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WHATS INSIDE: OTF CONFERENCE & TRADE SHOWPREVIEWSEE PAGES 6 12 OSU Turfgrass Science ProgramSEE PAGES 32 33
TurfNewsT H E N E W S L E T T E R O F T H E O H I O T U R F G R A S S F O U N D A T I O N
Volume 68 No. 5September October 2006
OTF Scholarship and Research Fundraising
Golf TournamentWestbrook Country Club, Mansfield, Ohio
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TurfNewsdistributes useful and timely advice, information and
research from Ohios most knowledgeable experts and professiona
to OTF members and those in the turfgrass industry.
Vol. 68 No. 5 September October 2006
TurfNewsis produced by the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation
1100-H Brandywine Blvd, Zanesville, Ohio 43701-7303
1-888-OTF-3445 and is available to all members
www.OhioTurfgrass.org
Back issues of OTF TurfNewsare available on our Website at www.OhioTurfgrass.org.
TurfNewsT H E N E W S L E T T E R O F T H E O H I O T U R F G R A S S F O U N D A T I O N
Inside 06/07 Events
Message from the OTF President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Turfgrass Field Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Green Industry News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
OTF Conference & Trade Show Preview . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 12
Sports Turf Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 15
Golf Course Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 17
Residential Lawn Care Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 19
Hort Shorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 21
Graduate Student Corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 24
Product & Service Donations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
New Growth & Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 31
OSU Turfgrass Science Program . . . . . . . . 32 33
Member Spotlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Corporate Sponsor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
OHIO TURFGRASS CONFERENCE & SHOW
December 5 7, 2006 888-683-3445
Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, OH
OHIO STATE GOLF TURF SPRING TEE-OFF
March 14 15, 2007 (tentative) 888-683 -3445
Holiday Inn on the Lane, Columbus, OH
NEWSECTION
FOR THE LATEST RESEARCH AND INFORMATION
FOR OHIOS TURF AND LANDSCAPE PROFESSIONALS
VISIT THESE IMPORTANT WEBSITES:
Golf Course Turf Management
Superintendents Korner http://hcs.osu.edu/karl
Sports Turf ManagementOSU Sports Turf Program http://hcs.osu.edu/sportsturf
Lawn, Grounds & Landscape
Buckeye Yard & Garden Line www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/bygl
These sites may also be accessed from the
OTF Website at www.OhioTurfgrass.org.
This Issue Sponsored By:
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MESSAGE PRESIDENTFROM
THE
If you are wondering where the summerhas gone so am I. Its September and inthe golf business all income should nowbe gravy, and if so, I hope you are goingto need a lot of bread to put it on.
The spring and summer activities arenow over and the OTF Golf Tournamenttook place September 27 at WestbrookCountry Club. Thanks to everyone whoparticipated. We hope you enjoyed thisyears tournament. That means your OTF
management team is now ready for our last big event. Our OTF Turf-
grass Conference and Show, which will be held December on 5 7.
These might be good times to reward a great employee or good customerand give them a night on the town. Whatever you do, I hope to seeyou at an OTF event. While we are talking about events, Joe Enciso islooking for a few great gifts for our OTF auction. If you have an ideaor an item to donate, give Joe a call. His number is 614-323-2456.
A short message this time which can be good.
Your President, Glen Pottenger
WHERE HAS THE SUMMER GONE?
O T F S E E K S
NOMINATIONS FOR
ANNUAL AWARDS
Do you know anyone who deserves recognitionfor contributions to turf management?
OTF members will receive forms by email fo
nominating this years recipients of Profession
al of the Year and Professional Excellence
awards.
Nominees for Professional of the Year awards
are judged on the following attributes:
Fellowship willingness to share knowledge
with and help train fellow turf personnel.
Inventive Ingenuity leadership in develop
ing new ideas and trends in turfgrass
management.
Membership and activity in turf related and
other civic organizations.
Length of dedicated service to the turf
industry.
Professional Excellence awards are based upon
similar criteria and are awarded to those
deserving special recognition for significancontributions to the turfgrass industry. Awards
and scholarships will be presented right before
the Keynote Address, Tuesday, December 5
at the Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show.
The 2005 Professional of the Year was awarded
to Al Muehle. A Professional Excellence Awards
was presented to Ronald Coyle.
Nomination forms are available on the OTF
Website at www.OhioTurfgrass.org or by
calling 888-683-3445. The deadline to submiyour nomination is October 23.
2006 OTF SCHOLARSHIPS AVAILABLE
OTF is committed to improving turfgrass through research and
education. One of the best ways to foster this commitment is by
providing scholarships to students pursuing green industry studies.
