Transcript
Stratigraphic Framework and New Exploration Concepts for the Lower Cretaceous Shelf Margin Carbonates of Texas*
By Paul M. (Mitch) Harris1
Search and Discovery Article #40303 (2008)
Posted September 3, 2008
*Adapted from 2000-2001 AAPG International Distinguished Lecture 1Chevron Petroleum Technology Company, Houston, TX; currently ETC, Chevron, San Ramon, CA, USA (MitchHarris@chevron.com)
Abstract
Stratigraphic studies, focusing on the Lower Cretaceous Edwards and Sligo margins in East-central Texas, suggest new exploration opportunities. One is based on an extension of the favorable stratigraphy of the Edwards beyond the commonly recognized shelf margin; and another on recognizing that the Sligo margin underwent a major period of exposure resulting in deposition of downslope debris wedges. These examples show how new exploration ideas can be developed in mature areas when new tools and approaches are utilized. The Edwards - An Underdrilled Opportunity Analysis of well cuttings and core, coupled with detailed seismic correlation, confirms that the Edwards margin consists of both grainstone and reef facies and shows that both sets of facies repeat themselves several times within the Edwards as the margin prograded. The Edwards margin prograded southeastward >5 km beyond the Sligo margin placing prospective backreef and reef grainstones far seaward of the commonly recognized margin. In essence, there are equivalent facies to those of the Word field complex, a mature Edwards gas field producing at a depth of approximately 3962 m, downdip of the field but the facies lack the underpinning of the Sligo margin for structural drape. The extent of this “opportunity fairway” within Lavaca County alone is over 4.8 km in width and 40 km in length. 3-D seismic and a corresponding geologic cross section show the progradational nature of the Edwards in detail. Three Edwards sequences defined by four key reflectors on the 3-D data occur within one sequence on the 2-D seismic. Reflector 1, which is a high-amplitude event downdip that diminishes in strength updip, occurs at the top of an interval of deeper water argillaceous wackestones (Upper Tamaulipas). Reflector 1 is immediately overlain by a prograding reef/bank complex and distal slope wackestones of the
Edwards margin as seen in cores and cuttings. Reflector 2 is a weak event that ties lagoonal packstone/grainstones to a reef and bank complex and eventually forereef and slope deposits. Reflectors 3 and 4 tie backreef wackestone/packstones to reef and backreef grainstones. It seems clear that the "top Edwards" interval between reflectors 3 and 4 represents a progradational package whose ultimate culmination is even seaward of the study area. The Sligo Forereef – An Untested Opportunity A 3-D seismic line illustrates a major sequence boundary in the Sligo margin and several events on the seaward side of the margin that display onlap and downlap reflector terminations. These events exhibit the proper architecture to comprise part of a downslope debris wedge in excess of 300 m thick. Although this Sligo forereef and slope play is regional in extent throughout the northern rim of the Gulf of Mexico, the opportunity has yet to be tested. The existence of a Sligo downslope wedge between the sequence boundary and the overlying Pearsall shale does not guarantee the presence of coarse grained material. It is likely the lowstand created a period of instability, resulting in coarse breccia and grainstone transported further downslope in the form of debris flows and sediment gravity flows. During the subsequent transgression and relative highstand, the Sligo shelf margin initially kept up with sea level rise and continued to contribute grainstone debris downslope. Rapid deposition of the downslope carbonates may have helped to preserve primary porosity by limiting the amount of marine cementation. Data from reservoir analogs confirm that such downslope carbonates can retain reservoir-quality porosity; e.g., Poza Rica field from east-central Mexico. Facies variation and slump faulting on the foreslope creates the potential for trapping and juxtaposition to deep-water carbonates sets up the source and migration pathway. Eventually, the Sligo shelf margin was flooded by a major transgression represented by the Pearsall, which would provide a top seal.
Acknowledgments I am grateful to the following coworkers for their collaboration: Terry W. Belsher, James M. Medlin (retired), John L. Stubbs, and Robert P. Wright, Chevron U.S.A. Production Company, Houston, TX; Dale A. Fritz, Devon Energy, Oklahoma City, OK. 2D seismic data were provided by Seismic Exchange Inc, and 3D seismic data were provided by CGG Americas Inc.
