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SPRING 2017
BRAZIL: RELIGION AND LIBERATION
SYLLABUS
Graduate Level RLG 5193
PROFESSOR: Dr. Ana María Bidegaín
E-Mail: bidegain@fiu.edu
Office: DM 305B
Office hours through Adobe Connect: Monday 8am or in person by appointment.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this class is to study the genealogy of the Liberation movement in the
history of Christianity focusing on Brazil. This movement has been tied to the reception of
the Second Vatican Council in Latin America. The changes undertaken by the
Contemporary Catholic Church may be compared in importance and consequences to the
reformation of the XVI century.
One of the major challenges brought up by the Second Vatican Council was the return to
the original Christian message marked by the prominence of the poor. As stated by Pope
John XXIII: “In regards of the poor countries, the Church is presented as it is and wants to
be: the Church of all but especially the Church of the poor.” This message had particular
resonance in Brazil due to the history of the Brazilian church and the historical context of
that country. This would be the core of this course.
OBJECTIVES AND STUDENT OUTCOME
After completing the course students should be able:
a) To have a comprehension of the Liberation Christianity in the Brazilian context.
Although the course focuses on Brazil, the student will advance toward the
comprehension of the Liberation movement in Latin American and globally and
make comparisons.
b) Be aware of different historical processes that converge in the second half of the
20th century such as: the socioeconomic crisis of mid20 century, the new Brazilian
Nationalism, the political transformations related to the Cold War, the society
transformation marked by the emergence of marginalized actors such as women,
natives Amerindians, and black communities .
c) To understand the main ideas of the social teaching of the church and the impact of
the Second Vatican Council, the CELAM’s conference and the development of the
Base Communities and the development of new social movements (Los Sin tierra)
and political parties such as the Partido dos Trabalhadores.
In order to reach these general learning objectives, students will have weekly goals and
weekly seminar meeting, outcomes and assessments that will measure their knowledge and
unit’s comprehension (please, look at the calendar, below).
Students’ participation in the Seminar will be through:
1) Participation on the Discussions Forum Weekly.
2) Paper developed in three stages.
Discussions Forum Seminar
We will have weekly meetings through Discussion Board
First week: On-line self- introduction. Students will be asked to introduce themselves to the
Class. Students have the opportunity to do questions and comments on the syllabus to start
the course with out difficulties.
Online seminar Methodology through Discussion Board or Forum
As this is an online seminar course, each week all the students have to read all the materials
to be preparing to participate. Each week, on Mondays, the professor will assign three
students to make questions from one of the week assigned articles or book chapters and
other three students will be assigned to develop the answers. Other three students will be
required to do revisions or comments on the questions and answers. The questions have to
be uploaded on Wednesdays, to be answered on Fridays and to be review by Sundays. Each
Monday the professor will assign students task for each week. The professor will take care
of giving to all the students the same opportunity to participate uploading the requested
task. At least each student will be required to participate 10 times during the semester.
Each post will be graded. Each discussion is worth 8 points. To receive all possible points,
a posting must be on time, be easy to read, free of careless mistakes, and appropriately
address the issue(s) or question(s) presented by the instructor.
Research Paper
Graduate students have to do a 20 pages final paper in three stages.
1- Research Paper proposal: Due the Third Week (this paper must present the topic
to be developed into a final paper. The topics will be chosen from a list proposed by
the professor) It should be the first stage of the work. This paper should explain the
reason and motivations to develop the research paper, the mayor sources and
bibliography as well the hypothesis and methodology to accomplish the work.
2- Literature review Due on the Sixth Week (a continuation of the first, with a deeper
analysis of the sources, of the bibliography, and further development toward the
final paper)
3- Final paper: Due on the 14th week.
Requirements for all written work:
All written work must be typed, double-spaced, and in 12 point font; and any citations
should follow MLA format. These papers must be submitted by the deadline.
The Final Grade will be determined by a totally of points scored throughout the semester.
