Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
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Structural Systems for Tall BuildingsStructural Systems for Tall Buildings
Sang Dae KimSang Dae Kim
Professor, Korea University, y
CTBUH Chairman
1Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH
Contents
d iⅠ
Ⅱ
Introduction
E l Hi t f T ll B ildiⅡ
Ⅲ
Early History of Tall Buildings
Height of a Tall BuildingⅢ
Ⅳ
Height of a Tall Building
Structural Systems and Technological ChangesⅣ
Ⅴ
Structural Systems and Technological Changes
Conclusions
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 2
Ⅰ. Introduction
3Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 3Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH
Landmarks
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 4
Burj Khalifa
Dubai, UAE, 2010
828 m (163 stories)
World’s Tallest Building
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 5
Symbol of Power
• Chrysler Building: Achievement of Chrysler
• Petronas Tower:
• Jin Mao SWFC Shanghai Tower:
Superiority of Muslim Country
Symbol of Chinese Growth
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 6
Jin Mao, SWFC, Shanghai Tower: Symbol of Chinese Growth
Spacial Efficiency (Vertical City)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 7
Tourist Attractions
• Burj Al Arab in UAE• 30 St. Mary Axe in London
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 8
Tourist Attractions
Jin Mao Building
Willis Tower
Empire State Building
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 9
Empire State Building
Beginning of Tall Buildings
• How are Tall Buildings made Possible?
• Three Important Technological RevolutionThree Important Technological Revolution
in the Mid-19th Century
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 10
Beginning of Tall Buildings
Elevator, Electricity, Steel
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 11
Beginning of Tall Buildings
SteelElevator
Home Insurance Building (10F)
Haughwout Building (5F)
Home Insurance Building (10F)Chicago, 1885
New York, 1857
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 12
Beginning of Tall Buildings (1850 – 1930)• Growth in Height of the First Great Era of American Skyscrapers
ldin
g
80
100
Fi t ht i Fi t t l ll d
Talle
st B
ui 80
60
First wrought ironrolled sections
First steel rolled sections
Sto
ries
in T
40 Cast Iron EraNew York
ChicagoSchool
New YorkEra
No.
of S
20 Otis’ elevator
Electric elevator
1850 1870 1890 1910
Electric elevator
1930
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 13
Source: Tall Building Structures, Bryan Stafford Smith, 1991
A Tall Building Review (2010)• Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed Each Year (1960-2012)
(50-Stories)
131%INCREASED
Total Numbers of Tall Buildings over 200 meters
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 14
Source: Tall Buildings in Numbers, CTBUH Journal, 2011(1)
A Tall Building Review (2010)• Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010
by Region by Function by Material
Europe - 3 (5%)
Hotel - 6(9%) Steel - 3
Concrete/Steel - 1(1%)
Central America - 1(1%)
North America – 6 (9%)
Residential – 30
Office -13(20%)
(5%)(1%)
Middle East – 14 (21%)
Asia - 42(64%)
(45%)Concrete - 48(73%)Composite
– 14 (21%)
U.S. Office Steel
Mixed -17(26%)
Asia (64%) Residential (45%) Concrete (73%)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 15
Source: Tall Buildings in Numbers, CTBUH Journal, 2011(1)
Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the WorldUAE Taiwan China HK Malaysia China China ChinaU.S. U.S.
① Burj Khalifa (Dubai)
② Taipei 101 (Taipei)
③ SWFC (Shanghai)
④ ICC (HK)
⑥ Nanjing Greenland Financial Center (Nanjing)
⑦ Willis Tower (Chicago)
⑧ Guangzhou IFC (Guangzhou)
⑨ Trump International Hotel & Tower (Chicago)④ ICC (HK)
⑤ Petronas Tower (Kuala Lumpur)
⑨ Trump International Hotel & Tower (Chicago)
⑩ Jin Mao Building (Shanghai)
② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩①
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 16
Source: http://skyscraperpage.com
Tall Buildings: A Cultural Symbol and Humanity• Not only Technological Aspects, but also Cultural Symbol and Humanity
Technology
Tall Buildings
Culture
g
HumanityHumanity
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 17
Ⅱ E l Hi tⅡ. Early History
of Tall Buildings
18Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 18Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH
New York & Chicago
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 19
The Beginning of Tall Buildings in New York
Roads & Canals(1820~1840)
Civil War(1861~1862)(1820~1840) (1861~1862)
1800 1850 1900 1950
Tall Building(1880~)
Chrysler Building Empire State Building
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 20
1930 1931
The Beginning of Tall Buildings in New York
Roads & Canals (1820~1840)
Increase in Population
Civil War (1861~1862)North won the Civil War
↓Insurance Companiesp
& Manufacturing Businesses↓
Many Jobs
I ti i U S A hit t
↓Urban Population to Soar
↓Innovation in U.S. Architecture Increase in the Value of Land
↓Taller Building
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 21
The Beginning of Tall Buildings in Chicago
Advances in Railways & Locomotives (1848) Great Chicago Fire (1871)& Locomotives (1848) g ( )
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
Restoration of Chicago(1880~)
Willis TowerJohn Hancock Center
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 22
19741969
The Beginning of Tall Buildings in New York
Great Chicago Fire, 1871
the Most Modern City in the U.Sy
1870 ~ 1880
Restoration of ChicagoRestoration of Chicago
• Disaster turned into blessing
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 23
g
First Skyscraper – Home Insurance Building
• Location: Chicago, Illinois, USA
• Completion: 1885• Completion: 1885
• Height: 55 m
St i 10• Stories: 10
• Materials: Steel
• Facing Materials: Brick
• Engineer: William LeBaron Jenney
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 24
First Skyscraper – Woolworth Building
• Location: New York, USA
• Completion: 1913
• Height: 241 m
• Stories: 55
• Materials: Steel Frame
* High-speed elevatorg p
Reference: “SKYSCRAPERS”, A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America