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK AND STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK AND NEW EXPLORATION CONCEPTSNEW EXPLORATION CONCEPTS
LOWER CRETACEOUS SHELF MARGINLOWER CRETACEOUS SHELF MARGINCARBONATES OF TEXASCARBONATES OF TEXAS
AAPG International Distinguished Lecture TourAAPG International Distinguished Lecture Tour
Paul M. (Mitch) HarrisPaul M. (Mitch) HarrisChevron Petroleum Technology CompanyChevron Petroleum Technology Company
Houston, Texas U.S.A.Houston, Texas U.S.A.
EXPLORATION CONCEPTSEXPLORATION CONCEPTSLOWER CRETACEOUS SHELF MARGINLOWER CRETACEOUS SHELF MARGIN
CARBONATES OF TEXASCARBONATES OF TEXAS
Paul M. (Mitch) HarrisPaul M. (Mitch) HarrisChevron Petroleum Technology CompanyChevron Petroleum Technology Company
Houston, Texas U.S.A.Houston, Texas U.S.A.
OUTLINE OF TALKOUTLINE OF TALK
•• Regional and Stratigraphic SettingRegional and Stratigraphic Setting
•• Edwards PlayEdwards Play
•• SligoSligo Analog and PlayAnalog and Play
•• SummarySummary
OUTLINE OF TALKOUTLINE OF TALK
•• REGIONAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC SETTINGREGIONAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC SETTING
•• EDWARDS PLAYEDWARDS PLAY
•• SLIGO ANALOG AND PLAYSLIGO ANALOG AND PLAY
•• SUMMARYSUMMARY
G ulf o f M ex ic o
POZA RICA TREND
GOLDEN LANEPLATFORM
VALLESSAN LUIS P OTOSI
PLATFORM
MAVERICKBASIN
EAST TEXASBASIN MISSIS SIPPI
SALT BASINSAN MARCOS
ARCH
LOWER CRETACEOUSMARGIN
EDWARDS MARGINSLIGO MARGIN
REGIONAL MAPREGIONAL MAP
TAYLORAUSTIN
EDWARDSPEARSALL
SLIGO
HOSSTON
1 MILE
GOLDEN LANETYPE MARGIN
POZA RICA TYPE WEDGES
WORD FIELDACTUAL
EDWARDSMARGIN
PUBLISHEDEDWARDS
MARGIN
SLIGO MARGIN
TAYLOR
AUSTINEDWARDS
PEARSALLSALT
PLAY TYPESPLAY TYPES
Gulf of Mexico
STUDY AREA
EDWARDS SHELF TREND
SLIGO SHELF TREND
DETAILED STUDY AREADETAILED STUDY AREA
Louann
HaynesvilleFm
SmackoverFm
BossierShale
Cotton ValleyGp
Hosston Fm
Sligo
Atascosa
Midway
Navarro
Taylor
Austin Chalk
Eagle Ford
Georgetown
Fredericksburg
UpperGlen Rose
LowerGlen Rose
Knowles
Buckner
BudaWoodbine
Upper SligoJames
Pearsall
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
SLRise Fall
CompositeCurve Shelfward Basinward
2nd-OrderSuper
Sequence
LST
TST
HST
TST
HST
TSTSMW
HST
SMWTST
HST
(MFS)TST
158.5
144
128.5
112
84
(MFS)
(MFS)
98
GULF COAST STRATIGRAPHYGULF COAST STRATIGRAPHY
EDWARDS EDWARDS PROGRADINGPROGRADING
SHELF MARGINSHELF MARGINPLAYPLAY
ALBIANALBIAN
APTIANAPTIANBARREMIANBARREMIANHAUTERIVIANHAUTERIVIANVALANGINIANVALANGINIAN
TURONIANTURONIANCENOMANIANCENOMANIAN
BERRIASIANBERRIASIANTITHONIANTITHONIAN
KIMMERIDGANKIMMERIDGAN
OXFORDIANOXFORDIAN
CALLOVIANCALLOVIAN
CONIACIANCONIACIANSANTONIANSANTONIAN
LAVACA COUNTYTEXAS
N
PUBLISHEDEDWARDS / SLIGO
MARGIN
TOP EDWARDS STRUCTURETOP EDWARDS STRUCTURE
DATA BY SEISMIC EXCHANGE INC.
