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 23
Selection – control loop design – commissioning tests – review
Switching
Tests (opening) Mode Frq Damping SIG-FLJ
Phase
Change
PSS OFF 0.34 4.2% -167.1 0
PSS #1 ON 0.33 6.8% -156.2 10.9
PSS #2 ON 0.33 2.3% -167.3 -0.2
PSS #3 ON 0.33 6.3% -154.3 12.8
PSS Disabled
PSS Enabled
Fre
qu
en
cy,
Dam
pin
g, P
HA
SE
SIG-PSS
Network
Switch
FLJ
FLJ
SIG-PSS #1, #3
SIG-PSS
OFF, #2
Group
Contribution
Improves
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Model Validation – Forced Simulation
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 24
Use PMU measured data to validate dynamic models
MODEL VALIDATION
− Power Plant Model Validation
− Load Model Validation
− CT/PT Calibration
Acknowledgements:This work is being performed under the following projects:BPA TIP352DOE FOA DE-0001492
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Hybrid Operator Training System
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 25
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Training options
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 26
1) Stand-alone WAMS Training EnvironmentDynamic simulation capability driving synchrophasor applications in real-time system.
Demonstrates the product’s capabilities for WAMS real-time applications, enabling exercise
the trainee’s understanding of the solution.
2) Historical Event Capture PlaybackRe-run of past system events within the WAMS environment, enabling configuration
adjustments and operator response analysis.
3) Hybrid (WAMS & EMS) Training Simulator
(DTS/OTS)Fully mimics the operational environment in a control-room, allowing the trainee to change the course of the system’s response in real-time.
Syn
chro
ph
aso
rS
yste
mD
TS
INTE
GR
ATI
ON
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Option 3: Hybrid (WAMS & EMS) Training Simulator
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 27
Integration of Dispatcher Training Simulator (DTS) and a Transient Simulation Engine (PowerTech TSAT).
EMS Platform
Integrated Dispatcher Training System:
• Real-time simulator based on Powertech TSAT
• Simulated data is fed directly into PP as C37.118 streams
• Data is also down sampled and sent to the EMS & DSA Tools
• EMS integrated with WAMS and DSA tools
Synchrophasor
Training Server
DSA tools
Central PDC
Application
Services
Data Services
Load Flow Simulation
Dispatch Control ETV Engine
Dynamic
Grid Simulator
Control Room
Training Environment
Operator in Training
Downsampling
alarms
Simulated
C37.118 Data
Powertech TSAT
Environment
Shaping the next-generation DTS/OTS
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Demo Model –WAMS123/minniWECC
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 28
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
WAMS123 Demo Model
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 29
Miniature, Academic Simulation Model of US Western Interconnection Developed by BPA
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Demo Sequence
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 30
• Load the training scenario
• Two tie lines connecting US and Canada regions
• AGM predicting angle difference violation between CANADA1 and PORTLAND1 for the worst contingency case; which happened to be one of the tie lines (6_28_1)
• Open Tie 1 (6_28_1), validate AGMs Prediction
• Look EDM for disturbance classification
• Open Tie 2 (7_10_1) to separate CANADA from US – Two Island
• Look at EIM for island interfaces, voltage and frequency deltas and resync paths
• Re-dispatch, match and manual resync
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Demo
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 31
Confidential. Not to be copied, distributed, or reproduced without prior approval.
Questions
May 18, 2018GE's WAMS Applications 32
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