by GEORGE H. DOUGLAS
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 25
Skyscrapers in New York & Chicago
Chrysler Building
New York, 1930
319 m (77 stories)
Empire State Building
New York, 1931
381 m (102 stories)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 26
319 m (77 stories) 381 m (102 stories)
Skyscrapers in New York & Chicago
J h H k CJohn Hancock Center
Chicago, 1969
344 m (100 stories)
World Trade Center
New York, 1972
417 m (110 stories)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 27
344 m (100 stories) 417 m (110 stories)
Skyscrapers in New York & Chicago
Willis Tower
Chicago, 1974
442 m (110 stories)
Aon Center
Chicago, 1973
346 m (83 stories)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 28
442 m (110 stories)346 m (83 stories)
Ⅲ. Height of a Tall Building. e g t o a a u d g
29Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 29Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH
What is a Super-tall Building? (高層, 超高層)
300 Meters
(CTBUH)
Home Insurance Building
Chicago, 1885
55 m (10 stories)
The First Steel High-rise Building
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 30
Source: http://ctbuh.org
Height of a Tall Building1. Height to Architectural Top
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 31
Source: http://ctbuh.org
Height of a Tall Building1. Height to Architectural Top
Petronas Towers Willis TowerTaipei 101
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 32
Source: http://ctbuh.org
Height of a Tall Building2. Highest Occupied Floor
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 33
Source: http://ctbuh.org
Height of a Tall Building2. Highest Occupied Floor
Petronas TowersWillis TowerTaipei 101
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 34
Source: http://ctbuh.org
Height of a Tall Building3. Height to Tip
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 35
Source: http://ctbuh.org
Height of a Tall Building3. Height to Tip
Petronas TowersWillis Tower Taipei 101
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 36
Source: http://ctbuh.org
Ⅵ. Structural Systems and
Technological Changes
37Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 37Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH
Innovation of Structural Innovation of Structural EfficiencyEfficiency
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 38
Structural Steel vs. Height• Three Conceptual Components to Separate the Material Quantities
300
350
f/m2 )
Total Steel
200
250
Wei
ght (
kgf
Wind Bracing
100
150
tura
l Ste
el W
Floor Framing
Columns
0
50Stru
ct
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Heights in Stories
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 39
The Revolution in Structural Efficiency
After 1970 Before 1970:
60 Story Chase Manhattan Bank BuildingWillis Tower
60-Story Chase Manhattan Bank Building - Steel weight : 55 lb/ft2 (269 kgf/m2)
After 1970:After 1970:
110-Story Sears Tower- Steel weight : 33 lb/ft2 (161 kgf/m2)
One ChaseManhattan Plaza
Before 1970
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 40
Source: Efficiency in Design of Tall Buildings, 1988
The Revolution in Structural Efficiency
After 1970100
110 • Height increased two-foldWillis Tower
80
00
90 • Steel weight decreased almost by halfSteel weight
70
60n S
torie
s Before 1970:
60-Story Chase Manhattan Bank Building St l i ht 55 lb/ft2 (269 k f/ 2)Height
50
40Hei
ght i
n - Steel weight : 55 lb/ft2 (269 kgf/m2)
Aft 1970
HeightOne ChaseManhattan Plaza
Before 197030
20
After 1970:
110-Story Sears Tower- Steel weight : 33 lb/ft2 (161 kgf/m2)
5 201510 3025 35 40 45 50 55 60
10
g ( g )
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 41
Source: Efficiency in Design of Tall Buildings, 1988Structural Steel Weight (PSF)
The Revolution in Structural Efficiency
Willis Tower85 PSF
33PSF
85 PSF
Without the revolution
O Ch M h tt PlOne Chase Manhattan Plaza
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 42
Source: Efficiency in Design of Tall Buildings, 1988
The Revolution in Structural Efficiency
• Development of Structural Systems• Development of Structural Systems
• Development of the Structural Analysis Technologyp y gy
• Use of Damping Devices
• New High-strength and High-performance Materials
• Reduction of Wind Load by Wind Tunnel Test
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 43
Main Lateral-resisting Systems (Interior)
Central Core + Rigid Frame
OutriggerSystemSystem
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 44
Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects,
2007
Main Lateral-resisting Systems (Exterior)
Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects 2007
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 45
Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects, 2007
Structural Analysis Technology (ETABS, SAP, MIDAS)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 46
Damping Devices
TMD(Taipei 101)
Outrigger Damper(St. Francis Tower, Manila)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 47
( , )
New High-strength, High-performance MaterialsTwo Union Center • Stories : 58F
• Max Concrete Strength: 130MPaMax. Concrete Strength: 130MPa
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 48
Reduction of Wind Load by Wind Tunnel Test
Softened CornersSoftened Corners
T i d S tb kTapering and Setbacks
i C S i ShVarying Cross Section Shape
Spoilers
Porosity or Openings
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 49
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 50
Changes in the Structural Changes in the Structural SystemsSystems
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 51
New Cladding Concept / Structural Systems
Conventional Load-bearing Masonry Walls
relatively small punched openingsrelatively small punched openings
Iron / Steel Frame Structure
the larger openingsthe larger openings
• Increasing rentable area by stacking office spaces vertically
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 52
New Cladding Concept / Structural Systems
A New Cladding Concept
⇒ Curtain WallsCu ta a s
The Emergence of the New Structural Systems
⇒ Frame Structure⇒ Frame Structure
• Claddings did not carry any loads from buildingsexcept their own weights.