TOP CRETACEOUSI
S
S
COTTON VALLEY
SLIGO PEARSALL
GLEN ROSE EDWARDS
2D SEISMIC FRAMEWORK2D SEISMIC FRAMEWORK
2D SEISMIC FRAMEWORK2D SEISMIC FRAMEWORK
SLIGOSLIGO
EDWARDSEDWARDS
SEISMIC INTERPRETATIONSEISMIC INTERPRETATION
3382'
NW SE
2000 2000
2500 2500
3000 3000
3500 3500
4000 4000
Seismic Provided by CGG AMERICAS INC.
EDWARDS 3D SEISMICEDWARDS 3D SEISMIC
EDWARDSEDWARDS
WORD FIELD DEPOSITIONAL MODELWORD FIELD DEPOSITIONAL MODEL
EDWARDSEDWARDSREEF FACIESREEF FACIES
RUDISTSRUDISTS
EDWARDSEDWARDSREEF FACIESREEF FACIES
RUDISTSRUDISTS
EDWARDSEDWARDSGRAINSTONEGRAINSTONE
FACIESFACIESRUDIST DEBRISRUDIST DEBRIS
N
0' 4000' 8000'
#1 ZARUBAEDWS -14,063'
#1 COBYEDWS -13,927'
Seismic Provided by CGG AMERICAS INC.
PUBLISHEDEDWARDSMARGIN
3D SEISMIC LOCATION3D SEISMIC LOCATION
14000
14500
15000
15500
16000
BACK REEF GRAINSTONE
PROXIMAL SLOPE WACKESTONE
AUSTIN CHALK
EAGLE FORDBUDAEDWARDS
REEF GRAINSTONE
FORE REEF PACKSTONE
DISTAL SLOPE WACKESTONE
DEEP SHELFARGILLACEOUS WACKESTONE
KEY EDWARDS WELLKEY EDWARDS WELL
FACIES FROM FACIES FROM CUTTINGS DESCRIPTIONCUTTINGS DESCRIPTION
PROGRADATIONALPROGRADATIONALMOTIFMOTIF
2.5
3.0
3.5
CHEVRONCOBY #1
EXXONZARUBA #1
MOBILKAHANEK #1(PROJECTED 13 MILES ALONG STRIKE)
SLIGO DEBRIS
HST
TS T
Reef TSTHST
HSTTS T
TOP EDWARDS
HST
1
234
14,000'
16,000'
Seismic Provided by CGG AMERICAS INC.
EDWARDS STRATAL GEOMETRIESEDWARDS STRATAL GEOMETRIES
EDWARDS FACIES ARCHITECTUREEDWARDS FACIES ARCHITECTURE
Refined Stratigraphic and Facies Framework Refined Stratigraphic and Facies Framework Indicates Exploration OpportunitiesIndicates Exploration Opportunities
EDWARDS PLAY SUMMARYEDWARDS PLAY SUMMARY
Well and Seismic Control Extend Margin Well and Seismic Control Extend Margin SeawardSeaward
EdwardsEdwards is Largely is Largely StratigraphicallyStratigraphically TrappedTrapped
Porosity Likely Enhanced by Dissolution Along Porosity Likely Enhanced by Dissolution Along FracturesFractures
LAVACA COUNTYTEXAS
N
OPPORTUNITYFAIRWAY
PUBLISHEDEDWARDS / SLIGO
MARGIN
ACTUALEDWARDSMARGIN
EDWARDS OPPORTUNITIESEDWARDS OPPORTUNITIES
G ulf o f M ex ic o
POZA RICA TREND
GOLDEN LANEPLATFORM
VALLESSAN LUIS P OTOSI
PLATFORM
MAVERICKBASIN
EAST TEXASBASIN MISSIS SIPPI
SALT BASINSAN MARCOS
ARCH
LOWER CRETACEOUSMARGIN
EDWARDS MARGINSLIGO MARGIN
REGIONAL MAPREGIONAL MAP
Louann
HaynesvilleFm
SmackoverFm
BossierShale
Cotton ValleyGp
Hosston Fm
Sligo
Atascosa
Midway
Navarro
Taylor
Austin Chalk
Eagle Ford
Georgetown
Fredericksburg
UpperGlen Rose
LowerGlen Rose
Knowles
Buckner
BudaWoodbine
Upper SligoJames
Pearsall
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
SLRise Fall
CompositeCurve Shelfward Basinward
2nd-OrderSuper
Sequence
LST
TST
HST
TST
HST
TSTSMW
HST
SMWTST
HST
(MFS)TST
158.5
144
128.5
112
84
(MFS)
(MFS)
98
GULF COAST STRATIGRAPHYGULF COAST STRATIGRAPHY
SLIGOSLIGODOWNSLOPEDOWNSLOPE
DEBRISDEBRISPLAYPLAY
ALBIANALBIAN
APTIANAPTIANBARREMIANBARREMIANHAUTERIVIANHAUTERIVIANVALANGINIANVALANGINIAN
TURONIANTURONIANCENOMANIANCENOMANIAN
BERRIASIANBERRIASIANTITHONIANTITHONIAN
KIMMERIDGANKIMMERIDGAN
OXFORDIANOXFORDIAN
CALLOVIANCALLOVIAN
CONIACIANCONIACIANSANTONIANSANTONIAN
.
