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Smart Grid Implementation and Behavior
NERC Smart Grid Workshop
2/23/2012
Rick Meekermeeker@caps.fsu.edu
Center for Advanced Power Systems (CAPS)
Florida State University2000 Levy Avenue, Building A, Tallahassee, FL 32310
http://www.caps.fsu.edu/
2/28/2012 22/28/2012 2
Smart Grid Definitions
• NERC SGTF
• DOE SG Roadmap
2/28/2012 32/28/2012 3
Smart Grid OriginsModern Grid Characteristics1, 2
• Enables active participation by consumers
• Accommodates all generation and storage options
• Enables new products, services and markets
• Provides power quality for the digital economy
• Optimizes asset utilization and operate efficiently
• Anticipates & responds to system disturbances (self-heal)
• Operates resiliently against attack and natural disaster
Smart Grid Characteristics3
• Enables informed participation by
customers
• Accommodates all generation and
storage options
• Enables new products, services, and
markets
• Provides power quality for the range of
needs in the 21st century
• Optimizes assets and operates
efficiently
• Addresses disturbances – automated
prevention, containment, and
restoration
• Operates resiliently against physical
and cyber attacks and natural disasters
1. http://www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid/ 2005-2008.
2. Miller J., Pullins, S., Bossart, S., “The Modern Grid”, presentation to the Wisconsin Public Utility Institute and UW Energy Institute, April 29, 2008.
3. “Smart Grid R&D Multi-Year Program Plan, 2010-2014”, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, September 2010.
2/28/2012 42/28/2012 4
Smart Grid – A Definition for the Bulk Power System1
1. “Reliability Considerations from Integration of Smart Grid”, Smart Grid Task Force, North American Electric Reliability Corp. (NERC), draft, August 2010.
“The integration and application of real-time monitoring, advanced sensing, communications, analytics, and control, enabling the dynamic flow of both energy and information to accommodate existing and new forms of supply, delivery, and use in a secure, reliable, and efficient electric power system, from generation source to end-user.”
2/28/2012 52/28/2012 5
The Future Grid?
2/28/2012 62/28/2012 6
The Future Grid?
• Power Electronics (PE)
• DC
• HTS
• DG
• Microgrids / Microenergy / CHP
• Information – msmt, data, decision support
• Communications
• Control
2/28/2012 72/28/2012 7
Modeling and
Simulation Effort• Notional Florida
system– PSS/E load-flow (also in
MATLAB for 14-bus version)
– Representative dynamic PSS/E model
– Seeking to create “notional” models for the research community (as done with electric war-ship IPS)
– 14 and 154 bus versions developed
– Structured and scripted for model and scenario changes
– Coordinating with FRCC and member utilities
2/28/2012 8
154 Bus
Model
0219
0813
0902
0803
1201
1202
1203
E 0405
E 0406 E
0404
G 0501
0502
0901 1401 G
G 0504
0503
0505
0506 G
G
G
E
G
G
G
0507
0508
0509
0519 0903
0904
0701
0702
0703
0704
0705
0706
0707
0708
0709
0710
0711
0112
0113
0114
0115
0116
1402
G
G
0924 0905
0906
0907
0908
0909
0910
G
G
G
G
G
1302
G
G
0804
0805
0806
0807
G
G
0809
0808 0606 G G
G G
0916
0914
0915
0912
0913 0911
0917
0218
1403
1502
1304
0801
1305
0802
0810
0601
0602
0603
0605
1503
G
G G
G
G
G
0811
0812
1504
1505
1511
G
1501 1301
1515
1506 1507
1508
1509
1510
1303
G
G
G
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105 1106
0604
1107
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1109
1108
G
G
1001 1002
1003
1004
1005
1006 1007
1008
1009 0814
0815
1404
G
G G
G G G G 0327
0326 1023
1024
1021
1022
1020
1019
1018 1013
1017
1016 1015
1014
1012
1011
0951 0952
0953
1405 1406
G 0958
0956
0957 0954
0265
0266
0959 0955
0960
0961 0963
0962
1407 1408
1409
1410
G
Duval
2/28/2012 9
Models: 154 Bus Base Model
• 154 Busses at 500, 230, 138,
and 115 kV voltage levels
• 46 generation plants, with
multiple units at each plant
• All generation units employ
round rotor machine models
(GENROU), steam turbine-
governor models (TGOV1),
and simplified excitation
system models (SEXS)
• Model development
continuation in cooperation
with FERC – validation plan in
place and started (early
stages)
0 2 4 6 8 10
59.2
59.4
59.6
59.8
60
60.2
60.4
60.6
Time (s)F
requency (
Hz)
Southeast
Southwest
Central
Northeast
Frequency (Hz)
0 2 4 6 8 10
59.2
59.4
59.6
59.8
60
60.2
60.4
60.6
Time (s)F
requency (
Hz)
Southeast
Southwest
Central
Northeast
Frequency (Hz)
2/28/2012 10
FSU CAPS: Power Systems Simulation
REAL-TIME – RTDS
• Large-scale electromagnetic transient simulator
• EMTP type simulation covers load-flow, harmonic, dynamic, and transient regime
• Real-time simulation, with time steps down to <2 s.; 111,200 MFLOPS; 14 “racks”, parallel processing
• Real-time simulation of 924 electrical nodes, plus hundreds of control and other simulation blocks
• Extensive digital and analog I/O for interfacing hardware to simulation (>2500 analog, >200 digital). Can connect in real-time to any electrical node within the simulation.