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 53
Development of Structural Systems
Frame Braced CoreShear Wall
Perimeter Tube Bundled TubeBraced Tube
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 54
Source: AIA Tall Buildings Presentation, R. Halvorson
Development of Structural Systems
fBefore 1990:
• All Framed Tube Structureswere completed prior towere completed prior to
1990• 75% Steel
2000’s:
• 73% Core + Outrigger• approx. 50% Concrete
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 55
Source: Tall Buildings in Numbers, CTBUH Journal, 2010(2)
Structural Efficiency of Lateral Load Resistance
Exterior StructuresInterior
Exterior StructuresStructures
Core Wall System Tube System Mega Column Systemy y g y
I = 0.11 I0 I = I0 I = 1.50 I0
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 56
Structural Efficiency of Lateral Load Resistancey y
x
48 m
48 m x
48 48
ΣA = 51,200 cm2
I 1 981 m4
ΣA = 51,076 cm2
I = 2 942 m4 (1 5 times lager)
48 m 48 m
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 57
Ix = 1,981 m4 Ix = 2,942 m (1.5 times lager)
What is Tube system?
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 58
Tube System
Willis Tower (Sears Tower)
Chicago, 1974
442 (110 i )
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 59
442 m (110 stories)
Tube System
Willis Tower (Sears Tower)
Chicago, 1974
442 m (110 stories)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 60
442 m (110 stories)
Tube System
World Trade Center
New York City, North Tower:1970, South Tower:1971
417 (110 i )
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 61
417 m (110 stories)
Mega Column System
Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong Taipei 101, Taiwan
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 62
Mega Column System
International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 63
Mega Column System
Ji M T Sh h i
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 64
Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai
Diagrid System
Triangulated sloped column and beam frame configurations
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 65
Diagrid System
St. Mary Axe, London
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 66
Diagrid System
Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi, 160m, 35-story
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 67
Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi, 160m, 35 story
Diagrid System
Hearst Tower, New York, 183m, 46-story
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 68
y
Diagrid System
O-14 Tower, UAE
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 69
Diagrid System
Urban Hive, Korea
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 70
Diagrid System
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 71
Changes in Structural MaterialChanges in Structural Materialand Usageand Usage
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 72
Structural Material
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 73
Comparison of Structural Material
SRC / Reinforced Concrete Steel
19982010 197419982010 1974
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 74
Source: http://skyscraperpage.com
Development of Concrete Technology
• Steel vs Reinforced Concrete• Steel vs. Reinforced Concrete
High-strength Concrete Lighter Weight
System Formwork
Early-strength Concrete
Speedy Construction
y g
Post-tensioning SystemLonger Span
Prefabricated Rebar Cages Prefabricated Structure
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 75
Development of Concrete Technology• High-performance Concrete
High Strength Concrete (more than 60 MPa)
Early Strength Concrete(8 MPa / 1 day)
High Flowing ConcreteHigh Flowing Concrete(Flow 55~65)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 76
Development of Concrete Technology• Form & RC System
ACS Form (Core)
Slab System(Flat Slab + PT)
ACS Form (Column)
Shear Reinforcement(Stud Rail)
Table Form(Flying Form)
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 77
Comparison of Usage• Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the World
1974199819992004200820092010201020102010
Residential / Mixed OfficeOfficeOffice
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 78
Source: http://skyscraperpage.com
Ⅴ. ConclusionsⅤ. Conclusions
79Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 79Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH
Since the beginning of the history of tall buildingsSince the beginning of the history of tall buildings
in the second half of the 19th century in the U.S.,
tall buildings have undergone various changes.
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 80
Tall Buildings
• Regions USA ⇒ Asia
• Structural Systems Tube ⇒ Mega Column
Material & Usage
g
St l C t• Material & Usage Steel ⇒ Concrete
Office ⇒ Residential / Mixed
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 81
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