SPACEMATE® Presentation | KTH 27 October 2011

Space, Density and Urban Form

KTH, 27 October 2011

META BERGHAUSER PONT

75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare

40 dwellings per hectare

50 dwellings per hectare

60 dwellings per hectare

Grachtengordel Jordaan

Density of Amsterdam

Amsterdam

1650

1400

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Densityinh/ha

Footprintm2/inh

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

(predominately) housing fabrics

parks

sports facilities

garden allotments

cemeteries

industrial and office areas

Amsterdam

1880

1400

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Densityinh/ha

Footprintm2/inh

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

(predominately) housing fabrics

parks

sports facilities

garden allotments

cemeteries

industrial and office areas

Amsterdam

1900

1400

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Densityinh/ha

Footprintm2/inh

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

(predominately) housing fabrics

parks

sports facilities

garden allotments

cemeteries

industrial and office areas

Amsterdam

1939

1400

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Densityinh/ha

Footprintm2/inh

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

(predominately) housing fabrics

parks

sports facilities

garden allotments

cemeteries

industrial and office areas

Amsterdam

1958

1400

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Densityinh/ha

Footprintm2/inh

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

(predominately) housing fabrics

parks

sports facilities

garden allotments

cemeteries

industrial and office areas

Footprintm2/inh

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

Amsterdam

1984

1400

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Densityinh/ha

(predominately) housing fabrics

parks

sports facilities

garden allotments

cemeteries

industrial and office areas

Amsterdam

2000

1400

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

Densityinh/ha

Footprintm2/inh

140

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

(predominately) housing fabrics

parks

sports facilities

garden allotments

cemeteries

industrial and office areas

1876: 30 m 1926: 50 m 1958: 80 m 1998: 120 m2 2 2 2

Average occupation rate (inhabitants per dwelling unit) (G.W.B.) Urban footprint (m2 of city space per inhabitant)

Raymond Unwin (1909):

“Nothing gained by overcrowding!”

Unwin: < 12 dwellings per acre

Hoenig: spaciousness of at least 1

Jane Jacobs (1961):

“American slums are not only an issue faced in the inner

cities, but also in the low-density, dull areas in the fringes”

Jacobs: > 100 dwellings per acre

coverage over 60%

Raymond Unwin (1909):

“Nothing gained by overcrowding!”

Unwin: < 12 dwellings per acre

Hoenig: spaciousness of at least 1

Urban Density and Energy Consumption

Urban Density

inhabitants per hectare

Urban Footprint

m2 per inhabitant

Measuring Density

Density Measures Year Use Norm

Density Measures Year Use Norm

Density Measures Year Use Norm

Density Measures Year Use Norm

Density Measures Year Use Norm

75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare

FSI = 1.90 FSI = 1.90 FSI = 1.90

40 200

N

GSI = 0.25 GSI = 0.25 GSI = 0.25

40 200

N

OSR= 1.00 OSR= 1.00 OSR= 1.00

40 200

N

L = 3 L = 3 L = 3

40 200

N

1FSI 1.00

GSI 1.00

L 1.00

OSR 0.00

FSI 1.00

GSI 1.00

L 1.00

OSR 0.00

2FSI 1.00

GSI 0.50

L 2.00

OSR 0.50

3FSI 1.00

GSI 0.33

L 3.00

OSR 0.67

4FSI 1.00

GSI 0.25

L 4.00

OSR 0.75

known sought

FSI L=FSI/GSI

GSI OSR=(1-GSI)/FSI

FSI GSI=FSI/L

L OSR=1/FSI-1/L

FSI GSI=1-FSI*OSR

OSR L=1/(1/FSI-OSR)

GSI FSI=GSI*L

L OSR=(1/L)*(1/GSI-1)

GSI FSI=(1-GSI)/OSR

OSR L=(1/GSI-1)/OSR

L FSI=1/(OSR+1/L)

OSR GSI=1/(L*OSR+1)

1FSI 1.00

GSI 1.00

L 1.00

OSR 0.00

2FSI 1.00

GSI 0.50

L 2.00

OSR 0.50

3FSI 1.00

GSI 0.33

L 3.00

OSR 0.67

4FSI 1.00

GSI 0.25

L 4.00

OSR 0.75

24 3 1

2

1

3

40 200

N

1 2 3

21 3

40 200

N

1 2 3

2 13

40 200

N

1 2 3

2 13

40 200

N

1 2 3

65

150

70

180

130

220

40 200

N

1 2 3

Network density

2

1

3

40 200

N

1N = 0.012

b = 32.1

T = 0.35

2N = 0.021

b = 14.4

T = 0.28

3N = 0.023

b = 18.0

T = 0.37

23

1

Floor Space Index (FSI)FSIx=Fx/Ax where

Fx = gross floor area (m2)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))

Ground Space Index (GSI)GSIx=Bx/Ax where

Bx = footprint of (m2)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))

Network Density (N)Nx=(Σli+(Σle)/2)/Ax where

li = length of interior network (m)le = length of edge network (m)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)

Floor Space Index (FSI)FSIx=Fx/Ax where

Fx = gross floor area (m2)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))

Ground Space Index (GSI)GSIx=Bx/Ax where

Bx = footprint of (m2)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))

Network Density (N)Nx=(Σli+(Σle)/2)/Ax where

li = length of interior network (m)le = length of edge network (m)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)

Open Space Ratio (OSR)

Building Height (L)

Tare (T)

Urban types and Density

Performance of Density

Parking Performance

Kowloon City (Hong Kong)

DPI 10%

DPI 25%

DPI 50%

DPI 100%

FSI

GSI

Ciutat Vella (Barcelona)

Siemenstadt (Berlin)

Jordaan (Amsterdam)

Daylight Performance

B1B2B3

A1

A2

A3

‘Urbanity’

Representing Urban TypesCase Rotterdam

FSI

GSI

MXI

Density

Integration

Density

Integration

Stadionpark

Feijenoord

Stadshavens

Open Source DatabaseSpaceCalculator: http://www.permeta.nl/spacemate/index2.html

Amsterdam: http://www.gisdro.nl/FUNCTIEMIX/