• MODBUS TCP, DNP 3.0 and IEC 61850 interfaces also available.
• Capability for remote access over VPN link
• Recent upgrade activity:
– 2 RISC GPC’s in every rack for small time step (1-2 s)
– Backplane upgrades - bus transfer rate improved from 125 to 60 ns
– Increase electrical nodes per rack from 54 to 66
REAL-TIME – Opal RT, recently added
Other simulation tools in-use at CAPS:
• PSS/E, PSCAD/EMTDC, MATLAB/Simulink, ATP, PSPICE, ANSYS, DSPACE
14-rack RTDS at CAPS
Zone 4LoadCenter
Zone 1Load
Center
Zone 2LoadCenter
Port Propulsion
MotorDrive InverterCapacitor
Bank
DC/DC Converter
Energy Storage GT
Main AC Generator 1
AC Circuit Breaker
AC/DC Converter
GT
Auxilary AC Generator 1
AC Circuit Breaker
AC/DC Converter
DC Disconnect
DC Disconnect
MVDC Port Bus
MVDC Starboard Bus
Starboard Propulsion
MotorDrive Inverter
GT
Auxilary AC Generator 2
AC Circuit Breaker
AC/DC Converter
GT
Main AC Generator 2
AC Circuit Breaker
AC/DC Converter
Zone 3LoadCenter
Zone 5 Deck house
ATG1
ATG2 MTG2
MTG1
DC/DC Converter
Radar
Pulse Charging
Circuit
DC/DC
Conv erter
Pulsed Load
Stern Cross-hullDisconnect
Bow Cross-hullDisconnect
See separate f igure for details
==
==
====
==
==
== ==
==
==
==
==
==
==
IEEE 30-bus System
• 5 racks, dt=65 μs
• 6 machines incl. governor & v-regulator
• 36 transmission lines
• 70 breakers
Ship zonal integrated power system
2/28/2012 112/28/2012 11
Dynamic HIL Testing of large PV Inverters
Highly dynamic testing
of PV converters is
possible today!
LV ride through
Anti islanding
Fault current contribution
Unbalanced voltage condition
SubstationB1
T1
B2
S10
B15 4.16kV
T9.1
4.16kV AC Bus
T10.1
B13
B14
DC Bus: 0-1150VDCI max = +/- 2.5 kA
T9.2
=
~
~
=
=
~
=
=
PV Inverter
Power Grid Simulation
PV Array Simulation
6.3 MVA Variable Voltage Source (VVS)
Real Time Simulator RTDS
Real Time Simulator RTDS
VVS 1 VVS 2
=
~
4160/480V1.5MVAZ=5.86%
T5
466/4160V3.93MVA Z=5.6%
B11
AC Bus1: 0-4.16 kVI max = 0.433 kA
AC Bus2: 0-0.48 kVI max = 1.8 kA
SubstationB1
T1
B2
S10
B15 4.16kV
T9.1
4.16kV AC Bus
T10.1
B13
B14
DC Bus: 0-1150VDCI max = +/- 2.5 kA
T9.2
=
~
~
=
=
~
=
=
PV Inverter
Power Grid Simulation
PV Array Simulation
6.3 MVA Variable Voltage Source (VVS)
Real Time Simulator RTDS
Real Time Simulator RTDS
VVS 1 VVS 2
=
~
4160/480V1.5MVAZ=5.86%
T5
466/4160V3.93MVA Z=5.6%
B11
AC Bus1: 0-4.16 kVI max = 0.433 kA
AC Bus2: 0-0.48 kVI max = 1.8 kA
up to
1.5 MW
SubstationB1
T1
B2
S10
B15 4.16kV
T9.1
4.16kV AC Bus
T10.1
B13
B14
DC Bus: 0-1150VDCI max = +/- 2.5 kA
T9.2
=
~
~
=
=
~
=
=
PV Inverter
Power Grid Simulation
PV Array Simulation
6.3 MVA Variable Voltage Source (VVS)
Real Time Simulator RTDS
Real Time Simulator RTDS
VVS 1 VVS 2
=
~
4160/480V1.5MVAZ=5.86%
T5
466/4160V3.93MVA Z=5.6%
B11
AC Bus1: 0-4.16 kVI max = 0.433 kA
AC Bus2: 0-0.48 kVI max = 1.8 kA
SubstationB1
T1
B2
S10
B15 4.16kV
T9.1
4.16kV AC Bus
T10.1
B13
B14
DC Bus: 0-1150VDCI max = +/- 2.5 kA
T9.2
=
~
~
=
=
~
=
=
PV Inverter
Power Grid Simulation
PV Array Simulation
6.3 MVA Variable Voltage Source (VVS)
Real Time Simulator RTDS
Real Time Simulator RTDS
VVS 1 VVS 2
=
~
4160/480V1.5MVAZ=5.86%
T5
466/4160V3.93MVA Z=5.6%
B11
AC Bus1: 0-4.16 kVI max = 0.433 kA
AC Bus2: 0-0.48 kVI max = 1.8 kA
up to
1.5 MW
2/28/2012 122/28/2012 12
01202403604806007208409601080120013201440156016801800192020000
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5x 10
7
Period [min.]
