State Secretariat for Economic Affairs e-Waste Management in Developing Countries: Donor’s Motivation and Expectation Mathias Schluep (Empa), Stefan Denzler.
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State Secretariat for Economic Affairs
e-Waste Management in Developing Countries: Donor’s Motivation and Expectation
Mathias Schluep (Empa),Stefan Denzler (SECO)
E-Waste Management Forum:“Green Business Opportunities”(E-waste 2010), 23-24 November 2010, Marrakech, Morocco
Table of Contents
• SECO‘s Economic Development Cooperation
• Knowledge Partnerships for e-Waste Recycling
• Sustainable Industries for Secondary Resources
• Future Challenges & Expectations
Economic Dev. Cooperation SECO = Swiss Competency Center for Sustainable Economic Dev. of Developing and Transition Countries Sustainable Integration of Partner Countries into Global Economy
Objective Trade Promotion Trade Promotion along Value Chains (Goods and Services!) Framework Conditions for Trade (WTO; MEAs etc.) Market Access for Developing Countries to Switzerland and Europe
In-house competency within SECO Trade Agreements Switzerland (WTO and bilateral) Labour Conditions in Switzerland, and focal point for ILO Swiss Focal Point for OECD Guidelines on MNE Close Contact to Swiss Industry, Retailers, Traders (e.g. Commodities) Location Switzerland, Regional Economic Promotion incl. Tourism
Objectives of SECO‘s Economic Development Cooperation
Economic Development Cooperation
Geographic Focus
Framework Credit VII (approved by Swiss Parliament in December 2008): Seven Priority Countries – Colombia, Peru, Egypt, Ghana, South Africa, Vietnam, Indonesia. (50% of funds)
Cooperation with Transition Countries: Central Asia; Balkan
Cohesion Funds: 10 new EU Members; pending Romania and Bulgaria.
Sustainable Trade and Climate Issues: Emerging markets China and India
Operational Units / Instruments (total 60 staff; 220 million CHF/year)
Macroeconomic Support
Private Sector Promotion (Investment Promotion)
Trade Promotion
Infrastructure Financing
I EXPORT PROMOTION II TRADE POLICY III IMPORT PROMOTION
• COMMODITIES: MULTISTAKEHOLDER ROUNDTABLES FOR SUSTAINABLE COMMODITIES
• INNOVATIVE EXPORT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (Nichemarketporducts FAIRTRADE, BIODIVERSITY, ORGANIC etc.)
• SECTORAL POLICIES (SERVICES, COMPETITION, TRIPS, GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT etc.)
• IMPLEMENTATION, SUPPORT for MEA (KYOTO, BIODIVERSITY)
• GSP
• SIPPO
• LABELS
• SUPPORT of ESAs
• CONFORMITY ASSESSMENTS
• CLEANER PRODUCTION and CORE LABOUR STANDARDS
• STANDARDISATION BODIES, LABORATORIES
• WTO ACCESSION SUPPORT and IMPLEMENTATION
IMPROVED COMMODITY EXPORTS
IMPROVED EXPORT CAPACITIES OF SMEs
IMPROVED INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR EXPORTS
IMPROVED INTEGRATION INTO MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM
IMPROVED ACCESS TO SWISS AND EU MARKET
SEQUENTIAL APPROACH : GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN SUPPORT
Cooperation Approach: Value Chains
Examples of Trade Promotion Projects
Cleaner Production Centers (CPC): Information, Assessement, Trainings for Industry and Local Consultants Regarding Eco-Efficiency (UNIDO); Green Credit Lines: Colombia, Peru, Vietnam
Core Labour Standards at company level (Better Work ILO)
CDM Capacity Building: DNAs; CDM Methodologies (World Bank)
Commodity Sustainability Standards: Multi Stakeholder Processes for Tropical Timber, Coffee, Soya, Sugar, Cotton, Biofuels
Biotrade (Biodiversity Management and Exports), UNCTAD
International Trade Center, Geneva
SIPPO = Swiss Import Promotion Program
Knowledge Partnerships for e-Waste Recycling
Why e-waste Recycling?
Information Technologies: Dynamic sector with increasing waste flow; enviromental and health problems when recycling informally
International Regulation (Basel Convention) but difficult to control – what is second hand for use, what is waste?
