Transcript
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#$#%&'
" #$%&' (%)&*
+,-./ 01.+23.+ 34 564+7.-8
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"# $%&'&()*'+,)+(, &-. (/&,,+0+(&)+1- 10
/+2+-3 4'3&-+,5,
"!"#$#%#()*+,&*!%
$#%(*&*"*&-
%+!.&/##)+!012&*!%
&32+#&*!%'1&+*&*!%
4 ()*+,*,-(,( &,5*%6 *% !7 %1&+*#%&( ./*2/ ,+#
!+6,%*2 (18(&,%2#( ,%0 $*%#+,9 *!%(:2!%&,*%*%6 +,. $,+*,9( !+ #%#+6- 7!+ 6+!.&/
,%0 &*((1# +#),*+: ,8(!+8*%6 ,%0 ,((*$*9,&*%6&/#$;
4./0+.*,-(,( +#$!",9 7+!$ !+6,%*($( !7&!3*2
$,+*,9(: &/# .,( )+!012&( !7 $#&,8!9*($1*+#$#%&;
4+.12,+3*,-(,( &/# 2/#$*2,9 +#,2&*!%( &/,&
8+#,50!.% %1&+*#%& $!9#219#( *% 9*"*%6 2#99( &!+#9#,(# #%#+6-;
4 1.(1,*,4,*5,( &/# ,8*9*&- &! 0#& !+ (#%(#2/,%6#( *% &/# #%"*+!%$#%&
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@/# ,%*$,9 5*%60!$ 2!%&,*%( $,%-)/-9,; E!$# !7 &/#$ ,+#B
F#++,(: G+&/+!)!0(: G%%#9*0(:H!991(2(: I#$,&!0#(;
D& *( %!& ,9.,-( #,(- &! +#2!6%*(# ,%,%*$,9; J!+ , "#+- 9!%6 &*$#: )#!)9#&/!16/& &/,&K( (#, ,%#$!%#( .#+#
)9,%&(: 8#2,1(# &/#- %0 &! (&,- *% !%#)9,2# ,%0 &/#*+ %&,29#( 9!!5 +,&/#+ 5*5#)#&,9(; I!. .# 5%!. &/,& &/#- ,+#,%*$,9(;
# 5 Phylum Vertebrates
F#++,( ,+# ,%*$,9( .*&/8,258!%#(; @/#- ,+# 0*"*0#0 *%&! L6+!1)( 2,99#0 29,((#(B
J*(/: G$)/*8*,%(: M#)&*9#(: N*+0( ,%0H,$$,9(;
O#&,*9( !7 #,2/ 6+!1) ,+# 6*"#% *% &/#&,89# 8#9!.; P!1 !%9- %##0 &! 8# ,89# &!0#(2+*8# "*(*89# #3+%,9 7#,&1+#(: 81&!&/#+ 0#&,*9( 2,% 8# /#9)719;
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#6 Phylum Arthropods
@/#+# ,+# $!+# ,+&/+!)!0( &/,% ,%-!&/#+ 6+!1) !7 ,%*$,9(: (! &/#- ,+#0*"*0#0 *%&! 29,((#(B
D%(#2&(: Q+1(&,2#,%(: G+,2/%*0( ,%0H-+*,)!0(;
1.Insects
2.Crustaceans
@/#(# ,+# &/# 2+,8(: 9!8(+( ,%0 .!!09*2#;
@/#- 8+#,&/ &/+!16/ 6*99(: (! $!(& !7 &/#$
9*"# *% .#& )9,2#( ,%0 $,%- ,+# ,>1,&*2;
3.Arachnids
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4.Myriapods
5.
# 7 Other groups of
invertebrates1.Phylum Annelids
2.Phylum Nematodes
3.Phylum Molluscs
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#8: Plant Kingdom
R9,%&( ,+# $19&*2#9919,+ !+6,%*($(: .*&/ 2#99
.,99 $,0# !7 2#9919!(#; @/#- *%2910# ($,99!+6,%*($( (12/ ,( $!((#(: 7#+%( ,%0
79!.#+*%6 )9,%&(;
G& 9#,(& (!$# ),+&( !7 , )9,%& ,+# 6+##%:
&/,%5( &! )*6$#%& 2/9!+!)/-99; Q/9!+!)/-99,8(!+8( #%#+6- 7+!$ (1%9*6/& 7!+ )9,%& &!
$,5# 6912!(#: 1(*%6 QST ,%0 CTS 7+!$
#%"*+!%$#%&; @/*( *( 2,99#0 )/!&!(-%&/#(*(;
@/#- ,+# 0*"*0#0 *%&! T 6+!1)(: 0#)#%0*%6
!% %1$8#+ !7 (##0 9#,"#(
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#10: Bacteria Kingdom
N,2+*, 2#99( ,+# "#+- 0*77#+#%& 7+!$ &/#2#99( !7 ,99 !&/#+ !+6,%*($(B &/#- 0! %!&/,"# , %129#1(;
E!$# 8,2+*, 2,% 2,++- !1&)/!&!(-%&/#(*(; @/# !90#(& 7!((*9( 8#9!%6 &!
