Sustainable tourism and biodiversity conservation

Biodiversity Conservation – week 7

Marco Pautasso (marpauta at gmail.com)

London Metropolitan Univ. - 2010

Biodiversity Conservationmain topics – week 7

1. Sustainable tourism and biodiversity conservation

2. A recap of some questions/answers in biodiversity conservation

Ever heard of biodiversity?

from Lindemann-Matthies & Bose (2008) Human Ecology

Age and source of knowledge on biodiversity

from Lindemann-Matthies & Bose (2008) Human Ecology

What is biodiversity?

from Lindemann-Matthies & Bose (2008) Human Ecology

How much (plant) biodiversity is there?

from Lindemann-Matthies & Bose (2008) Human Ecology

Which factor can predict biodiversity threat?

from Holland et al. (2009) Conservation Biology

Which factor can predict biodiversity threat?

from Holland et al. (2009) Conservation Biology

Human inequality and biodiversity threat

from Holland et al. (2009) Conservation Biology

Coral condition and diving in the Red Sea

from Hasler & Ott (2008) Marine Pollution Bulletin

Green space use in Denmark

from Schipperijn et al. (2010) Landscape & Urban Planning

Temporal trend in green space visits

from Pergams & Zaradic (2008) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA

Temporal trends in UK trade

from Schuls (2004) Population & Environment

Temporal trends in transport of people (UK)

from Schuls (2004) Population & Environment

Temporal trends in time spent travelling (UK)

from Schuls (2004) Population & Environment

from Proches et al. (2008) BioScience

1a. Will the Earth after us resemble the Earth before us?

[CO2]

from MacKay (2008) Sustainable Energy

Human impacts on biodiversity

Habitat fragmentation, degradation and loss

Water, air and soil pollution

Species introductions

Climate change

Trade, travel, transportation and tourism

1b. When have protected areas been established?

from: The Atlas of Canada (2007)

1b. When have protected areas been established?

1c. Where do protected areas tend to be located?

from: World Database on Protected Areas

n = 2877, r2 = 0.18, y = 1.75+ 0.22x, p < 0.0001

1

2

3

4

2 3 4 5 6 7

log10 human population size (n)

log1

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pp ri

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ss (n

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1d. Is there a correlation between the species richness of a region and its human population?

Data from the Synthesis of the North American Flora (Ohio and Virginia not included)

from: Chiari et al. (2010) J Animal Ecology

1e. What is the key factor behind spp-people correlations?

birds in Florence

2a. Which strategies to preserve biodiversity exist apart from protected areas?

• preserve landscape connectivity

• reduce energy consumption

• facilitate biodiversity research/education

• plant and protect trees/shrubs in towns

• walk/cycle/use public transport?

• organize competitions among gardeners?

• encourage people to eat local food?

from MacKay (2008) Sustainable Energy

2b. What is the difference between in situ and ex situ conservation?

2c. How can genetic diversity be preserved?

from MacKay (2008) Sustainable Energy

2d. Who is responsible for the conservation of biodiversity?

2f. Is biodiversity conservation worthwhile from an economic point of view?

2g. How can the individual make a difference in biodiversity conservation?

CO2 emissions (2000) per continent

from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy

CO2 emissions (2000) per country

from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy

CO2 emissions (cumulative: 1880-2004) per country

from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy

CO2 emissions since 2000: scenarios vs. data

from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy

ReferencesBarbosa AM, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) Positive regional species–people correlations: a sampling artefact or a key issue for sustainable development? Animal Conservation 13: 446-447Chiari C, Dinetti M, Licciardello C, Licitra G & Pautasso M (2010) Urbanization and the more-individuals hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 79: 366-371Golding J, Güsewell S, Kreft H, Kuzevanov VY, Lehvävirta S, Parmentier I & Pautasso M (2010) Species-richness patterns of the living collections of the world's botanic gardens: a matter of socio-economics? Annals of Botany 105: 689-696Jeger MJ & Pautasso M (2008) Comparative epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens. European Journal of Plant Pathology 122: 111-126MacLeod A, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ & Haines-Young R (2010) Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health. Food Security 2: 49-70 Moslonka-Lefebvre M, Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2009) Disease spread in small-size directed networks: epidemic threshold, correlation between links to and from nodes, and clustering. Journal of Theoretical Biology 260: 402-411Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics & Evolution 11: 157-189Pautasso M & Chiarucci A (2008) A test of the scale-dependence of the species abundance-people correlation for veteran trees in Italy. Annals of Botany 101: 709-715 Pautasso M & Dinetti M (2009) Avian species richness, human population and protected areas across Italy’s regions. Environmental Conservation 36: 22-31Pautasso M & Fontaneto D (2008) A test of the species-people correlation for stream macro-invertebrates in European countries. Ecological Applications 18:1842-1849Pautasso M & Gaston KJ (2006) A test of the mechanisms behind avian generalized individuals-area relationships. Global Ecology & Biogeography 15: 303-317 Pautasso M & Jeger MJ (2008) Epidemic threshold and network structure: the interplay of probability of transmission and of persistence in directed networks. Ecological Complexity 5: 1-8Pautasso M & Powell G (2009) Aphid biodiversity is correlated with human population in European countries. Oecologia 160: 839-846Pautasso M & Weisberg PJ (2008) Density-area relationships: the importance of the zeros. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 203-210Pautasso M & Zotti M (2009) Macrofungal taxa and human population in Italy's regions. Biodiversity & Conservation 18: 473-485Pautasso M et al (2010) Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews 85: 729-755Pautasso M et al (2011) Global macroecology of bird assemblages in urbanized and semi-natural ecosystems. Global Ecology & Biogeography 20: 426-436Pecher C, Fritz S, Marini L, Fontaneto D & Pautasso M (2010) Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species richness of stream macroinvertebrates. Basic Applied Ecology 11: 272-280Schlick-Steiner B, Steiner F & Pautasso M (2008) Ants and people: a test of two mechanisms behind the large-scale human-biodiversity correlation for Formicidae in Europe. Journal of Biogeography 35: 2195-2206Steck CE & Pautasso M (2008) Human population, grasshopper and plant species richness in European countries. Acta Oecologica 34: 303-310