Study on Trafficking, Exploitation and Abuse in the … on Trafficking, Exploitation and Abuse in the Mekong (STEAM) A survey of men, women and children in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam
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Study on
Trafficking,
Exploitation and
Abuse in the
Mekong (STEAM)
A survey of men, women
and children in Cambodia,
Thailand and Vietnam
(Vietnam results)
Study aim
The study aimed to estimate the prevalence
of health outcomes and explore risks and
consequences associated with migrant
labour exploitation among clients of post-
trafficking services in Cambodia, Thailand
and Vietnam
Objectives
• Document health risks and outcomes throughout the trafficking
process;
• Examine changes in reported physical and psychological health
symptoms over time;
• Compare living and working conditions, violence and health
indicators by labour sectors, countries, age groups, sex;
• Describe post-trafficking social responses (e.g., guilt, shame,
empowerment, stigma);
• Examine factors associated with physical and mental health
outcomes;
• Document individual perceptions of care needs;
• Explore vulnerability and risk factors for being trafficked
Study overview
o Study type: longitudinal cross-sectional survey of women, men and adolescents/ children over age 10 (consecutive sample) in entering post-trafficking services in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam.
o Interview intervals: interview participants twice, upon entry (within 0-14 days) and at 30-90 days.
o Study period: Data collection started in Dec 2011/Jan 2012, data collection ended in April 2013
Sample – full study
• Two-stages sample of men, women and children aged 10 years or more (n=1,102)
– First stage: 15 post trafficking assistance services in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam were purposively selected in each country (6 services in Cambodia, 4 in Thailand and 5 in Vietnam) based on diversity of clientele, service relationship with the IOM country teams and agreements with government instances.
– Second stage: a consecutive sample of individuals were interviewed within the first two weeks of admission into each of the selected services.
Participating Service providers in
Vietnam
Three government social support centres and two shelters implemented run by non-governmental organisations located in different regions in Vietnam include:
• Can Tho Support Centre for Women and Children in Difficult Circumstances (AAT)
• Lang Son Social Support Centre
• Centre for Vocational training, Women’s Union of Quang Ninh province
• Social Protection Centre of Lao Cai Province
• Centre for Women and Development (Peace House)
Sample: persons in post-
trafficking services
Individuals in this study may have been accessing services in:
• their home country after having been returned;
• the country of destination awaiting return or release; or
• a transit country, or home country in cases where they did not reach their destination.
Sample by service provider
Service provider N (%)
Can Tho 11 (2.8%)
Lang Son 201 (51.7%)
Quang Ninh 26 (6.7%)
Lao Cai 118(30.3%)
Peace House 33(8.5%)
TOTAL 389 (100%)
• Almost all participants were from Vietnam (n=388) and 1 from China
Age group (years)
Male N (%)
Female N (%)
TOTALN (%)
10-14 0 6 (1.8%) 5 (1.3%)
15-17 9 (8.4%) 53 (18.8%) 62 (15.9%)
18-24 55 (51.4%) 137 (48.6%) 192 (49.4%)
25-34 19 (17.8%) 45 (16.0%) 64 (16.5%)
35 or older 24 (22.4%) 42 (14.9%) 66 (17.0%)
TOTAL 107 (100%) 282 (100%) 389 (100%)
Age group
Adult (>=18 years) 98 (91.6%) 224 (79.4%) 322 (82.8%)
Child (<18 years) 9 (8.4%) 58 (20.6%) 67 (17.2%)
Age distribution (years)
Mean 26.0 (SD=9.5) 24.3(SD=9.5) 24.8 (SD=9.2)
Range 15 - 58 12 - 57 12 - 59
Age of male and female participants
Education: children and
adults
18%
54%
9%
11%
9%
31%
36%
12%
16%
4%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Primary (1-5 grade)