&/*( 5*%60!$: (! .# &/*%5 &/,& &/#- .#+# &/#7*+(& 5*%0( !7 !+6,%*($( &! #"!9"#;
#11: Fungi Kingdom
J!+ , "#+- 9!%6 &*$#: 71%6* .#+# 29,((*7*#0,( )9,%&(; C!.#"#+: &/#- ,+# "#+- 0*77#+#%&
7+!$ )9,%&( ,%0 8#9!%6 &! &/#*+ !.%
5*%60!$; J1%6* 0! %!& /,"# 2/9!+!)/-99 ,%0
0! %!& )/!&!(-%&/#(*(#;
@/#- 7##0 (,)+!)/-&*2,99-: !+ ),+,(*&*2,99-:
!% !+6,%*2 $,+*,9 9*5# 7,#2#(: /1$,%7!!0( ,%0 0#,0 )9,%&( !+ ,%*$,9(;
G 71%61( *( $,0# !7 /-)/,#: ./*2/ ,+# 9!%6
&18#(: 2!99#2&*"#9- &/#- ,+# 2,99#0 $-2#99*1$,%0 7!+$ 8+,%2/#( &/,& 2,% 2!"#+ $,%-
,2+#(.
@/# /-)/, *( , 9!%6 &18# ,%0 #77#2&*"#9- !%#
2#99 .*&/ $,%- %129#*; D& 2!190 8# 0*"*0#0
*%&! 2!$),+&$#%&( 8- (#)&,X @/# &*) *(
&,)#+#0: &/*( *( ./#+# *& *( 6+!.*%6 !1&.,+0(,%0 *( 5%!.% ,( &/# #3%(*!% ?!%#;
J1%6* 6+!. ()#2*,9*(#0 ,+#,( 7!++#)+!012&*!% 2,99#0 7+1*&*%6 8!0*#(; @/#(#2,% 6+!. "#+- 9,+6# ,%0 8# "*(*89# &! &/#
%,5#0 #-# ./#+# &/#- ,+# 5%!.% ,($1(/+!!$(; D& *( 7+!$ &/#(# &/,& ()!+#( ,+#
)+!012#0;
;9.-+5
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#14 Cell structure
H!(& 9*"*%6 &/*%6( ,+# $,0# !7 2#99(; Q#99
(/,)# ",+*#( ,22!+0*%6 &! *&( 71%2&*!%; R9,%&,%0 ,%*$,9 2#99( 0*77#+ *% (*?#: (/,)# ,%0
(&+12&1+# ?,@,3*.6 0.@@1 ,( +.12,+3*-+5 *+30*
A.3*)+.1
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B> ")10@. 0.@@1
A.3*)+.1 #--* 93,+ 0.@@ F2@3(*1G
A.3*)+.1
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#16 Tissues, Organs and organ
Systems
Q#99( ,+# !+6,%*?#0 &! 7!+$ &*((1#:!+6,%(: ,%0 !+6,% (-($(; D% , /#,9&/-
!+6,%*($: ,99 &/# (-($( .!+5 &!6#&/#+;
$J&?KLMKN&O ?&MM$
A specialized cell is designed to do
a particular job.
Nerve cells have long fibres to
carry massages.
Muscle cells can contract and
relax.
White blood cells attack bacteria.
Platelets help clotting.
;K$$P&$
A,+6# %1$8#+( !7 ()#2*,9*?#0 2#99(
$,5# 1) &*((1#;
H1(29#(: 89!!0 ,%0 %#+"#( ,+# ,99
&*((1#(;
N9!!0 &*((1# 2!%&,*%( +#0 2#99( 7!+
2,++-*%6 !3-6#%: ./* 2#99( 7!+
0#(&+!-*%6 /,+$719 8,2+*,: ,%0
)9,#&( &! 2,1(# 29!&&*%6 *% 21&(
!F,+*!1( &*((1#( &!6#&/#+ $,5# 1)
,% !+6,%;
Z Y,2/ !+6,% /,( *&( !.% ()#2*7*2[!8;
Z @/# /#,+&: &/# (&!$,2/ ,%0 &/#
8+,*% ,+# ,99 !+6,%(;
Z @/# /#,+& /,( &! )1$) 89!!0
,+!1%0 &/# 8!0-; D& *( $,0# 1) !7
$1(29# &*((1#: 89!!0 "#((#9( ,%0
%#+"#(;
Z G++*#( ,%0 "#*%( ,+# 1(1,99-&/!16/& !7 ,( !+6,% ,( &/#- 2!%(*(&
!7 (#"#+,9 &*((1# 9,-#+(;
Z F,+*!1( !+6,%( &!6#&/#+ $,5#1) ,% !+6,% (-($; Y;6; &/#
2*+219,&!+- (-($ 2,++*#( 89!!0
&! ,99 ),+&( !7 &/# 8!0-; D& *( $,0#1) !7 /#,+&: ,++*#(: "#*%(:
2,)*99,+*#( ,%0 89!!0;
Q#%L'K$"
F,+*!1( !+6,% (-($( &!6#&/#+ $,5# 1) ,%
!+6,%*($; G% /1$,% !+6,%*($ /,(B
M#()*+,&!+- (-($
O*6#(&*"# (-($
Q*+219,&!+- (-($
I#+"!1( (-($
Y%0!2+*%# (-($
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#17 Diffusion
O*771(*!% *( &/# %#& $!"#$#%& !7 $!9#219#(
7+!$ , +#6*!% !7*&( /*6/#+ 2!%2#%&+,&*!% &!