These points will be converted into percentages [that is, Points scored by student/total
number of points [200] x 100]. Please keep printed copies of all assignments and graded
material. If you cannot produce your class material in a grade dispute, the grade recorded in
the instructor's grade book will take precedent. Students are required and responsible for all
assigned text readings and material from Blackboard. Students are expected to check the
Announcement and Assignment sections of Blackboard for this class at least every other
day. Students who take this course are expected to have the skills necessary to complete all
assignments. Essay Assignments must not be sent as attachments to the professor. They
must be posted in the Assignment drop box. I will not grade them if you send them to me as
attachments. If you have computer technology questions during the semester, you should
contact the FIU Computer Help Desk.
Note: I reserve the right to alter this syllabus if and whenever necessary.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Discussion Forum Presentation (10x8) = 80%
3 pages paper 5 %
10 pages paper 5 %
15 pages paper 10%
Total 100%
GRADES RANGE
COMMUNICATION WITH THE INSTRUCTOR
All students are expected to use their FIU e-mail address/account for course
correspondence. Like Blackboard, you are expected to check your FIU e-mail at least every
other day for the duration of this course.
All e-mails sent to the instructor should reflect a professional
ACADEMIC AND CLASSROOM MISCONDUCT
Students are expected to conduct themselves appropriately at all times. Behavior defined by
the instructor as disruptive will not be tolerated. For a Web class, the above statement
includes flaming, which is writing or sending inappropriate messages to the web areas of
this course. All interaction with your instructor and your fellow students is expected to be
appropriate. If any activity becomes disruptive, the instructor reserves the right to take
appropriate action.
In addition, if a student turns in an assignment where the authorship is questionable
(plagiarism), the instructor reserves the right to discuss this situation with the student, and
if she/he is not satisfied that the assignment is the work of that student, a grade of "0" will
be assigned.
REQUIRED BOOKS
The big majority of the reading materials are articles and book chapters, which are online,
and some few will be uploaded.
CALENDAR
1st Week (January 9- 15)
Letter Grade Range Letter Grade Range Letter Grade Range
A Above 93 B- 81-83 D+ 67-70
A- 91-92 C+ 77-80 D 64-66
B+ 87-90 C 74-76 D- 61-63
B 84-86 C- 71-73 F < 61
Introduction to the course and to the study of Brazilian History
Assessments: Sharing through Discussion Forum
Self-introduction (instructor and students)
Questions and comments on the syllabus
Weekly outcomes:
-Understanding course requirements and mayor learning goals established in
the syllabus.
General understanding of Brazilian history, geography and culture.
Readings:
- Burns, E. Bradford. “Introduction.” A History of Brazil, 3rd ed., Columbia
University Press, 1993, pp. 1–8, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/burn07954.5.
- Burns, E. Bradford. “Interactions: New Challenges and Continuities.” A
History of Brazil, 3rd ed., Columbia University Press, 1993, pp. 9–36,
www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/burn07954.6
-Levine R “ An Earthly Paradise- The History of Brazil (eBook) Westport.
Conn, Greenwood Publishing Group 1999
2nd Week (January 16- 22)
The Brazilian Catholic Church History-Colonial Times
Weekly outcomes:
Understanding: 1) the role of Catholic Church under the Protuguese
Empire.
2) Popular religiosity and religious diversity in Colonial Brazil
Reading:
-“Brazil” The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity edited by Daniel Patte
Vanderbilt University, Cambridge University Press (2010) pp. 140-148.
-“Church and State Relations in Latin America” The Cambridge Dictionary
of Christianity, pp .242- 246
-Bruneau Thomas. “Religious Beliefs and Practices”, Bruneau, Thomas. The
Church in Brazil. Austin: University of Texas Press1982. pp.21-48.
-Levine R “Early Brazil” The History of Brazil (eBook) Westport. Conn,
Greenwood Publishing Group 1999, pp.31-55
-Burns, E. Bradford. “The Colonial Experience.” A History of Brazil, 3rd ed.,
Columbia University Press, 1993, pp. 37–98,
www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/burn07954.7.
3rd Week (January 23 -29)
The Brazilian Catholic Church History under the Empire until its
transformation under Dom Leme’s leading.
Weekly outcomes:
Understanding: 1) State control of the Catholic church under the Brazilian
Empire 2) The church welcomes and support to the independency process.
