Transcript
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Steel, a sustainable material
Toshio Isohara
Nippon Steel Corporation
The 9th Asia Steel Forum in Year 2019
September 19, 2019
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Circulation of steel: production and recycling
Iron is reduced from iron ore with coal to produce steel and CO2.
Once reduced, steel maintains its property even after recycling.
ガラス(シルプラス)/新日化
超軽量複合鋼板/先端研・探索超撥水表面鋼板/先端研・探索MERS/EPC・探索
リアクトル(磁性薄帯)/鉄
高周波低損失
低損失・高トルク・高回転
10μm
デバイス実装(高温対応)/NSMAT
接合、(ナノNi)
配線、(EX1)
電極(Tiバリヤ)
シリカフィラー(高流動性)
インバーター(SiC)/NSMAT
PCU
高効率・低損失、高耐熱性、小型・軽量化
③パワーエレクトロニクス①Li二次電池
自動車用PEFC
②燃料電池
モータ電磁/鉄
燃料電池(触媒)/先端研・探索
燃料電池(セパレータ)/Ti
二次電池負極/新日化
二次電池ケース/鉄、NSSC,NSMAT
各種取組あるものの多くは後発
BF scrapironore
EAF
BOF
Fe2O3 Fe
CO2
coal
CNippon Steel
steel
products
final
products
Fe Fe Fe Fe
Fe
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Life Cycle Thinking
Life cycle thinking is very important.
Steel is often the best choice thinking of the whole life cycle.
Production Use Disposal
Recycling
Life cycle
total
steel
steel steel
steel
Eco-
friendly?
Eco-
friendly!
Also important
Also importantenvironm
enta
l im
pact
hig
hla
w
Often
highlighted
Nippon Steel
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Environmental impact
in production
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CO2 emission of steel in production
In the production phase of steel, iron making process is the
most significant step in green house gas emission.
Carbon Trust: International Carbon Flows (2011)
Iron
making
CO
2e
mis
sio
n
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990
757
173
230
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000
Carbon Fiber(CFRP)
Aluminium
Advanced HighStrength Steel
Mild Steel
CO2 emission per functionally equivalent autopart [kg-CO2 eq / autopart]
CO2 emission in production
CO2 emission in production per same performance component is low in steel
compared to other light-weight materials.
Environmentally friendlyWorld Auto Steel
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Environmental impact
in use
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Weight per strength (vehicle)
Steel is becoming lighter and lighter.
Now, steel is lighter than aluminium per strength.
0 10 20 30
自動車用軟鋼板(270MPa)
自動車用普通鋼板(440MPa)
自動車用高張力鋼板(780MPa)
自動車用超高張力鋼板…
アルミニウム合金
チタン合金
マグネシウム
ガラス繊維強化プラスチック
熱硬化性CFRP(迅速成型, …
Density per strength [kg/Nm]
HSS
AHSS
Arthur D. Little (2014)
Steel (270 MPa)
Steel (440 MPa)
Steel (780 MPa)
Steel (1,470 MPa)
Aluminium alloy
Titanium alloy
Magnesium alloy
GFRP
CFRP (CFRTS, Vf=0.6)
Environmentally friendly
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Theoretical strength of steel is very high.
Future steel might be far more stronger than now.
Strength of materials
theoreticalstrength
Carbon fiber(PAN)
Carbon fiber(pitch)CFRP
AutomobileStrand
wireSteelcord
Pianowire
Steel
Aluminiumalloy
Cupperalloy
Concrete(compression)
Engineeringplastics
Carbon fiber(CFRP)
Nippon Steel (2009)
Strength [MPa] Environmentally friendly
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High performance steel products
reduce CO2 emission in use phases
Some of high performance steel products contributed
to the reduction of CO2 emission in the world.
Japan Iron and Steel Federation
Transformer
Train
Automobile
Ship
Boiler pipe
for power plant
Transformer
Boiler pipe
for power plantShip
AutomobileReduction of CO2 emission
in use in Japan in 2015 [kt]
Reduction of CO2 emission
in use outside Japan in 2015 [kt]
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CO2 emission in production becomes significant in low emission vehicles.