, +#6*!% !7 *&( 9!.#+ 2!%2#%&+,&*!%;
H!9#219#( $!"# 0!.% , 2!%2#%&+,&*!%6+,0*#%&: ,( , +#(19& !7 &/#*+ +,%0!$$!"#$#%&;
J!+ 9*"*%6 2#99(: &/# )+*%2*)9# !7 &/#$!"#$#%& 0!.% , 2!%2#%&+,&*!% 6+,0*#%& *(&/# (,$#: 81& &/#+# *( !%# )+!89#$B
@/# 2#99 *( (1++!1%0#0 8- , 2#99 $#$8+,%#:./*2/ 2,% +#(&+*2& &/# 7+## $!"#$#%& !7 &/#
$!9#219#( \ @/*( *( , (#9#2&*"# )#+$#,89#
$#$8+,%#B &/# 2!$)!(*&*!% !7 &/#
$#$8+,%#
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,2+!(( , $#$8+,%#; S($!(*( *(B
&/# $!"#$#%& !7 CTS ,2+!(( , (#9#2&*"#9-
)#+$#,89# $#$8+,%#
0!.% , .,+
)!%&*,9 6+,0*#%&;
K( *9. 2,0*)+. D.@-8
Z @/# 2!%2#%&+,&*!% !7 (16,+ $!9#219#( *(
/*6/#+ !%
&/# 2!%2#%&+, (!91&*!%
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Theory:
The process of photosynthesis
`+##% )9,%&( &,5# *% QST &/+!16/
&/#*+ 9#,"#( 1#%& (&!+,6#;
#41 Effect of Light intensity on
the rate of Photosynthesis
R9,%&( %##0 9*6/& #%#+6- &! $,5# &/#
2/#$*2,9 #%#+6- %##0#0 &! 2+#,
2,+8!/-0+,(; D%2+#,(*%6 &/# 9*6/& *%%(*&-.*99 8!!(& &/# ()##0 !7 )/!&!(-%&/#(*(;
C!.#"#+: ,& /*6/ 9*6/& *%%(*&*#( &/#
+,
8#2!$#( 2!%(&,%&;
#42 Effect of Temperature on
the Rate of Photosynthesis
V/#% &/# $)#+,&1+# +*(#( &/# +, !7)/!&!(-%&/#(*( +*(#( ,9(!; @/#+# *( ,%!)&*$1$ $)#+,&1+# ,& ./*2/ &/# +, !7
)/!&!(-%&/#(*( *( $,3*$1$; N#-!%0 &/*($)#+,&1+#: &/# +#,2&*!% >1*259- 2!$#( &!
, /,9&;
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#43 Effect of CO2 on the Rate
of Photosynthesis
V/#% &/# 2!%2#%&+,&*!% !7 QST *( 9!. &/#
+, !7 )/!&!(-%&/#(*( *( ,9(! 9!.;
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3. TEMPERATURE
@/# 2/#$*2,9 +#,2&*!%( !7 )/!&(-%&/#(*(2,% !%9- &,5# )9,2# "#+- (9!.9- ,& 9!.
$)#+,&1+#: (! , )9,%& 2,%
)/!&!(-%&/#(*(# 7,(+ !% , .,+$ 0,- &/,%
!% , 2!90 !%#;
#45 Optimum conditions for
photosynthesis in Green house
?QB .(+,09:.(*
QST 2!%2#%&+,&*!% 2,% 8# 2!%&+!99#0; QST*( !7% , 9*$*&*%6 7,2&!+ 7!+ )/!&!(-%&/#(*(:
8#2,1(# *&( %,&1+,9 2!%2#%&+,&*!% *% &/# ,*+
*( (! "#+- 9!.
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1. Cuticle
$,0# !7 .,3 e .,+)+!!7*%6 &/#
9#,7
(#2+# 8- 2#99( !7 &/# 1))#+
#)*0#+$*(
2.Upper epidermis
&/*% ,%0 &+,%(),+#%& e ,99!.( 9*6/& &!),(( &/+!16/
%! 2/9!+!)9,(&( ,+# )+#(#%&
,2& ,( , 8,++*#+ &! 0*(#,(#
!+6,%*($(
3. Palisade mesophyll
$,*% +#6*!% 7!+ )/!&!(-%&/#(*(
2#99( ,+# 2!91$%,+ 1* 9!%6= ,%0
),25#0 .*&/ 2/9!+!)9,(&( &! &+,)9*6/& #%#+6-
+#2#*"# QST 8- 0*771(*!% 7+!$ ,*+
(),2#( *% &/# ()!%6- $#(!)/-99
4. Spongy mesophyll
2#99( ,+# $!+# ()/#+*2,9 ,%0 9!!(#9-
),25#0
2!%&,*% 2/9!+!)9,(&(: 81& %!& ,(
$,%- ,( *% ),9*(,0# 2#99(
,*+ (),2#( 8#&.##% 2#99( ,99!.6,(#!1( #32/,%6# e 2!T &! &/#