3) Particularities of Brazilian Catholic Church in comparison to Hispano
American Church experiences.
Readings:
- LYNCH, JOHN. “Church and State in a Liberal World.” New Worlds: A
Religious History of Latin America, Yale University Press, 2012, pp. 185–
228, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npmbn.12.
- Burns, E. Bradford. “Modernization and Continuity.” A History of Brazil,
3rd ed., Columbia University Press, 1993, pp. 149–196,
www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/burn07954.9.
- Vieira, David Gueiros. “Some Protestant Missionary Letters Relating to the
Religious Question in Brazil: 1872-1875.” The Americas, vol. 24, no. 4,
1968, pp. 337–353. www.jstor.org/stable/980222.
- Williams, Margaret Todaro. “The Politicization of the Brazilian Catholic
Church: The Catholic Electoral League.” Journal of Interamerican Studies
and World Affairs, vol. 16, no. 3, 1974, pp. 301–325.
www.jstor.org/stable/174888.
- Della Cava, Ralph. “Catholicism and Society in Twentieth-Century
Brazil.” Latin American Research Review, vol. 11, no. 2, 1976, pp. 7–50.
www.jstor.org/stable/2502548.
4th Week January 30- Feb 5
The Catholic Action, the Brazilian New Christendom
Weekly outcomes:
General understanding of Catholic Church in the turn out of the Century.
2) The implementation of the Catholic Action (the two models of Catholic
Action) 3) The role of men and women in the Brazilian Church
Readings:
-Williams, Margaret Todaro. “Integralism and the Brazilian Catholic Church.” The
Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 54, no. 3, 1974, pp. 431–452.
www.jstor.org/stable/2512932.
- Bidegain Ana María “ From Catholic church to Liberation Theology. The
historical process of the Laity in Latin America in the Twentieth Century.” Notre
Dame, Ind. Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre
Dame, November 1985 (Working Paper #48)
https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/048.pdf
- Margaret Todaro Williams “Church and State in Vargas's Brazil: The Politics of
Cooperation
Journal of Church and State, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Autumn 1976), pp. 443-462 Oxford
University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23915133
5th Week Feb 6-12
Looking forward a National Church Organization the role of the Laity.
Weekly outcomes:
1) From Dom Leme’s to Dom Helder Church leadership.
2) The role of Brazilian lay people in the genesis of CNBB.
3) The 1955 Eucharistic Congress and the birth of CELAM.
4) New catholic Latin American networks and Brazilians participation
Readings:
Serbin Kenneth P Church-State Reciprocity in Contemporary Brazil: The Convening
of the International Eucharistic Congress of 1955 in Rio de Janeiro The Hispanic
American Historical Review, Vol. 76, No. 4 (Nov., 1996), pp. 721-751
Publisher(s): Duke University Press http://www.jstor.org/stable/2517950
Aditional Readings
-Desan Scopinho S Carlos O Laicato na Primeira Conferencia Episcopal
Latinoamericana.(1968)
http://www.itf.org.br/o-laicato-na-conferencia-episcopal-latino-americana-
de-medellin-1968.html
Bidegain, Ana María. Participación y protagonismo de las mujeres en la
Historia del Catolicismo Latinoamericano. Buenos Aires: San Benito. 2009,
cap.7, pp 77-86
-Regan, David. 2002. Why are they Poor? Helder Câmara in Pastoral
Perspective. Münster: Lit.,pp 66-80.
-Schallenmueller, Christian Jecov. 2011. Tradição e Profecia: O
Pensamento Político da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB)
e seu Contexto Social e Intelectual 1952-1964. Teses de mestrado
Universidade de São Paulo (2011) pp 61-97
6th Week Feb 13-19
From Catholic Action to Liberation Christianity in Brazil.
Weekly outcomes:
Aggiornamento and Vatican Council II.
CELAM Second Conference, Medellin 1968.
Emergence of Liberation Christianity in Latin America
Readings:
- - Bidegain Ana María “ From Catholic church to Liberation Theology. The
historical process of the Laity in Latin America in the Twentieth Century.”