CO2 emission in life cycle (vehicle)
EEA Signals 2017
conventional
vehicle
(Petrol)
battery
electric
vehicle
(EU ave.)
conventional
vehicle
(Diesel)
battery
electric
vehicle
(Renewable)
Vehicle
production
and disposal
CO2
exhaust
emission Fuel
production
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Recycling of materials
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Open-loop recycling
Nippon Steel (2017)
cascade
recycling
thermal
recycling
materialrecycling
chemicalrecycling
Closed-loop recycling
natural
resources
material
production
final product
production
use in
societyend-of-life
land fill
end of material life
Open-loop and closed-loop in recycling
Most of the recycling is open-loop, degrading its property.
Steel is recycled “closed-loop”, fully substitutional to the primary steel.
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1. Easy sorting
Steel sticks to magnet, most other materials do not.
2. Low environmental impact in recycling process
Steel scrap is easily recycled by re-melting.
3. Existence of economical recycling system
Steel scrap is traded as a steel material worldwide.
4. Refinable in recycling
Most impurities in steel scrap can easily be removed.
Requirements for sustainable recycling
Steel meets all these requirements for closed-loop recycling.
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Metal Refining
Fe Al Mg Ti
Gas
phase
Slag
phase
Metal
phase
Ni Co
SnCu
Mo
Pb Zn
Cr
NbB
VAl
Mn
Mg
CaCeTi Si
Ca
Mg
Zn
Fe Ni
Co
Sn
Cu
Mo
Ca
FeNi
Co
Sn
Cu
Mo
MgZn
FeNi
Co
Sn
Cu
Mo
Mn Mn MnB B B
Ti TiSi Si Si
Ce Ce CePb PbPb
Nb Nb Nb
Cr Cr CrV V V
Al Al
removable elements
Most impurities in steel are removed by oxidization since iron is NOT easily oxidized.
Other metals can to a large extent be removed by magnetic separation.
Hiraki, Xin, Nakajima, Matsubae, Nakamura and Nagasaka (2012)
trapped elements
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Recycling in construction (UK)
Most of the steel is recycled in construction. Others, not.
SteelConstruction.info, https://www.steelconstruction.info/File:B_Fig10_2013.png#filelinks
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Circulation of steel in the world
Loss 0.03 Bt
year 2015
Japan Iron and Steel Federation
Bureau of International Recycling aisbl
Bt: billion ton per year
30,000,000,000 tIn-house Scrap
Manufacturing
Scrap
1.2 Bt0.6 Bt
Steel is accumulated year by year, without loss, and circulated.
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How should we calculate
the effect of recycling?
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Recycling effect of material
CO2 emission is calculated from cradle to gate in most materials.
How about in steel, where scrap is recycled again and again?
Natural
resources
Material
production
Product
manufacturing
Use of
product
End-of-life
of product
Recycling of material
?
Cradle to gate
Nippon Steel
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1.00 0.20+ 0.16+
1.00 0.81+ 0.65+
= 0.55
Multiple recycling (e.g. 3rd cycle)
Steel
production
CO2
emission
Primary production
from natural resources
Secondary productions
from scrap recycling
CO2 emission =1.0 (primary production), 0.25 (secondary production)R (scrap recovery rate) = 0.9, Y (recycling yield) = 0.9
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ・・・ ∞
CO
2em
issio
n / X
pr
Life cycle
Xpr
Xre
X
yield = 0.9, recycling rate = 0.9,
Xre = 0.25Xpr
= emission in primary production
= emission
in secondary
productions
= emission in life cycle average
CO2 emission in multiple recycling
CO2 emission in life cycle average converges to a value in multiple recycling.
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0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
高炉 電炉 電炉 電炉 電炉
CO
2e
mis
sio
n in
pro
du
ctio
n
Life cycle
Conventional calculation
Primary
Steel
Recycled
Steel
Recycled
Steel
Recycled
Steel
Recycled
steel
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
高炉 電炉 電炉 電炉 電炉
CO
2e
mis
sio
n in
life
cycle
…
Calculation with recycling
RecycleSteel Steel Steel Steel Steel
Life cycle
CO2 emission in multiple recycling
In closed-loop recycling, there is no difference in primary and recycled steels.