2#99(: !T 7+!$ &/# 2#99( 01+*%6
)/!&!(-%&/#(*(
5. Vascular bundle
&/*( *( , 9#,7 "#*%: $,0# 1) !7 3-9#$
,%0 )/9!#$
3-9#$ "#((#9( 8+*%6 .,+ ,%0
$*%#+,9( &! &/# 9#,7 )/9!#$ "#((#9( &+,%()!+& (16,+( ,%0
,$*%! ,2*0( ,.,-
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#47 Plant's mineral
requirements and fertilisers
R9,%&( ,+# *% %##0 7!+ $*%#+,9 *!%( &! 2!%&+!92/#$*2,9 ,2&*"*&*#(: 6+!.: ,%0 )+!012#
$,+*,9(; @/# $!(& *$)!+&,%& $*%#+,9( ,+#H,6%#(*1$ *!%( ,%0 I*&+,(;
A. Nitrates
)9,%&( ,8(!+8 %*&+, *!%( 7+!$ &/#
(!*9: &/+!16/ &/#*+ +!!& /,*+(
%*&+, *!%( 2!$8*%# .*&/ 6912!(# ZZZZZf ,$*%! ,2*0(
,$*%! ,2*0( 8!%0 &!6#&/#+ ZZZZZf
)+!*%
0#7*2*#%2- 2,1(#( )!!+ 6+!.&/:
#()#2*,99- !7 9#,"#(; @/# ($
8#2!$#( .#,5: 9!.#+ 9#,"#(
8#2!$# -#99!. ,%0 0*#: ./*9# 1))#+
9#,"#( &1+% ),9# 6+##%
B. Magnesium
)9,%&( ,8(!+8 $,6%#(*1$ *!%( 7+!$
&/# (!*9 (!91&*!%
1(#0 7!+ &/# $,%17,2&1+# !7
2/9!+!)/-99 #,2/ 2/9!+!)/-99 2!%&,*%( !%#
$,6%#(*1$ ,&!$
0#7*2*#%2- $,5#( 9#,"#( &1+% -#99!.7+!$ &/# 8!&&!$ !7 &/# ($
1).,+0( ,%0 #"#%&1,99- (&!)(
)/!&!(-%&/#(*(
Nitrogen fertilisers
E!$#&*$#( &/# (!*9 *( 9,25*%6 !7 &/# $*%#+,9*!%( %##0#0: &/*( )+!89#$ 2,% 8# (!9"#0 8-
,00*%6 7#+&*9*(#+( &! &/# (!*9; J#+&*9*(#+( ,+#2/#$*2,9 2!$)!1%0( +*2/ *% &/# $*%#+,9
*!%( %##0#0 8- &/# )9,%&(; @/#- /#9) &/#
)9,%&( 6+!. 7,(+: *%2+#,(# *% (*?# ,%08#2!$# 6+##%#+: &/#- (*$)9- $,5# &/#$
/#,9&/*#+ ,%0 *%2+#,(# &/# 2+!) -*#90;
D%%(*"# 7,+$*%6
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9#61$*%!1( )9,%&( (12/ ,( )#,(: 8#,%(
,%0 29!"#+ #"#+- T !+ c -#,+(B &/#(#
)9,%&( 0#"#9!) +!!& %!019#( 2!%&,*%*%6
%*&+!6#%Z7*3*%6 8,2+*,: ,%0 &/# +!!&(
,+# )9!16/#0 *%&! &/# (!*9: 8!!(&*%6
%*&+, 9#"#9(
,00*%6 ,+&*7*2*,9 7#+&*9*(#+( (12/ ,(,$$!%*1$ %*&+,
Danger of overuse
G))9- &!! $12/ %*&+!6#% 7#+&*9*(#+ ZZZZf .,+
*( 0+,.% !1& !7 )9,%& +!!&(
)9,%& .*9&g0*#; Y1&+!)/*2,&*!%B I*&+,( 2,%
8# 9#,2/#0 !1& !7 &/# (!*9 ,%0 #%+ ,
%#,+8- +*"#+ )!991&*%6 *&: 2+#,&*%6 , 9,-#+ !7
6+##% ,96,# !% &/# (1+7,2# !7 *& 2,1(*%6 9,25!7 9*6/& *% &/# +*"#+ &/1( )+#"#%&*%6 &/# ,>1,
)9,%&( )/!&!(-%&/#(*(*%6 ZZZZf 0#,&/ !7,96,# ZZZZf 0#2!$)!(#+( 1,&*2 ,%*$,9( 7+!$ 9,25 !7 ST h
&)*+-29,03*,-(
R/!&!(-%&/#(*( &,5#( )9,2# *% &/#
2#99( !7 &/# $#(!)/-99 9,-#+:#()#2*,99- &/# ),9*(,0# $#(!)/-99;
A#,"#( ,+# &/*% ,%0 /,"# ,
9,+6#
(1+7,2# ,+#,: &! ()##0 1) &/# (1))9-
!7 2,+8!% 0*!3*0# &! &/# ),9*(,0#2#99( ,%0 &! $,3*$*(# &/# ,$!1%& !7
(1%9*6/& &/,& /*&( &/# 9#,7 ,%0 2,% 8#
,8(!+8#0 8- 2/9!+!)/-99; E&!$,&,,%0 ,*+ (),2#( ,99!. 2,+8!% 0*!3*0#&! 0*771(# >1*259- 7+!$ &/# ,*+ &! &/#
2/9!+!)9,(&(; i-9#$ "#((#9( 8+*%6