Notre Dame, Ind. Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies,
University of Notre Dame, November 1985 (Working Paper #48)
https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/048.pdf
- -. Chávez Joaquín M “Catholic Action, the Second Vatican Council, and the
Emergence of the New Left in El Salvador (1950-1975)” The Americas, Vol.
70, No. 3, Special Issue: Latin America in the Global Sixties (January
2014), pp. 459-487 Academy of American Franciscan
History: http://www.jstor.org/stable/43189194
- Mainwaring, The Catholic Youth Workers Movement (JOC) and the
Emergence of the Popular Church in Brazil. Working paper #6. Dec 1983.
Kellogg Institute.
https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/006.pdf
Further Readings
-Löwy Michael, “Liberationist Christianity in Latin America, in The War of
Gods, (1999) pp 32-80. (to be uploaded)
-Beozzo. Cristãos Beozzo, Oscar. 1994. Os Cristãos na Universidade e na
Política: historia de JUC e da AP. Petrópolis: Vozes. pp. 82-190. (to be
uploaded)
-Bidegain AM Participacion y protagonismo de las mujeres en la historia del
catolicismo Latinoamericano, op cit caps.8 y 9. pp 87-122. (to be uploaded)
7th Week Feb 20-26
The Church and Governments relationships before the Dictatorship.
Weekly outcomes:
- Political situation in the sixties.
- The Church and the governments pre-dictatorship.
- Northeastern Catholic Church.
- MEB. (Base Education Movement)
Readings:
- Kirkendall, Andrew. Entering History: Paulo Freire and the Politics of the
Brazilian Northeast 1958-1964, in Luso-Brazilian Review, Vol. 41, N. 1,
2004. [168-189] http://www.jstor.org/stable/3513750
- -Serbin, Ken. State Subsidization of Catholic Institutions in Brazil, 1930-
1964: A Contribution to the Economic and Political History of the Church.
Notre Dame, Ind: Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies,
University of Notre Dame, 1992. Print. (Working Paper # 181)
http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/181.pdf
Further Readings
- -Mainwaring. The church from 1916 to 1964, in The Catholic Church and
Politics in Brazil 1916-1985, pp. 25-75. ( to be uploaded)
- Bruneau. Thomas. “The church faces the modern world, 1950-1964”, in The
Political Transformation of Brazilian Catholic Church, pp. 55-104. To be
uploaded
- -Freire Paulo. Pedagogía del Oprimido. Pedagogy of the oppressed
- https://selforganizedseminar.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/freire_pedagogy_
oppresed1.pdf
8th Week Feb.27 – March 5
The Church‘s contradictions under the dictatorship
Weekly outcomes:
- Tradition, Family and Ownership.
- Coup d’état and the National Security Doctrine.
- Repression and first reactions of the church.
-
Readings: - Marín, Richard. Dios contra Cesar o las metamorfosis del catolicismo brasileño bajo
el régimen militar (1964-1985), en Historia Crítica, N. 24, diciembre 2003. [49-66]
- https://historiacritica.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/368/index.php?id=368
- Serbin, Kenneth P. “Dialogue in the Shadows: The Creation and Function of the
Bipartite.” Secret Dialogues, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000, pp. 83–113,
www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjrxv.10.
Further readings
- Frei Betto. Batismo de Sangue. (1987) São Paulo
http://www.dhnet.org.br/verdade/resistencia/betto_batismo_de_sangue.pdf
- Antoine Charles, Church and Power in Brazil. Maryknoll N.Y 1973,Orbis
Book.
- Bidegaín. La Doctrina de la Seguridad Nacional, en Nacionalismo,
Militarismo y Dominación en América Latina, pp: 147-163. To be uploaded
9th Week March March 6-12
Dom Hélder Câmara as Church leader and Prophet
Weekly outcomes:
- Biography.