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Global warming potential of
hot-dip galvanized steel sheet (world average)
GW
P
[cra
dle
to
ga
te =
10
0]
100
80
60
40
20
0
-10
-20worldsteel, Life cycle inventory study, May 2018, P23
CO2 emission of steel including recycling
Recycling effect is big.
CO2 emission of recycled product is far less than those without recycling.
gateto
gate
up-
stream
by-product
life cycle
recycling
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November 19, 2018
Japan Iron and Steel Federation
Long-term vision for climate change mitigation
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Steel stock in the future
Muller, et.al, “Patterns of Iron Use in Societal Evolution”,
Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45
“Sustainable steel: at the core of a green economy”,
World Steel Association, 2012
Relationship between GDP per capita
and steel stock per capitaTransition of steel stock per capita
Steel stock saturates at about 10 t/capita in developed countries.
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Steel demand and production
Steel production from iron ore is still necessary in the future.
How should we make it?
294
682
1118
4.0 7.0 10.0
16.2
26.8
37.9
12.2 14.0
12.0
5.6
15.5
29.7
73.8
97.7
111.8
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
2025
2027
2029
2031
2033
2035
2037
2039
2041
2043
2045
2047
2049
2051
2053
2055
2057
2059
2061
2063
2065
2067
2069
2071
2073
2075
2077
2079
2081
2083
2085
2087
2089
2091
2093
2095
2097
2099
人口(右軸:億人)
蓄積総量(左軸:億t)
粗鋼生産量(右軸:億t)
スクラップ利用量(右軸:億t)
銑鉄生産量(右軸:億t)
一人当たり蓄積量(右軸:t/人)
2015
2050
2100
2015 2050year
population, billion12
7.4
9.8
68
2100
110
29.4
steel stock, billion ton
1.62
2.68
3.79
1.221.40
1.20
0.56
1.55
2.97
pig iron production, billion ton
0.41.0steel stock per capita, 10 ton/capita
10
8
6
4
2
0
11.2Japan Iron and Steel Federation
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Innovative Technologies - COURSE50
In COURSE50, iron ore is also reduced with hydrogen
and CO2 is removed by an innovative absorption system.
COURSE50, http://www.jisf.or.jp/course50/tecnology01/
http://www.jisf.or.jp/course50/tecnology02/
Fe (Iron)
H2 (Hydrogen)
Fe2O3 (Iron Ore)
+ C (Coke)
CO2
+ H2O (Stem)
CO2 removal with an
innovative absorption system
Blast Furnace
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Time course for the zero-carbon steel
Development of technologies specific to iron & steel sector 2100
COURSE50 H2 reduction in BF (internal H2)
Super COURSE50 H2 reduction in BF (external H2)
H2 reduction iron making H2 reduction without using BF
CCS Recovery of CO2 from BF gas, etc.
CCU Adding value to CO2 from steel plant
Development of common fundamental technologies for society
Zero-emission electricity Zero-emission electricity through nuclear, renew ables, etc.
Carbon-free H2 Low cost, large quantity production w ith nuclear and renew ables
CCS/CCU cheap storage, location, adding value, etc.
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
introduction
開発
introductionR&D
R&DStepping up
Stepping up introductionR&D
introductionR&D
introductionR&D
R&D
実機化開発 introductionR&D
introductionR&D
COURSE50 is the first step to the zero-carbon steel.
Japan Iron and Steel Federation (2018)
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Activities for promotion
of the sustainability of steel
by JISF
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Activities by JISF
1. Development of Standards: JIS 20915 and JIS Q 20915
2. Development of PCRs for EPD referring ISO 20915, including recycling effect
3. Life cycle inventory data collection and disclosure of the average data.
4. Promotions in video, conferences, seminars, etc.
Japan Iron and Steel Federation
Japan Iron and Steel Federation
Japan Iron and Steel Federation
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Japan Iron and Steel Federation
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Thank you for your attention !
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