.,+: ,%0 )/9!#$ &18#( &,5# ,.,-
&/# )+!012&( !7 )/!&!(-%&/#(*(;
E!$# !7 &/# 6912!(# &/,& *( $,0# *(
1(#0 *% +#()*+,&*!%: &! )+!"*0##%#+6- &! &/# )9,%& 2#99(; E!$# *(
(&!+#0 ,( (&,+2/; E!$# *( 1(#0 &!$,5# 2#9919!(# 7!+ 2#99 .,99(; E!$#
*( &+,%()!+ ,+!1%0 &/# )9,%& *% &/#7!+$ !7 (12+!(#: *% &/# )/9!#$&18#(; E!$# *( 2!$8*%#0 .*&/ %*&+,
!+ ,$$!%*1$ *!%( &! $,5# )+!*%(;
E!$# *( 1(#0 &! $,5# !&/#+
(18(&,%2#( (12/ ,( 7,&(; V*&/ &/#,00*&*!% !7 $,6%#(*1$ *!%(:
2/9!+!)/-99 2,% 8# $,0#;
V/#% (&*%6 , 9#,7 7!+ (&,+2/: *&
$1(& 7*+(& 8# 8!*9#0 &! 8+#,5 0!.%2#99 $#$8+,%#( ,%0 ,99!. *!0*%#
(!91&*!% &! $,5# 2!%&,2& .*&/ ,%-(&,+2/ *%(*0# &/# 2#99(; C!& ,92!/!9
.*99 +#$!"# 2/9!+!)/-99 7+!$ &/# 9#,7:
$,5*%6 *& #,(*#+ &! (## ,%- 2!9!1+
2/,%6#(;
R9,%&( %##0 9*6/& ,%0 2,+8!% 0*!3*0#
7!+ )/!&!(-%&/#(*(;
THEORY:
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#49 Diet
@/# 7!!0 ,% ,%*$,9 #,& #"#+-0,- *( 2,99#0
0*#&; H!(& ,%*$,9( %##0 ] &-)#( !7 %1&+*#%&(*% &/#*+ 0*#&B 2,+8!/-0+,(: )+!*%(: 7,&( j.,+: 7*8+#: "*&,$*%(: $*%#+,9(;
@/# ,$!1%& !7 #%#+6- %##0#0 *( )+!"*0#0
$,*%9- 8- !1+ 2,+8!/-0+, ,%0 7,& *%&,5#;P!1+ 0*#&,+- +#>1*+#$#%&( 0#)#%0 !% -!1+,6#: (#3 ,%0 ,2&*"*&-;
T L7.
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?-+-(3+5 9.3+* 6,1.31.
@!! $12/ (,&1+,g,%*$,9 7,& *% &/#0*#& +#(19&( *% /*6/ 2/!9#(+!9 9#"#9(;
Q/!9#(+!9 2,% (&*25 &! &/# .,99( !7
,++*#(: 6+,01,99- 89!25*%6 &/#$;
D7 2!+!%,+- ,++*#( 8#2!$# 89!25#0:&/# +#(19&( 2,% 8# ,%6*%, ,%0
2!+!%,+- /#,+& 0*(#,(#;
Starvation
@!! 9*&&9# 7!!0 2,% +#(19& *%
(&,+",&*!%;
Y3&+#$# (9*$$*%6 0*#&(: (12/ ,(&/!(# &/,& ,"!*0 2,+8!/-0+, 7!!0(:2,% +#(19& *% &/# 0*(#,(# ,%!+#3*,
%#+"!(,;
?9,@69--6 2+-*.,(T.(.+75:3@()*+,*,-( FU8319,3V-+G
V+!%6 )+!)!+&*!% !7 %1&+*#%&( #;6; &!! $12/
2,+8!/-0+,(
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#51 Problems of world food
supplies and the causes of
famine
@/#+# *( %!& ,9.,-( #%!16/ 7!!0 ,",*9,89#*% , 2!1%&+- &! 7##0 &/# )#!)9# 9*"*%6 &/#+#;
G (#"#+# 7!!0 (/!+&,6# 2,% 9#,0 &! 7,$*%#;
D& /,( 8##% 2,9219, &/,& $!+# &/,%
#%!16/ 7!!0 *( )+!012#0 !% Y,+&/ &!)+!"*0# #"#+- (*%69# )#+(!% .*&/ $!+# &/,%#%!16/ 7!+ &/#*+ %##0(; P#& $,%- )#!)9# 0!
%!& 6!& #%!16/ 7!!0; Y,2/ -#,+: $,%-)#!)9# 0*# 8#2,1(# &/#- /,"# ,%
*%,0#>1, 0*#&;
@/# 71%0,$#%&,9 )+!89#$ *( &/,& 7!!0 *(0*(&+*81 1%#>1,99- !% !1+ )9,%#&B ./*9#
(!$# ),+&( !7 &/# .!+90 )+!012# $!+# &/,%#%!16/ 7!!0 7!+ &/# )#!)9# &/,& 9*"# &/#+#: *%
!&/#+ ),+& !7 &/# .!+90 %!& #%!16/ 7!!0 *(
)+!012#0;
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(1))9- #%!16/ 7!!0 &! #"#+-8!0-;
D7 7!!0 )+*2#( +*(# &!! /*6/: $,%-)#!)9# $,- %!& 8# ,89# &! ,77!+0 &!