Economic opportunities: Refurbishment; precious metals, copper; in the long term: Commodity supply problem for certain metals
Switzerland has been pioneer in e-waste recycling: Initiated by the OEM and run through private system operators (SWICO and SENS)
Challenges and opportunities
e-Waste is valuable ... creates jobs … can be hazardous!
Copper sludge sorting of plastics desoldering of components
History e-Waste Programme
July 2003 concept clearance SECO for entire 3-phase programme and funding for Phase 1 (Assessment).Decisions in Aug'04 for Phase 2 (Planning) and in Aug'05 for Phase 3 (Implementation).Phase 3 completed in China, India (3Q05 -Dec'08) and South Africa (Dec’09).Latin America extension Peru and Colombia (assessment/planning in 2007/2008). Activities in both countries officially started in Jul'09 for 3 years. Currently investigating for a possible Phase 4: widening the focus from “e-waste only” to “Sustainable Industries for Secondary Resources”
Sink
control input
GHG emissions
feedback /indicators
e.g. Metalsrefine,
processmanu-facture
use &consume
recyclemine
Energy
Technology , Economics, Politics, Legislation, Society
Sustainable Industriesfor Secondary Resources
Source e.g. Waste
Sustainable Industriesfor Secondary Resources
• A considerable and fast growing share of essential non renewable natural resources end up in end-of-life consumer products in developing and transitional countries
• There, if at all, they often are recovered inefficiently and at great external costs by an informal sector / industry and hardly can compete with established primary resources.
• Improvements in capacities and efficiencies for the recovery and return of secondary resources as well as the participation of the aforementioned industries in the global commodity trade is paramount
refine, purify,
enhance, certify, ...
recycle, recover,
dismantle, segregate,
sort, ...
Private
Corporate
InformalScrap Delaer
Rag Pickers
Middlemen(Auction)
InformalSector
InformalDisposal &
Burning
Consume Collection Recycling Disposal
1
2
3
1
2
3
Auction and donation as a cheap disposal option
Insufficient handling of critical fractions, Burning of plastics,Recovery of gold with cyanid und mercuryEmissions to the environment through leaching and burning
Example: Pilot Bangalore
Example: Pilot Bangalore
Informal sector Bangalore
• only 20% gets recovered• > 60% loss due to the manual
dimantling process• > 50 % loss due to the wet-
chemical leaching process• Emissions are dramatic: up to 400x
European thresholds
State of the art smelter
• Recovery rate of up to 95%• Plus other metal, e.g. paladium,
silver, copper etc,
• High – tech off-gass control and treatment system
Example: Pilot Bangalore
Idea: Combination of the strengths = “Best of 2 Worlds:participation of the informal sector in the global commodity
trade
• Using the strengths– local: collection, „intelligent“ sorting and dismantling (traditional strengths)– International: High Tech Recycling in Europe of the critical fractions
(especially printed circuit boards & batteries)• Solution:
– Development of a cooperative structurer for buying from the familiy businesses and accumulating critical volumes
– When critical volumes are reached (container size) export to hight tech refinery
– Financial return goes back to the informel sector via the cooperative structure -> income should be higher than before and still pay for the transport
• Pilot currently enters the crucial phase (export licence for shipping the first container) with internat. partnership with Empa, Umicore, GTZ & StEP
Future Challenges & Expectations
Scaling up/ consolidation of current achievements
Multiplication in other developing countries
Adaptation to local/national circumstances, find the most efficient way
E-waste recycling is a Public Private Partnership!
Regulation is needed; but public sector does not need to run recycling facilities
Extended producer responsibility: „buy-in“ from the IT industry
International cooperation/trade with specialized recycling companies
International Standards for safe and efficient e-waste recycling
E-waste / Secondary Resources sustainability standard?
Contact
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) Technology and Society Laboratory
Mathias Schluep, Program Manager Tel.: +41 71 274 78 57 Fax: +41 71 274 78 62
e-mail: mathias.schluep@empa.chEmpa Web Site: www.empa.ch/tsl, www.ewasteguide.info
State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) Trade Cooperation
Stefan Denzler, Program Manager Tel.: +41 31 322 75 62 Fax: +41 31 322 86 30
e-mail: stefan.denzler@seco.admin.chSECO Web Site: www.seco-cooperation.ch
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