Secondary (6-8 grade)
Higher (10-11 grade)
No formal schooling
No data
Adult
Child
Sector of exploitation (1)
Sector of exploitation Adult
male
N (%)
Adult
female
N (%)
Youth (both
sexes <18)
N (%)
TOTAL
Sex work 1 (1.0%) 77 (34.4%) 20 (29.9%) 98 (25.2%)
Factory 62 (63.3%) 25 (11.2%) 8 (11.9%) 95 (24.4%)
Agriculture 18 (18.4%) 34 (15.2%) 2 (3.0%) 54 (13.9%)
Wife - 38(17.0%) 15 (22.4%) 53 (13.6%)
Domestic worker 2 (2.0%) 9 (4.0%) 1 (1.5%) 12 (3.1%)
Entertainment/karaoke - 3 (1.3%) 2 (3.0%) 5 (1.3%)
Construction 5 (5.1%) - 1(1.5%) 6 (1.5%)
Home business 4 (4.1%) 1 (0.5%) 1 (1.5%) 6 (1.5%)
Street seller/shop - 3 (1.3%) - 3 (0.8%)
Other 5 (5.1%) 6 (2.7%) 1 (1.5%) 12 (3.1%)
Not reached destination 1 (1.0%) 28 (12.5%) 16 (23.9%) 45 (11.6%)
Sector of exploitation (2)
25.20%
24.40%
13.90%
13.60%
3.10%
1.30%
1.50%
1.50%
0.80%
3.10%
11.60%Sex work
Factory
Agriculture
Wife
Domestic worker
Entertainment/karaoke
Construction
Home business
Street seller/shop
Other
Not reached destination
Sector of exploitation:
further details
• Other sectors of exploitation were varied and included: loading goods, chopping wood, driving, looking after children, peeling onion and garlic, adopted child and kidnapping
• Almost one fourth of the sample (24.4%) were trafficked to work in factories
• Of these persons, 19.8% worked in garment factories and 20.9% in electronic factories and 23.1% in toys factories,
• Other reported factories included: shoes, plastic recycling, flash light
Country of exploitation
• 84.3% (n=328) of the sample was exploited in China
•Other participants were trafficked into Russia (n=6), Malaysia (n=5), internally in Vietnam (3), and Cambodia(n=2)
• People were trafficked internally as wives, to work in factories or home businesses
•11.6% did not reach destination
•The majority of those who did not reach destination were adult women (62.2%)
Duration of trafficking
situation
• The median duration of trafficking situations was 91.5 days (MAD 61), or 3 months. Females (96.5 days, MAD 72) and males (91.5 days, MAD 41) had similar median trafficking durations. And children were in trafficking situations (122 days, MAD 61) longer than adults (91.5 days, MAD 61)
• Wives* had the highest median duration of trafficking (183 days, MAD 122), followed by construction workers*** (137 days, MAD 22.5) and sex workers*** (119.5 days, MAD 75) and domestic workers** (89.8 days, MAD 36.8)
*1 missing **2 missing ***3 missing
Living and working conditions (2)
• Three in four participants reported at least one negative aspect of their living and working environment. The experience of negative conditions was nearly universal among males (93.3%), and very common among females (66.8%)
• A substantial portion of participants reported extremely hazardous or abusive conditions, including: having been locked in a room (21.2%), insufficient food (10.5%) and nowhere to sleep or sleeping on the floor (9.0%)
Daily working hours
Daily working hours
Labour sector Mean SD* Min Max
Sex workers (n=98) 14.3 4.1 8 24
Entertainment/karaoke/ massage/nail care (n=5) 12 - 12 12
Agriculture/farming/Plantation (n=54) 10.8 2.5 5 13
Domestic worker/Cleaner (n=12) 11 1.4 10 12
Construction (n=6) 9.6 1.7 8 12
Factory (n=95) 11.3 2.1 8 18
Home business (n=6) 9 - 9 9
Wife (n=53) 11.5 4.7 7 16
Other (n=12) 9 - 9 9
Not reached destination (n=45) - - - -
TOTAL 11.9 3.2 5 24
•Children reported longer working hours than adults, with a mean of 12.3 hours per day (SD=4.8) for children and 11.9 hours (SD=2.9) for adults
•Females generally reported working longer hours than males - 12.9 hours per day (SD=3.8) versus 10.6 hours (SD=1.2) for males
Freedom of movement
• The vast majority (90.1%) of respondents who reached their trafficking destination reported that they were "never" or "seldom" free to go where they wanted or do what they wanted.