81- *&;
A3:,(.2,% !221+ 7!+ $,%- 0*77#+#%&
+#,(!%(B
Q9*$, 2/,%6# ,%0 %,&1+,9
0*(,(+ (12/ ,( 0+!16/& ,%079!!0*%6 &/,& )+#"#%& 2+!)(
7+!$ 6+!.*%6;
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)!)19,&*!% $,- 6+!. (! 9,+6#&/,& &/# 9,%0 !% ./*2/ &/#-9*"# 2,% %! 9!%6#+ )+!"*0#
#%!16/ 7!!0 7!+ &/#$;
a%#>1,9 0*(&+*81&*!% !7 7!!0;
#52 Human alimentary canal
@/# ,9*$#%&,+- 2,%,9 *( , 9!%6 &18# ./*2/(&,+( ,& &/# $!1&/: +1%( &/+!16/ &/#
(&!$,2/ ,%0 *%(&*%#( ,%0 7*%*(/#( ,& &/#,%1(; D& *( ),+& !7 &/# 0*6#(&*"# (-($; @/#0*6#(&*"# (-($ ,9(! *%2910#( &/#
,22#((!+- !+6,%(
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J!!0 *( 8+!5#% 0!.% .*&/ &/# /#9) !7
0*6#(&*"# [1*2#(: ./*2/ 2!%&,*% ()#2*,92/#$*2,9( 2,99#0 #%?-$#(;
A)(0*,-(1 -S *9. +.7,-(1 -S *9. 6,7.1*,4.
151*.:
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#53 Human teeth and dental
decay
@/#+# ,+# 7!1+ &-)#( !7 #&/ *% /1$,%
1#; N,2+*, !% &/# )9,>1#
7##0 !% (16,+(: )+!012*%6 ,2*0; @/*( ,2*0
0*((!9"#( #%,$#9: 7!+$*%6 , /!9#;
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*& 0*((!9"#( $!+# +,)*09-;
Z D7 &/# /!9# +#,2/#( &/# )19) 2,"*&-:8,2+*,9 *%7#2&*!% 2,% 6#& &! &/# %#+"#; @/*(
+#(19&( *% &!!&/,2/# ,%0 )!((*89-: ,%
,8(2#((
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0*#& 1# &+,))#0
8#&.##% &/#$;
a(# 791!+*0# &!!&/),(
0+*%5 791!+*0, .,+= e
791!+*0# /,+0#%( &!!&/
#%,$#9;
F*(*& , 0#%&*(& +#619,+9- &!
$,5# (1+# ,%0 &!!&/ 0#2,- *(+#,2 #,+9- ,%0 ,%-
(&188!+% )9,>1#
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#55 Mechanical and chemical
digestion
J!!0 &/,& .# *%6#(& *( $,*%9- $,0# 1) !79,+6#: *%(!9189# $!9#219#( &/,& 2,% %!& 8#
,8(!+8#0 &/+!16/ &/# 61& .,99; D& %##0( &!
8# 2/,%6#0*%&! ($,99: (!9189# $!9#219#(;
".093(,03@ 0*6#(&*!% *( &/# )/-(*2,9
)+!2#(( !7 )+#),+*%6 &/# 7!!0 7!+ 2/#$*2,9
0*6#(&*!%;
D& *%"!9"#( 2/#.*%6
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B> ?9.:,03@ 6,7.1*,-(
D%"!9"#( 8+#,5*%6 0!.% 9,+6#: *%(!9189#
$!9#219#( *%&! ($,99: (!9189# !%#(;
Y%?-$#( ()##0 1) &/# )+!2#((; @/#- .!+5
#77*2*#%&9- ,& 8!0- $)#+,&1+#
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J!!0 $!9#219#( ,+# ,8(!+8#0 $,*%9- 8-
0*771(*!% !+ 8- ,2&*"# &+,%()!+&; Y)*&/#9*,92#99( 2!%&,*% $*&!2/!%0+*, &! )+!"*0# #%#+6-
7!+ ,8(!+)&*!% ,6,*%(& &/# 2!%2#%&+,&*!%6+,0*#%&;
Role of the hepatic portal vein
@/# /#),&*2 )!+&,9 "#*% &+,%()!+&( ,8(!+8#07!!0 7+!$ &/# ($,99 *%(&*%# &! &/# 9*"#+;
G7+ , $#,9: &/# 89!!0 *% &/*( "#*% 2!%&,*%(
"#+- /*6/ 2!%2#%&+,&*!%( !7 6912!(# ,%0,$*%! ,2*0(: ,( .#99 ,( "*&,$*%( ,%0$*%#+,9(; @/# 9*"#+ +#012#( 9#"#9( 8,25( &!
%!+$,9;
#57 Assimilation and role of
the liver
G((*$*9,&*!% *( &/# $!"#$#%& !7 0*6#(
7!!0 $!9#219#( *%&!&/# 2#99( !7 &/# 8!0-
./#+# &/#- ,+# 1(#0: 8#2!$*%6 ),+& !7 &/#2#99(;
Role of liver in the metabolism of glucose
and amino acids
Y32#(( 6912!(# *% &/# 89!!0,++*"*%6 ,& &/# 9*"#+ *(
2!%"#+*%&! 69-2!6#%
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Role of liver in the breaking down of
alcohol and other toxins
N+#,5*%6 0!.% ,%- &!3*%( ,8(!+8#0 7+!$
&/# ,9*$#%&,+- 2,%,9: *%2910*%6 0+16( (12/,( ,92!/!9; Q#99( *% &/# 9*"#+ ,+# ,89# &!
