Snow, Glacier, Ice sheet, Permafrost Hiroyuki Enomoto
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CryosphereImplementation and review
Snow, Glacier, Ice sheet, Permafrost
Hiroyuki Enomoto
National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Review Implementation“Implementation Plan 2016” described,
• ECVs importance, aims
e.g. advances, and concerns remained in previous IP
• Action plans : general and detailed
Reviewing
• Foci: Actions
• Monitoring activity and reporting
• Review points: cf. performance indicator
(benefit research/society?, cp. GEO evaluation tree, SBA)
• Who, how, timing
Review Implementation of Cryosphere� Foci: Actions T19-T34 (Glacier, snow, ice sheet, permafrost)
activity, out put (product) :coverage, bias, stability,
significance in benefit (research/social)
� Monitoring activity and reporting
Review points: e.g. performance indicator
Differ: coordination (operational/ongoing/initiating)
Funding condition (funded/project/community)
Time frame: e.g. 2018, long-term
-Technology: satellite (operational/planned),
in-situ & method (established/improving/(standardized))
- Data (standardized, quality check/discussing, e.g. BC),
dissemination (established (ie. center)/initiating or planed),
- Implementer: national center or organization/community/project/
� Reporter, Reviewer
ImplementationMeasurement
domain
Essential Climate Variables (ECVs)
Atmospheric Surface: air temperature, wind speed and direction, water vapour,
pressure, precipitation, surface radiation budget
Upper-air: temperature, wind speed and direction, water vapour, cloud
properties, Earth radiation budget, lightning
Composition: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), other long-lived
greenhouse gases, ozone, aerosol, precursors for aerosol and ozone
Oceanic Physics: temperature: sea surface and subsurface; salinity: sea surface
and subsurface; currents, surface currents, sea level, sea state, sea ice,
ocean surface stress, ocean surface heat flux
Biogeochemistry: inorganic carbon, oxygen, nutrients, transient tracers,
nitrous oxide (N2O), ocean colour
Biology/ecosystems: plankton, marine habitat properties
Terrestrial Hydrology: river discharge, groundwater, lakes, soil moisture
Cryosphere: snow, glaciers, Ice sheets and Ice shelves, permafrost
Biosphere: albedo, land cover, fraction of absorbed photosynthetically
active radiation, leaf area index, above-ground biomass, soil carbon, fire,
land surface temperature
Human use of natural resources: water use, greenhouse gas fluxes
Balancing with atmospheric
and oceanic domain,
and their integration?
3. OBSERVATIONS FOR ADAPTATION,
MITIGATION AND CLIMATE INDICATORS
(e) Review, assess and evaluate
the progress, achievements and limitations
encountered by the relevant organizations in the
process of improving availability of observations
within specific time frames in order to foster
knowledge exchange and support implementation.
Significant findings in the 2015 Status Report
- Table 10. Issues identified in cryospheric observations
ECV Significant findings in the 2015 Status Report
Snow Improvements to reporting underway. Access to historic archives should be
improved. Cloud cover represents the primary source of uncertainty for
remotely sensed products but is mitigated in some products through gap-filling
(for example, the MODIS cloud gap filled product) or subjective estimates by
trained analysts (for example the NOAA IMS product). Dark polar night
season/area is missing data.
Glaciers World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) successful but still some regional
data not loaded into international databases. Randolph Glacier Inventory
accomplished but regional quality issues exist and improvement is needed.
Ice sheets Satellite-based products integrating in situ and airborne observations now
available but do not yet have the multiple decades of data required. There are
large uncertainties in mass balances and dynamics and ocean-ice interaction is a
major weakness. There is no overall network. Need to establish long-term
continuity.
Permafrost Coverage by GTN-P incomplete with some additional sites needed to ensure
regional coverage. Need to develop reference sites. Standards need more work.
The current set of permafrost stations is not very representative and relatively
few of them have long time series to investigate trends.
Table 8. Sources of Terrestrial Domain ECVs - Cryosphere
General: Expectation of new satellite and analyzing
technology, especially resolution
Glacier: long-term and more coverage.
Contribution from community
Snow: use/improve of satellite technology,
network of regional data, Expectation to GCW
Ice sheet, Ice shelves: Combination of satellite data
series (Tandem, TDRS.., in-situ works),
require Integration (center) of ice sheet data,
contribution to IPCC reports: 1.5C and cryosphere-
ocean interaction (ice shelves, marine terminated
glacier) can be strengthened.
Permafrost: increasing scientific interest, social needs
and community activity,
require technology, network
Detailed IP Actions
for the Cryosphere
T19-34
ActionGlacier
Glacier 2
Glacier 3
Snow
Ice sheet
Permafrost
Product requirement
Satellite and analyzing techniques (in operational and
planned),
Networks (WIGOS, GCW): GCW full start 2020
Goal←Outcome←Output←Task
(excl. 1994,1995)
Annual Snow Cover Duration (SCD)
Climatology & Trend (1982-2013)
Trend (Satellite)
Climatology (Satellite)Snow Cover Duration Period [month]★GTMIP sites
3, Dec., 2014, 極域シンポジウム@極地研
SAR availableWavelength(band)
TemporalDifference
Application
ERS-1/2 C 1day Tandem InSAR
TerraSAR-X X 11days 3pass InSAR
ALOS / PALSAR L 46days 3pass InSAR
wavelengthrevisitcycle
Spatialresolution
ice flowgradient(/day)
normalized
ERS-1/2 Tandem 0.0566 1 30 9.4333E-04 6.35847
ERS-1 Icemode 0.0566 3 30 3.1444E-04 2.11949
ERS-1 0.0566 35 30 2.6952E-05 0.18167
JERS-1 0.235 44 18 1.4836E-04 1.00000
ALOS PALSAR 0.235 46 10 2.5543E-04 1.72174
TerraSAR-X 0.031 11 3 4.6970E-04 3.16596
ALOS-2 0.235 14 10 8.3929E-04 5.65714
Combination and comparisons of performance (Ozawa、1999)
3, Dec., 2014, 極域シンポジウム@極地研
Lazarevisen西領域における ERS-1/2 と ALOS/PALSARによる干渉画像
ERS-1/2 2Pass InSARYear : 1996
PALSAR 3Pass InSARYear : 2010
ALOS/PALSARとERS-1/2のGL位置は全く同じことを確認!!
Results 3 Path015
3, Dec., 2014, 極域シンポジウム@極地研
ALOS/PALSAR Grounding line extraction
3, Dec., 2014, 極域シンポジウム@極地研
Wavelength L band(1.2GHz)
ObservationMode
Spotlihgtresolution:1×3mswath:25km
Stripmapresolution:3m~10mswath:50km,70km
WideBeamresolution:100mswath:350km
Revisit cycle 14days
Launch date FY2013
• 14日の回帰周期: Mm (27.32days) と Mf (13.66days) 分潮に近く、潮汐にともなうフリンジが弱められる可能性がある
• 高頻度観測により、細かいモニタリングが可能
• 高分解能化で、部分的に細かく観測することが可能
ALOS-2
•2014/5/24-•2014/11/25よりデータ配布開始•最短14日で同一モード観測可能•高時間分解能・高コヒーレンスが期待される•3パス、4パスInSAR適用域の拡大
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