Social Impacts of Tourism TOMG200 Tourism Management & Environment.
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Social Impacts of TourismSocial Impacts of Tourism
TOMG200 Tourism Management & Environment
Definition of ‘society’
“the social relationships that exist between people with a common interest”
“the arrangement of social relationships in a group”(Hall & Lew, 2009: 141)
•Tourism is a cultural phenomenon that impacts culture and society, and is shaped by cultures and society
Potential positive social impacts
• Generation of incomes and jobs; higher living standards
• Increased community pride• Construction of new and
improved facilities• Modernisation of the family via
new gender roles • Broadening social horizons and
reduced prejudice among tourists• Global understanding and
international peace
Positive impacts
• Keeps local traditions and culture alive
• Empowers marginal societal groups – women, indigenous peoples
• Cross-fertilisation of different cultural backgrounds
• Reduces dependency on illegal commodities (e.g. drugs).
Potential negative impacts
• Polarisation of social structure and increased income inequalities; benefits not evenly distributed
• Disintegration of the family and traditional value structures
• Tourists fail to respect local norms or behaviour, customs and moral values
• Social pathology, including prostitution, drugs, crime.
ImplicationsThe tourist resort is not just a geographical location -
It reflects norms and attitudes that become exposed through the type of tourist development that is being permitted.
Social impacts - norms
The nature of that culture.
Reflects not only norms, but the power and political structures
Host communities
are not homogeneous
Determinants of tourism impacts
• Numbers of visitors
• Ratio of visitors to host
• Cultural and economic differences between hosts and guests (social distance)
• Presence or absence of seasonality
• Places of contact
• Nature of contact
The processes of social impact
The Demonstration Effect (Doxey 1972)
• The introduction of new behaviours and different values in a destination community as a result of tourism
• Imitation by locals of behaviours displayed by tourists
• The behaviours are seen as having value for hosts; can result in a shift in social structure
The issues – economic inequality and power.
The processes of social impactIrritation Index (Doxey 1975)
•The attitudes of local residents toward tourism unfold through a series of stages over time:
EUPHORIA
APATHY
ANNOYANCE
ANTAGONISM
FINAL/NORMAL
REALISM(Hall & Lew, 2009)
How are social impacts measured?
There is a need to find indices that are measurable.
Possible indices to measure the social impact of tourism
• Population changes
• Employment changes
• Displacement and relocation effects
• Neighbourhood disruption
• Noise impacts
• Aesthetic Impacts
• Land use patterns
Possible indices to measure the social impact of tourism
• Accessibility changes
• Leisure/recreation impacts
• Health and safety
• Citizens’ reactions
• Crime statistics
• Stressful community growth
• Community decline
Encounter indices
• Visitor perception of impact on the environment
• Amount of litter / rubbish in the area
• Visitor satisfaction measures
• Host reports of undesirable visitor behaviour
Encounter indices
• Host satisfaction
• Visitor reports of undesirable tourist behaviour
• Host reports of undesired social and environmental impacts
Types of questions being used
• Tourism is good for the local economy …
• Tourism provides many jobs …
• Tourism will help the area by encouraging interest in local Maori culture ….
• Tourism led to more petty crime ….
• Local residents are the people who mainly suffer from living in a tourist area ….
Types of questions being used
• Tourism means a growth in property prices beyond the reach of younger local people …
• I feel we should severely limit growth to protect the environment ….
• I feel that the tourism/planning authorities should consider plans to restrict the growth of tourism ….
This week’s reading:
• Chapter 4 of Hall & Lew (2009)
Other reading resources:
• Faulkner & Tideswell (1997) A Framework for Monitoring Community Impacts of Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5(1), 3-28.
• Deery, Jago & Fredline (2012) Rethinking Social Impacts of Tourism Research. Tourism Management, 33, 64-73.
• Waitt (2003) Social Impacts of The Sydney Olympics. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 194-215.
• King, Pizam & Milman (1993) Social Impacts of Tourism. Host Perceptions. Annals of Tourism Research, 20, 650-665.
Case Study: The Social Impact of Case Study: The Social Impact of Tourism in ThailandTourism in Thailand
Watch the film: The Impact of Tourism Thailand G155 .T5I46 2003
http://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=610595
Individual Discussion Question (2): What are the social impacts of tourism in Thailand?
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