2!%"#+& $,%- &!3*%( &! /,+$9#(((18(&,%2#( &/,& 2,% 8# &+,%()!+ *% &/#
89!!0 ,%0 #32+# 7+!$ &/# 8!0-;
Role of fat as an energy storage substance
" J,&&- ,2*0( ,%0 69-2#+!9 ),((
*%&! &/# 9-$)/,&*2 (-($ ,%0
&/#% &/# 89!!0(&+#,$; S%2# *%
&/# 89!!0 %1&+*#%&( ,+# 2,++*#0 &!,99 2#99( !7 &/# 8!0-; E!$# ,+#!3*0*(#0 &! )+!012# #%#+6- ,%0
!&/#+( ,+# 1(#0 &! +#),*+ &/# 2#99:81*90 %#. 2#99(;
" J,& *( , 6!!0 (&!+,6# 2!$)!1%0e *& +#9#,(#( &.*2# ,( $12/#%#+6- ,( 2,+8!/-0+,( ./#%
+#()*+#0: ,%0 ,2& ,( *%(19,&*!% *%
&/# (5*%; E!$# %#+"# 2#99( 7!+$, $-#9*% (/#,&/ 7+!$ 7,&: &!
)+#"#%& #9#2&+*2,9 *$)19(#( 7+!$9#,5*%6 !1&;
#59 Transport in plants -
functions of xylem and phloem
R9,%&( /,"# &+,%()!+& (-($( &! $!"#7!!0: .,+ ,%0 $*%#+,9( ,+!1%0; @/#(#
(-($( 1(# 2!%&*%1!1( &18#( 2,99#0 3-9#$,%0 )/9!#$B
Z i-9#$ "#((#9( 2,++- .,+ ,%0 $*%#+,9(
7+!$ &/# +!!&( &! &/# 9#,"#(;
Z R/9!#$ &18#( 2,++- (16,+ l !&/#+ !+6,%*2
%1&+*#%&( $,0# 8- )9,%& 7+!$ &/# 9#,"#( &!&/# +#(& !7 &/# )9,%&;
Structure of the phloem tissue
@/*( *( , 9!%6 &18# &/,& +1%( ,9!%6(*0# &/#
3-9#$ &*((1#; @/#- ,+# $,0# !7 9!%6 %,++!.
&18#( .*&/ )#+7!+, (*#"# )9,( ,9!%6 &/#
&/*% 9#%6&/;
@/# 71%2&*!% !7 &/# )/9!#$ &*((1# *(&!
&+,%()!+& 7!!0 %1&+*#%&( (12/
,( 6912!(#
,%0 ,$*%! ,2*0( 7+!$ &/# 9#,"#( ,%0 &! ,99!&/#+ 2#99( !7 &/# )9,%&: &/*( *( 2,99#0
&+,%(9!2,&*!%;
a%9*5# &/# 3-9#$: &/# )/9!#$ &*((1# *( $,0#
!7 2!91$%( !7 9*"*%6 2#99(: (./*2/ 2!%&,*%( ,
2-&!)9,($ 81& %! %129#1(: ,%0 *&( ,2&*"*&*#(,+# 2!%&+!99#0 8- , 2!$),%*!% 2#99 %#3& &! *&./*2/ /,( , %129#1(: 81& 2!$),%*!% 2#99(
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/,"# %! 71%2&*!% *% &+,%(9!2,&*!%.
Structure of the xylem tissue
i-9#$ "#((#9( 2!%(*(& !7 0#,0 2#99(; @/#-/,"# , &/*25: (&+#%6&/#%#0 2#9919!(# 2#99
.,99 .*&/ , /!99!. 91$#%; @/# #%0 .,99( !7&/# 2#99( /,"# 0*(,))#,+#0: (! , 9!%6: !)#%
&18# *( 7!+$#0; @/# .,99( !7 &/# 3-9#$
"#((#9 2!%&,*%( /!9#( 2,99#0 )*&( ./*2/.,+ #%+( &/+!16/;
@/# 3-9#$ "#((#9 *( ()#2*,9*(#0&! &+,%()!+&
.,+ ,%0 0*((!9"#0 $*%#+,9( 7+!$ &/# +!!&1) &! ,99 &/# !&/#+ ),+&( !7 &/# )9,%&: ,%0,9(! &! /#9)( (1))!+&*%6 &/# ($ ,%0
(&+#%6&/#%*%6 *&;
#60 Distribution of Xylem and
Phloem in roots, stems and
leaves
" D% &/# +!!&( 3-9#$ ,%0 )/9!#$
,+# *% &/# 2#%&+# &!
.*&/(&,%0(&+#&2/*%6 7!+2#(;
" In the stems, they are
arranged in bundles near the
edge to resist compression
and bending.