- Ideas. And Pastoral work
- Prophetic voice
Readings:
- Branford Sue “Obituary: Archbishop Hélder Câmara in The Independent
1September 1999. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-
entertainment/obituary-archbishop-helder-camara-1115091.html
- Câmara Hélder Spiral of violence London, 1971
http://liberationtheology.org/library/spiral-of-violence-camara.pdf
- Regan, David. 2002. Why are they Poor? Helder Câmara in Pastoral
Perspective. Münster: Lit Chapters 7, 8 and 9, pp. 81-121. ( to be
uploaded)
- Patrick J. Leonard “Bibliography of Helder Camara”
Latin American Research Review, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Summer, 1975), pp. 147-
166 The Latin American Studies
Association: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2502764
-
10th Week March 13- 19 SPRING BREAK
11th Week March 20 -26
Basic Ecclesial Communities. Building up the church of the Poor
Liberation Theology’s development in Brazil and Latin America
Weekly outcomes:
The role of Brazilian Religious orders and congregations developing CEBs
Numbers, distribution in regions and dioceses and national organizations
CEBS Social Mouvement and the Partido dos Trabalhadores’s origins
Readings:
- -Bruneau. Brazil: the Catholic Church and Basic Christian Communities, in
Levine, Religion and Political Conflict in Latin America, pp106- 123. (To be
uploaded) - Rosado-Nunes, Maria José. “Religious Authority and Women's Religious
Experience.” Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, vol. 19, no. 2, 2003, pp. 85–92.
www.jstor.org/stable/25002478.
- Drogus. Religious change and women’s Status in Latin America: A comparison
of Catholic Base communities and Pentecostal Churches.
http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/205.pdf
Further readings
- Mainwaring Scott “The New Catholic Church in Latin America: A conference
Report” Kellogg Institute -Notre Dame Univ. 1983 Working Paper # 8
http://www3.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/008.pdf
- Adriance, Madeleine. “Base Communities and Rural Mobilization in Northern
Brazil.” Sociology of Religion, vol. 55, no. 2, 1994, pp. 163–178.
www.jstor.org/stable/3711855.
- Adriance, Madeleine. “The Paradox of Institutionalization: The Roman
Catholic Church in Chile and Brazil.” Sociological Analysis, vol. 53, 1992, pp.
S51–S62. www.jstor.org/stable/3711250.
- Bidegain. Participación y protagonismo de las mujeres en la historia del
catolicismo Latinoamericano, cap. 11, pp. 139-152. (To be uploaded)
- Frei Betto. O que é comunidade eclesial de base. Book
o http://www.dhnet.org.br/direitos/militantes/freibetto/livro_betto_o_que_
e_cebs.pdf
12th Week March 27 –April 2
Liberation Church Movement facing Political and Ecclesiastical Repression
Weekly outcomes:
- Political changes in the eighties.
- Wojtyla reign and the nomination of conservative bishops.
- Silencing Helder Camara, Leonardo Boff and Ivonne Guevara
- Church’s inconsistences and contradictions.
- Pentecostalism presence and development.
-
Readings
- Mainwaring. Brazil: The Catholic Church and the Popular Movement in Nova
Iguacu 1974 – 1985, in Levine, Religion and Political Conflict, pp. 126-155. To be
uploaded
-Ghio. The Latin American Church in the Wojtyla Era. Available here:
http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/159.pdf
Further reading
- Scheurer Acevedo Sonia The Opposition to Latin American Liberation
Theology and the Transformation of Christianity, 1960-1990. FIU Religious
Studies thesis http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2454/
- Löwy. Conclusión: ¿está acabada la Teología de la Liberación? En, Guerra
de Dioses. [158-177]
- Nagle, Robin. Liberation Theology’s Rise and Fall, in The Brazil Reader:
History, Culture, Politics. Durham Duke University Press. 1999 [462-467]
(to be uploaded)
- Vásquez, Manuel. 1998. The Brazilian Popular Church and the Crisis of
Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , pp 55- 127 (to be
uploaded)
- Vásquez. The Brazilian Popular Church and the Crisis of Modernity, pp. 55-
127.
13th April 3-9
Church’s Human Rights Defense and Democratization.
Weekly objectives and outcomes:
Opposition to dictatorship and Human Rights Defense.
The role of International Networks, Students’ organization and other social
movements.
The Brazilian Catholic Church and the process re-democratization.
Readings:
- Klaiber Jeffrey, “ The first National Security State” The church,
Dictatorships, and Democracy in Latin America. Chap 2 pp 20-41
- Serbin, Kenneth P. “Death in Barra Mansa: The Admission and Punishment
of Torture.” Secret Dialogues, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000, pp. 186–
199, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjrxv.14.
