Sumesh Arora on Dysbarism
Post on 21-Jan-2015
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DYSBARISM
Dr Sumesh AroraStaff Specialist
Department of Intensive Care MedicinePrince of Wales Hospital, Sydney
Kilo Pascal1000 N/m2
Psi Standard Atmosphere
mm Hg Cm H2O
1 atm 101.325 14.69 1 760 1033.1
1 psi 6.895 1 0.068 51 70
Conversion between the units of pressure
Atmospheric Absolute
ATA: 1Gauge reading: 0
30 psi = 2 atm3 ATA
Depth Pressure (ATA)
Surface 1
10 m (3 storey building)
2
Marina Trench: 10.9 Km
> 1000
Henry’s Law
16 °C2.7 ATA
16 °C1 ATA
Department of HBOT at POW
Basic mechanism of action
Increase in the solubility of all gases in blood at high pressure. Henry’s law
Attainment of very high oxygen level Displacement of toxins like CO from
haemoglobin Kills anaerobic organisms
Anti-inflammatory action of hyperbaric oxygen
Monoplace Chamber
•One patient at one time•Compressed with 100% oxygen•Greater fire hazard•Maximum pressure of approximately 2 ATA
Multiplace chamber
The ICU HBOT room
Very high P room
Commonest indications for HBOT requiring ICU Arterial gas embolism Necrotizing fasciitis and gas
gangrene Carbon monoxide poisoning Decompression illness
Arterial Gas EmbolismReferral and transfer for HBOT: Things to remember Diagnosis of AGE is clinical
supine position. Lateral decubitus with head down increases ICP
High concentration O2 is extremely important. If patient is intubated, use 100%
If air transfer: Possibility of exacerbation of injury due to
decompression and increase is size of bubbles
Necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene
Pain out of proportion to physical signs
In later stages, development of anaesthesia over the affected area indicate destruction of nerves
Easy separation of tissue planes at the time of debridement
Foul smelling exudate may suggest anaerobic infection
Hypocalcemia may be indicative of extensive fat necrosis
Imaging to diagnose Necrotizing fasciitis?
Really early in the course of disease, CT may identify gas
MR may overestimate the extent of deep tissue involvement
Treatment before transfer for HBOT
Early surgery and debriment. Commonest mistake is to refer for HBOT
before debridement Obtain tissue samples
Broad spectrum antibiotics
HbCO level
Normal < 1% <1%
Smokers: 10-12%
Mild CO Poisoning: 10-20%
Moderate CO poisoning 20-40%
Severe poisoning >40%
HbCO level does not correlate with severity of toxicity, response to therapy or prognosis
CO poisoning
Indications for HBO
Loss of consciousness
Focal neurological signs
HbCO levels > 25%
Pregnancy
If neurological symptoms are present, the HbCO level is irrelevant
Typical treatment schedule: 2.5 ATA, 90 min, 3 times
Carbon Monoxide poisoning: Things to rememberImmediate treatment with high concentration
oxygen is more important than referral to a unit with HBOT
Beneficial effect of HBOT may be unrelated to HbCOlevel, which is undetectable in most patients at start of treatment
Even minor toxicity in pregnant patient should be discussed with the hyperbaric unit due to slower fetal elimination
Practical issues when sending intubated patient for HBOT
Grommets for the tympanic membrane
Chest drain if pneumothorax
NG on free drainage
Replace the air from the ETT cuff with saline. Change to air at the end of the treatment
Contraindications for HBOT Difficult oxygenation/ARDS Pneumothorax Agitation Seizures Congenital spherocytosis Drugs
Bleomycin: Absolute contraindication Adriamycin with in previous one week. Cisplatin
Side effects of HBOT
Barotrauma: OticPulmonary
Oxygen toxicity
Refractory changes
Cataract
Abdominal doscomfort
When in doubt, speak with your referral HBOT
unit
Thank you
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