Sierra Madre Oriental
Sierra de El AbraS.L.
WEST EAST
Gulf of Mexico
Golden LanePlatform
After Yurew ic 1997
POZA RICA
Cret
POZA RICA CROSS SECTIONPOZA RICA CROSS SECTION
z,
2D SEISMIC FRAMEWORK2D SEISMIC FRAMEWORK
SLIGOSLIGO
EDWARDSEDWARDS
SEISMIC INTERPRETATIONSEISMIC INTERPRETATION
POZA RICA ANALOGPOZA RICA ANALOG
POZA RICAPOZA RICA
POZA RICA
DOWNSLOPE BRECCIA ON OUTCROPDOWNSLOPE BRECCIA ON OUTCROP
Graded BrecciaGraded Breccia
Pelagic Pelagic MudstoneMudstone
DOWNSLOPE BRECCIA IN COREDOWNSLOPE BRECCIA IN CORE
Rudist Rudist GrainstoneGrainstone
ClastClast
WackestoneWackestoneClastClast
PelagicPelagicMudstoneMudstone
MatrixMatrix
SuturedSuturedContactsContacts
GRAINSTONEGRAINSTONEDEBRISDEBRISIN COREIN CORE
RudistRudistFragmentsFragments
Interparticle Porosity of 2%Interparticle Porosity of 2%Moldic Porosity of 13.5%Moldic Porosity of 13.5%
SLIGO SEQUENCE BOUNDARYSLIGO SEQUENCE BOUNDARY
HIGHSTANDHIGHSTANDPLATFORMPLATFORM
TRANSGRESSIVETRANSGRESSIVEPLATFORMPLATFORM
SBSB
SLIGO SEQUENCE BOUNDARYSLIGO SEQUENCE BOUNDARY
3382'
NW SE
2000 2000
2500 2500
3000 3000
3500 3500
4000 4000
Seismic Provided by CGG AMERICAS INC.
SLIGO 3D SEISMICSLIGO 3D SEISMIC
SLIGOSLIGO
A A'
TAYLORAUSTIN
EDWARDSPEARSALL
SLIGO
HOSSTON
1 MILE
GOLDEN LANETYPE MARGIN
POZA RICA TYPE WEDGES
SLIGO MARGIN
TAYLOR
AUSTINEDWARDS
PEARSALLSALT
.
SLIGO PLAY TYPESLIGO PLAY TYPE
PozaPoza Rica Analog for Rica Analog for SligoSligo Downslope Debris Downslope Debris PlayPlay
HighHigh--Resolution Sequence Framework Critical Resolution Sequence Framework Critical for Defining Reservoir and Trapfor Defining Reservoir and Trap
3d Seismic Essential for Stratigraphic Play 3d Seismic Essential for Stratigraphic Play DelineationDelineation
SLIGO PLAY SUMMARYSLIGO PLAY SUMMARY
High Risk but Potentially High RewardHigh Risk but Potentially High Reward
Gulf of Mexico
SLIGO SHELF TREND
OPPORTUNITY FAIRWAY
SLIGO OPPORTUNITIESSLIGO OPPORTUNITIES
SUMMARY POINTSSUMMARY POINTS
Although in a Mature Area, the Edwards and Although in a Mature Area, the Edwards and SligoSligoCarbonates Discussed Here are Far From Fully Carbonates Discussed Here are Far From Fully Exploited.Exploited.
3d Seismic, a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework, and 3d Seismic, a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework, and Reservoir Analogs Have Led to New Exploration Play Reservoir Analogs Have Led to New Exploration Play Concepts and Viable Opportunities.Concepts and Viable Opportunities.
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