- Serbin, Kenneth P. “Anatomy of a Death: The Case of Alexandre Vannucchi
Leme.” Secret Dialogues, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000, pp. 200–218,
www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hjrxv.15.
- Della Cava. Ralph. “The Church and the Abertura in Brazil 1974-1985.”
Kellogg Institute Notre Dame Univ.Working paper #114, November 1988.
https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/114.pdf
Further Readings
-Bidegain. Participación y protagonismo de las mujeres en la historia del
catolicismo Latinoamericano, cap.10, pp. 123-138.
Serbin. Anatomía de una muerte. Aquí en español:
http://www.historizarelpasadovivo.cl/es_resultado_textos.php?categoria=El+pasado
+vivo%3A+casos+paralelos+y+precedentes&titulo=Anatom%EDa+de+una+muerte
%3A+represi%F3n%2C+derechos+humanos+y+el+caso+de+Alexandre+Vannucchi
+Leme+en+el+Brasil+autoritario#inicio
14th week April 10- 17
Leadership and religious, social and political networks.
Weekly outcomes:
- Role of Brazilian’ laypeople and church leaders in religious and social
action.
- Groups and networks.
- The Church and the problem of the land.
- The progressive church, the PT and the World Social Forum
Readings:
- Adriance, Madeleine. “Agents of Change: The Roles of Priests, Sisters, and
Lay Workers in the Grassroots Catholic Church in Brazil.” Journal for the
Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 30, no. 3, 1991, pp. 292–305.
www.jstor.org/stable/1386974.
- MICHEL DUQUETTE, Maurilio de Lima Galdino, CHARMAIN LEVY,
BÉRENGÈRE MARQUES-PEREIRA and FLORENCE RAES “Women,
Urban Housing and Rural Movements” in Collective Action and Radicalism
in Brazil University of Toronto Press (July 2005)
: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442673090
- French, Jan Hoffman. A Tale of Two Priests and Two Struggles: Liberation
Theology from Dictatorship to Democracy in the Brazilian Northeast,
in The Americas , Vol. 63, No. 3 (Jan., 2007), pp. 409-443.
https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/328.pdf
Further Readings :
- Carter Miguel. O movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem-terra (MST) e a
democracia no Brasil, em Agraria, N. 4, 2006. [124-164]
http://www.revistas.usp.br/agraria/article/view/102/102
- Löwy, Michael. The War of Gods. London:,Verso. 1996.npp. 81-93.
- Bidegain, Ana Maria. Las Comunidades Eclesiales de Base (CEB) en la
creación del Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), en Historia Crítica, N. 7,
ene-jun 1993. [92-109]
https://historiacritica.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/123/index.php?id=123
15th Week April 17 – 23
The Brazilian Religious Experience and its legacy.
Weekly outcomes:
- Intellectual legacy of Liberation Theology in several fields
- The influence of Liberation Theology in Postcolonial Studies.
- The Brazilian Church’s experience and the Latin American “Indigenismo”
Readings:
- Gomez de Souza. Latin America and the Catholic Church. Available here:
http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/334.pdf
- Levine. The Future of Christianity in Latin America. Available here:
http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/340.pdf
Further Readings
- Avelino de Lima e Germano. O Pós-Colonialismo e a Pedagogia de Paulo
Freire. http://www.cchla.ufrn.br/interlegere/11/pdf/es10.pdf
- Bingemer, María Clara et al. 1986. El Rostro Femenino de la Teología. San
José de Costa Rica: DEI.
- Bingemer, Maria Clara Lucchetti. Desafíos y tareas de la teología en
América Latina hoy, en Theologica Xaveriana, Vol. 62, N. 174, jul-dec
2012. [399-432] http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/thxa/v62n174/v62n174a06.pdf
- Gebara Ivone Teología de la Liberación y Género. Ensayo crítico, Madrid
Edit Trota, 2012
- EATWOT. Voices.
http://internationaltheologicalcommission.org/VOICES/VOICES-2012-
3&4.pdf
16 WEEK April 24-29
FINALS
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