Soft Computing 1 Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing chapter 1 J.-S.R. Jang Bill Cheetham Kai Goebel.
Post on 21-Dec-2015
225 Views
Preview:
Transcript
Soft Computing
1
Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computingchapter 1
J.-S.R. Jang
Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computingchapter 1
J.-S.R. JangBill CheethamBill Cheetham
Kai GoebelKai Goebel
Soft Computing
2
What is covered in this class?What is covered in this class?
We will teach techniques useful in creating intelligent software systems that can deal with the uncertainty and imprecision of real world problems
Some components of Intelligent systems are• human-like - they possess human-like expertise
within a specific domain,
• adaptable - they adapt themselves and learn to do better in a changing environment, and
• explanations - they explain how they make decisions or take actions
Soft Computing
3
How will we teach the techniques?How will we teach the techniques?
We will present • multiple techniques from Soft Computing +,
• when each technique is applicable
• examples of industrial applications
“If the only tool you have is a hammer, then every problem looks like a nail”
- anonymous
Soft Computing
4
What is Soft Computing?What is Soft Computing?
Soft Computing is a field that currently includes
Fuzzy Logic
Neural Networks
Probabilistic Reasoning(Genetic Algorithms, BBN), and
Other related methodologies• Case-Based Reasoning
Soft Computing combines knowledge, techniques, and methodologies from the sources above to create intelligent systems
Soft Computing
5
Why is this important?Why is this important?
The information revolution going on is allowing us to automate information processing tasks which require intelligence much like the industrial revolution automated manufacturing tasks
“Soft Computing” techniques have already been applied successfully.
Farmingcorn & cows
Manufacturingchairs & cars
Servicecontent and code
Industrial Revolution
Information Revolution
Soft Computing
6
Business Week MagazineBusiness Week MagazineThe 21st Century Corporation (August 21-28, 2000)
http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_35/b3696001.htm The 21st Century Corporation (August 21-28, 2000)
http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_35/b3696001.htm
Soft Computing
7
Business Week MagazineBusiness Week MagazineThe 21st Century Corporation (August 21-28, 2000)
http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_35/b3696001.htm The 21st Century Corporation (August 21-28, 2000)
http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_35/b3696001.htm
Soft Computing
8
Business Week MagazineBusiness Week MagazineThe 21st Century Corporation (August 21-28, 2000)
http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_35/b3696001.htm The 21st Century Corporation (August 21-28, 2000)
http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_35/b3696001.htm The biggest profits will go to those that manage information, not physical products
• Cost of a bank transaction: teller $1.25, phone 54 cents, ATM 24 cents, Internet 2 cents.
• Roughly 90% of Cisco’s orders come into the company without ever being touched by human hands, and 52% of them are fulfilled without a Cisco employee being involved
Companies will give consumers the tools to design and demand exactly what they want
• Dell custom makes each computer
• P&G allows customers to custom design cosmetics and perfume
Soft Computing
9
Soft ComputingSoft Computing
“The essence of soft computing is that unlike the traditional, hard computing, soft computing is aimed at an accommodation with the pervasive imprecision of the real world. Thus, the guiding principle of soft computing is to exploit the tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, and partial truth to achieve tractability, robustness, low solution cost, and better rapport with reality”
- Lotfi Zadeh
Soft Computing
10
Fuzzy Logic - KaiFuzzy Logic - Kai
Sets with fuzzy boundaries
A = Set of tall people
Heights(cm)
170
1.0
Crisp set A
Membershipfunction
Heights(cm)
170 180
.5
.9
Fuzzy set A1.0
Soft Computing
11
Fuzzy Set Theory - KaiFuzzy Set Theory - Kai
Fuzzy set theory provides a systematic calculus to deal with imprecise or incomplete information
Fuzzy if-then rules are used in fuzzy inference systems
If <1> is tall and <1> is athletic then <1> is good basketball player.
A B T-norm
X Y
w
A’ B’ C
Z
Soft Computing
12
Neural Networks - KaiNeural Networks - Kai
Pattern matching technique where input patterns are matched with a specific output pattern. Modeled after the neurons in the brain.
Network architecture
Weights on the links
x1
x2
y1
y2
Soft Computing
13
Case-Based Reasoning - BillCase-Based Reasoning - Bill
A methodology of solving new problems by adapting the solutions of previous similar problems
Models the way experts reason using their experience
Soft Computing
14
Genetic AlgorithmsGenetic Algorithms
An optimization technique
1001011001100010101001001001100101111101
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
1001011001100010101001001001110101111001
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
SelectionSelection CrossoverCrossover MutationMutation
Currentgeneration
Nextgeneration
Elitism
Soft Computing
15
Other Techniques - BillOther Techniques - Bill
Bayesian belief networksrepresent and reason with probabilistic knowledge
Decision Treesclassification using tree structure
Least-squares estimator statistical regression
Hybrid approachesuse multiple techniques
Soft Computing
16
Soft Computing is a Hybrid MethodSoft Computing is a Hybrid Method
x1
x2
y1
y2
dogdag
Knowledgebase
Animal?
dog
Neural Character Recognizer
Soft Computing
17
How does SC Relate to Other FieldsHow does SC Relate to Other Fields
What is AI?“AI is the study of agents that exist in an environment and perceive and act.” (S. Russell and P. Norvig)
“AI is the art of making computers do smart things.” (Waldrop)
“AI is a programming style, where programs operate on data according to rules in order to accomplish goals.” (W. A. Taylor)
“AI is the activity of providing such machines as computers with the ability to display behavior that would be regarded as
intelligent if it were observed in humans.” (R. McLoed)
Soft Computing
18
How does SC Relate to Other FieldsHow does SC Relate to Other Fields
What is AI? (Jang)
The long term goal of AI research is the creation and understanding of machine intelligence
Conventional AI research focuses on an attempt to mimic human intelligent behavior by expressing it in symbolic rules
BroadDefinition
NarrowDefinition
Soft Computing
19
How does SC Relate to Other FieldsHow does SC Relate to Other Fields
What is an Expert System (ES)?
User
KnowledgeEngineer
Knowledge Acquisition
KBrulesfacts
Questions
Responses
Inference Engine
Soft Computing
20
How does SC relate to other fields?How does SC relate to other fields?
AI
Soft Computing
Machine Learning
symbolicmanipulation
uncertainty and imprecision
automatic improvement
withexperience
CognitivePsychology
Study of the mind
Statistics
Probability (not possibility)
Soft Computing
21
Soft Computing CharacteristicsSoft Computing Characteristics
Human Expertise (if-then rules, cases, conventional knowledge representations)
Biologically inspired computing models (NN)
New optimization techniques (GA, simulated annealing)
Model-free learning (NN, CBR)
Fault tolerance (deletion of neuron, rule, or case)
Real-world applications (large scale with uncertainties)
Soft Computing
22
The end
top related