• All six of the individuals trafficked for construction reported "never" or “seldom” being free to do what they wanted or go where they wanted, followed by 88.8% of sex workers, 83.3% of
• domestic workers and 71.7% of wives.
71.5 18.6 7.9
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Freedom of movementNever
Seldom
Occasionally
Often
Always
Injuries
• Overall, 12% of the sample were injured at least once
• Sex workers were the most likely to experience injuries (23.5% of sex workers)
• Injuries were also commonly reported by those who were trafficked as wives (13.2%)
• A higher proportion of children than adults reported serious injuries (17.7% and 13.0%, respectively)
23%
58%
23%
21%
15%
15%
4%
2%
2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Deep or very long cut
Skin damage or injury
Back or neck injury
Other accidental injury
Serious head injury
Very bad burn (not sun burn)
Ear damage
Eye injury/damage
Broken bone
Violence during trafficking
experience
Physical violence, N (%)
Sexual violence, N (%)
Physical or sexual violence, N (%)
Adult male 7 (7.1%) 1 (1.0%) 7 (7.1%)
Adult female 90 (40.2%) 115 (51.3%) 133 (59.4%)
Children 28 (41.8%) 31 (46.3%) 40 (59.7%)
TOTAL 125 (32.1%) 147 (37.8%) 180 (46.3%)
•Nearly half (47%) of the participants were personally threatened with violence; 23.6% reported receiving threats against their family or someone close to them
•Among the 180 participants who experienced any physical or sexual violence during trafficking or transit, 31.1% were seriously injured at least once. Factory workers were more likely to be injured (44.4%), followed by sex workers (40.9%)
Health problemsNearly half (47.6%) of the participants who experienced pain or injury requested a consultation with a medical professional
9%
9%
4%
4%
2%
11%
3%
9%
1%
12%
8%
3%
2%
5%
1%
2%
0%
7%
2%
1%
0%
1%
0%
2%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Dizzy Spells
Headaches
Dental problems
Feeling nauseous
Diarrhoea
Back Pain
Skin Problems
Exhausted
Fainting
Weight loss
Memory problems
Persistent coughing
Quite a lot
Extreme
Post-trafficking mental
health symptoms
• 9 participants (7 women and 2 children) tried to commit suicide in the month before the interview
Depression Anxiety PTSD
N (%) N (%) N (%)
Adult male 76 (77.6%) 62 (63.3%) 61 (62.2%)
Adult female 137 (61.2%)* 102 (45.4%)* 84 (37.5%)
Children 44 (65.7%) 27 (40.3%) 24 (35.8%)
TOTAL 257 (66.1%) 191 (49.1%) 169 (43.4%)
*1 missing
Post trafficking concerns
19.50%
28.80%
4.10%
5.90%
27.80%
5.10%
24.90%
1.00%
17.70%
34.40%
3.90%
8.50%
0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00%
Own physical health
Earning money
Housing: long term
Healthproblems in family
Guilt or shame
Spiritual, religious concerns,
Own mental health
Housing: short-term
Money problems in family
Afraid of traffickers
Documents
Others
Conclusions
• Trafficked men, women and children are exploited in a range of sectors and experience gross violations of their rights
• They are exposed to multiple and severe health risks, including violence, deprivation and serious occupational hazards
• They report high levels of mental health symptoms, associated with the trafficking experience
• Trafficking survivors are very likely to need physical and psychological health care
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