Social Contract Theories : Antecedents to Classical Criminology.
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Social Contract Theories
Theoretical positions that explain social order in terms of a persons’ moral and political obligations, which depend upon a contract or agreement among people to form the society in which they live
Laws made his way of life Relationship between citizens and the
Laws of the city are not coerced (choose death & social contract)
‘‘Crito’Crito’ Socrates Socrates
Contractual Theories...
Today •Hobbes, Locke Rousseau
Next Class•Continue lecture•In class critical thinking exercise about...
Tuesday, 29th
Not a lecture/Group Work Tutorial
Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679)
Radical Conservative
Leviathan (1651)Leviathan (1651) Social order is created by humans
Monarchy should have absolute powerSovereign state ruling over ‘equals’Authoritative government & commodious living
HobbesState of Nature:State of Nature:Natural’ causes of conflict:1. Limited material possessions2. Distrust3. Glory (power)
Natural human condition:“ in a state of perpetual war of all against all”
(Delaney, 2004:3)
No morality & constant fearRationality to seek Social Contract
How does this assumption translate temporally?How does this assumption translate temporally?
John Locke (1632 -1704)
Two Treatises on Government (1689)
Right to self-preservation through private property appropriationappropriation*
Authority of King: Protection of people’s property & well being.
Room for resistance …
Free will restricted only by God; precedes society & state.
State of Nature:State of Nature:
“perfect and complete liberty to conduct one’s life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others” (pre-political, but not pre-moral)
Peaceful Conjugal Society
Locke
Locke
Money leads to unequal possession
of Earth
Money leads to unequal possession
of Earth
Power granted to Civil Government by property owners and not majority
Power granted to Civil Government by property owners and not majority
Government has no rights, only responsibilities…
Government has no rights, only responsibilities…
Jean Jaques Rousseau
Social Contract Social Contract (1762)(1762)“Man was born free, and he is
everywhere in chains” (49).
How can we live together, free from coercion?
Through the collective renunciation of the individual rights and freedom (“forced to be free”)
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778)
The Social Contract (1762)The Social Contract (1762)Generally peaceful● Think wilderness● Few conflicts● Many resources
Changes with population growth & civilization
Communities/Leisure time● Preferences● conflicts
Rousseau: Ideal Society
Grew in relation to good governanceAll members of society have an equal voicePeople are equal to their occupationNo one is above the lawRejected individual power in favor of collectiveNew members should not alter the state to their advantagePreservation from conquest
The importance of Social Contract Theories….
“Contractual models have come to inform a vast variety of relations and interaction between persons, from students and their teachers, to authors and their readers.”
Classical Criminology & Neo-Classical Crime Policy
Midterm 2: Critical Reflection Paper
Due Sunday Nov.24 @ 23:30 (e-mail submission guidelines)Group Work: approximately 3 people per groupGroup Work: approximately 3 people per group
Incorporate all 4 readings from weeks 9 & 10 and the guest lecture into a critical essay about the Carleton County Gaol (Crime & Punishment tour). You are not to use external sources for this assignment. Students will include three main sections in the paper:
Discuss the emergence of ideology about punishment in the classical period
Discuss Foucault’s critiques of the Classical approach and Becarria’s work in relation to the
Panopticon.
Describe how the Carleton County Gaol is a manifestation of these ideas and theories about crime and punishment.
SEE FORMATTING ASSIGNMENT & SUBMISSION SEE FORMATTING ASSIGNMENT & SUBMISSION GUIDELINESGUIDELINES
In Class Exercise (Thurs):Think about your relationship to the university in terms of a social contract:
1.Is it Hobbesian or Locke/Rousseau inspired (or neither)?
2.Critical Thinking•Break off in groups of 3-5•Discuss the purpose of the contract, authority, morality•Discuss punishment•How else could it be ordered (agreement/validity)?
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