Pow
er
Power SpectrumLakeland Center,July 2010, 1-min data
PV Variability
01202403604806007200
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10x 10
4
Period [min.]
Pow
er
Power SpectrumLakeland Center,July 2010, 1-min data
Lakeland Center
7/1/2010 PV output
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
7/1
/20
10
4:5
9
7/1
/20
10
6:0
0
7/1
/20
10
7:0
0
7/1
/20
10
8:0
0
7/1
/20
10
9:0
0
7/1
/20
10
10
:00
7/1
/20
10
11
:00
7/1
/20
10
12
:00
7/1
/20
10
13
:00
7/1
/20
10
14
:00
7/1
/20
10
15
:00
7/1
/20
10
16
:00
7/1
/20
10
17
:00
7/1
/20
10
18
:00
7/1
/20
10
19
:00
AC
Po
we
r [k
W]
July PV output
[1] Berani, H., “Robust Power System Frequency Control”, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, NY, 2009.
[1]
2/28/2012 132/28/2012 13
High-penetration PV Studies
Substation
JSI PV plant
Feeder conductor characterization
Load points
PV controls
RTDS
PSCAD / EMTDC
JEA – Jacksonville Solar
• 15 MW; 12.6 MW AC
• Online Nov. 2009
• Owner: PSEG; under PPA to JEA
• 100 acres
• 24kV Distr. Feeder
• Feeder length ~5.6 miles
• Max. ckt. load <12.6 MW
• Inverters: SMA Sunny Central
• Panels: First Solar
2/28/2012 142/28/2012 14
PV Projects in SUNGRIN Partner Service Areas
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
2/28/2012 152/28/2012 15
Center for Advanced Power Systems
at Florida State University2000 Levy Ave., Building A, Tallahassee, FL 32310
http://www.caps.fsu.edu/
Rick Meeker, P.E.850.645.1711
meeker@caps.fsu.edu
2/28/2012 162/28/2012 16
Supplemental
2/28/2012 172/28/2012 17
FREEDM• NSF Engineering Research Center
– North Carolina State University (Lead)
– Arizona State University
– Florida State University
– Florida A&M University
– Missouri S&T University
• An efficient and revolutionary power grid
• Integrating distributed and scalable alternative energy sources and storage with existing power systems
• Facilitating a green-energy-based economy
• Mitigating the growing energy crisis; and
• Reducing the impact of carbon emissions.
2/28/2012 18
DDG-1000 Zumwalt / DD(X)
Multi-Mission Surface Combatant
- Integrated Power System
Specifications
Displacement 14,264 tons
Builder Northrop Grumman
Power Plant Integrated Power System (IPS)
78 megawatts Installed power
two large 35-megawatt generators
two small 4-megawatt generators
Length 600 feet [Panama Canal transit capability]
Beam 79.1 feet [Panama Canal transit capability]
Draft 27.6 feet
Armament 2 - 155mm Advanced Gun System
920 - 155mm Long Range Land Attack Projectile
[600 Threshold / 1200 Objective]
80 - PVLS cells
Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile
Tactical Tomahawk Block IV
Advanced Land Attack Missile
Systems SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR)
Volume Search Radar (VSR)
Acoustic Sensor Suite
EO/IR System
Naval Surface Fire Support Weapon Control System
(NWCS)
Speed 30 knots (Threshold)
30+ knots (Objective)
Endurance 4500 nm(Threshold)
6000 nm
Crew Design: 120
[vice traditional = 348, DDG-51 flight IIA]
Aircraft 2 SH-60 LAMPS helicopters or
1 MH-60R helicopter
3 RQ-8A Fire Scout VTUAV
Costs $1.2 billion - $1.4 billion procurement cost objective
$2.5 billion first unit cost
NGIPS for DDG-1000, CG(X) cruiser and other future surface combatants…
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