@/#- ,+# 6+!1)#0 &!6#&/#+ *%&! "#*%( ,%0",(219,+ 81%09#( ,( &/#- ),(( &/+!16/
9#,"#(;
#61 Root hairs and water
uptake by plants
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R9,%&( &,5# *% .,+ 7+!$ &/# (!*9: &/+!16/
&/#*+ +!!& /,*+(B
G& &/# "#+- &*) *( , +!!& 2,);@/*( *( , 9,-#+ !7 2#99( ./*2/
)+!&( &/# +!!& ,( *& 6+!.(
&/+!16/ &/# (!*9;
@/# +#(& !7 &/# +!!& *(
2!"#+#0 8- , 9,-#+ !7 2#99(
2,99#0 &/# #)*0#+$*(;
@/# +!!& /,*+( ,+# , 9*&&9# .,-1) 7+!$ &/# +!!& &*); Y,2/+!!& /,*+ *( , 9!%6 #)*0#+$,92#99; M!!& /,*+( 0! %!& 9*"# 7!+
"#+- 9!%6; G( &/# +!!& 6+!.(:
&/#- ,+# +#)9,2#0 8- %#.!%#(;
Functions of root hair cells
D%2+#,(# &/# #3+%,9 (1+7,2#
,+#, !7 &/# +!!&7!+
,8(!+)&*!% !7 .,+ ,%0$*%#+,9 *!%(
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D% &/# 9#,"#(: .,+ $!9#219#( 9#,"# &/#
3-9#$ "#((#9( ,%0 $!"# 7+!$ 2#99 &! 2#99;@/#- $!"# &/+!16/ &/# ()!%6- $#(!)/-99
9,-#+8- !($!(*( ,9!%6 , 2!%2#%&+,&*!%
6+,0*#%&; V,+&/#% #",)!+,( *%&!
(),2#( 8#/*%0 &/# (&!$,&, ,%0 0*771(#(
&/+!16/ &/# (&!$,&, *%&! &/# (1++!1%0*%6,*+;
@+,%()*+,&*!% *( &/# #",)!+,&*!% !7 .,+ ,&
&/# (1+7,2#( !7&/# $#(!)/-99 2#99(:
7!99!.#0 8- 9!(( !7 .,+ ",)!1+ 7+!$ )9,%&
9#,"#(: &/+!16/ &/# (&!$,&,;
V,+ *% &/# 9#,7 2#99( 7!+$( , &/*% 9,-#+ !%
&/#*+ (1+7,2#; @/# .,+ #",)!+,( *%&! &/#,*+ (),2#( *% &/# ()!%6- $#(!)/-99; @/*(
2+#,(
, /*6/ 2!%2#%&+,&*!% !7 .,+
$!9#219#(; @/#- 0*771(# !1& !7 &/# 9#,7 *%&!&/# (1++!1%0*%6 ,*+: &/+!16/ &/# (&!$,&,: 8-
0*771(*!%;
Mechanism of water movement through a
plant
V,+ $!9#219#( ,+# ,&&+,2 &! #,2/ !&/#+
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1) )/9!#$ (,).
E! ,%- *%(#2& 7##0*%6 !% &/# )9,%&: #"#% *7 *&
.,( /*00#% 1%0#+ &/# 9#,7
./#+# &/# ()+,- 2!190 %!& +#,2/ *&: .*99#"#%&1,99- #%0 1) 7##0*%6 !% )#(&*2*0#; @/#(,$# *( &+1# 7!+ 71%6*X %! $,&+ ./#+# &/#-
,+# 6+!.*%6 !% &/# )9,%&: &/# )#(&*2*0# .*99#"#%&1,99- +#,2/ &/#$; S%2# ,% *%(#2& /,(
*%6#( #%!16/ )#(&*2*0# *& .*99 0*#:
$#,%./*9# &/# /,+$9#(( *%(#2&( +#$,*%(,7#;
@/# 0*(,0",%&,6#( !7 (-($*2 )#(&*2*0#(
,+# &/,& &/#- $,- ,221$19, *% &/# 7!!02/,*%;
#67 Transport of materials
from sources to sinks atdifferent seasons
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Conclusion:
R/9!#$ 2,% &+,%(7#+ (12+!(# *% #*&/#+0*+#2&*!% Z 1) !+ 0!.% &/# )9,%&; @/*( *(%_&&+1# 7!+ &/# &+,%()!+& !7 .,+ *% &/# 3-9#$
"#((#9(; @/,& 2,% !%9- 6! 1).,+0(:8#2,1(# &+,%()*+,&*!% ,9.,-( /,))#%( ,&&/# 9#,7 (1+7,2#: ,%0 *& *( &/*( &/,& )+!"*0#(&/# _)199_ &! 0+,. .,+ 1) &/# )9,%&;
;9.-+5
#69 Transport in humans - the
circulatory system
@/# $,*% &+,%()!+& (-($ !7 /1$,% *(&/#
2*+219,&!+- (-($: , (-($ !7 &18#(
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!%# 2*+21*& 9*%5( &/# /#,+& ,%0 91%6(
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Muscular contraction
@/# /#,+& *( $,0# !7 , ()#2*,9 &-)# !7
$1(29# 2,99#0 2,+0*,2 $1(29# ./*2/
2!%&+,2&( ,%0 +#9,3#( +#619,+9-: &/+!16/!1&
9*7#;
@/# /#,+&K( $1(29# *( 2!%(&,%&9- ,2&*"#:
(! *& %##0( *&( !.% 89!!0 (1))9-:
&/+!16/ &/# 2!+!%,+- ,++-: &! )+!"*0# *&.*&/ !3-6#% ,%0 6912!(#;
Working of the valves
F,9"#( *% &/# /#,+& )+#"#%& 89!!0 7+!$ 8#*%6
)1(/#0 8,25.,+0( 1) *%&! &/# ,&+*, ./#%
&/# /#,+& W8#,&(K;
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