In 2005, OTF and OTRT provided over $25,000 in scholarships.
OTF members are encouraged to recommend any of their studentemployees, interns, friends or family who they feel are qualified.
Scholarship applications were recently mailed to all OTF mem-
bers in their membership packets. They were also sent to mem-
bers via email. The deadline to apply is October 23, 2006.
OTF scholarship information and applications are also available
at www.OhioTurfgrass.org or by calling 888-683-3445.
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A beautiful, sunny day in the low-eighties welcomed over 400
turfgrass professionals to the 2006 Ohio State University/OTF
Turfgrass Research Field Day, August 16 at the OTF Research
& Education Facility. After welcoming comments from OTF
President Glen Pottenger, President of the Ohio Turfgrass
Research Trust (OTRT), Joe Motz, announced that OTRT had
successfully raised more than $125,000 from its Founders Club
campaign (see page 5 for more on the Founders Club).
On behalf of the OSU College of Food, Agricultural and En-
vironmental Sciences, Assistant Dean L.H. Newcomb welcomedeveryone to the research facility and thanked them for their
support of the OSU Turfgrass Science Program. Following Dr.
Newcomb was 2006 Field Day chairman Joe Rimelspach, OSU
Department of Plant Pathology, to explain the programs format.
The audience was then divided into two groups: Golf and Sports/
Grounds; and the tours of the research facility began.
Each group then rotated among turfgrass plots, learning about
the latest research being conducted at OSU. Topics included:
Golf Course/High Maintenance Turf
Dollar Spot Timing Studies
Dollar Spot Resistance Management
Fungicide Efficacy Studies
Creeping Bentgrass Shade Research
PGR-Nitrogen Interaction Studies
Velocity Usage Research
Green Speed Research
Field Evaluations of Aquatrol
Moss Control Studies
Lawn/Grounds/Sport Fields
Weed Control Studies
Ammonium Nitrate Fertility Studies
Phosphorus Studies
Bentgrass Management (Removal) Studies
Conservation Irrigation Studies
Grub Control with New Insecticides
Perennial Grassy Weed Control
Sport Field Overseeding Studies
And more!
The afternoon program featured two optional sessions offering
re-certification credit. Dr. Dave Shetlar presented Insect and
Mite Control in Woody Ornamentals (Category 6a) and Dr. John
Street discussed Weed Management in Turf (Category 8). Both
sessions attracted large audiences from many seeking credit in
each respective category.
The OSU Turfgrass Science Team did an excellent job preparing
this years program and the turfgrass research facility. The team
consists of members of the OSU Department of Plant Pathology
Entomology, School of Natural Resources, and Horticulture &
Crop Science.
Thank you to everyone who attended, and for those whose hard
work helped make the Field Day a success.
OTF hopes everyone enjoyed the day and that those who attend
ed gained valuable information that will help make them better
turf managers.
TURFGRASS FIELD DAY DRAWS OVER 400 TURFPROFESSIONALS TO OTF RESEARCH FACILITY
A crowd of over 400 gathers for the welcomeannouncements.
Dr. Charlie Mancino discussing new infillresearch technology.
Joe Rimelspach, OSU, serving as OSU TurTeam host for the day.
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OTRT Founders Club Update
The Ohio Turfgrass Research
Trusts (OTRT) Founders Club
Membership Campaign is in
full swing, reported OTRT
President Joe Motz at the
OTF/OSU Turfgrass Research
Field Day August 16. We
have already raised more
than $125,000. With 25% of
our goal already pledged, the
Founders Club Campaign is
moving along great. Support-
ing the Founders Club will help
ensure a bright future for our
next generation of turfgrass
professionals!
In its 45-year history, OTF has granted more than $3.5 million for
turfgrass research and more than $400,000 in student scholar-
ships. There is no guarantee, however, that this level of support
will always be available. Support from the industry is more import-
ant now than ever before. State budget cuts have severely affect-
ed the research and extension efforts at the state universities.
The initial goal of the Founders Club is to raise more than
$500,000, with the understanding that the principle will never
be spent. The interest generated from this fund will be available
to fund specific research projects, purchase equipment for the
OTF Research & Education Center, and support student scholar-
ships securing the future of turfgrass research here in Ohio!
Motz also announced at the field day that the Founders Club is
now offering a new Emerald Level Membership for just $500
with up to 5 years to fulfill your pledge. Free Founders Club polo
or wind shirts were offered to everyone who made a commitment
to join the Founders Club the day of the field day.
GREENI N D U S T R Y
NEWS
There are multiple levels of membership: Platinum ($10, 000)
Gold ($5,000), Silver ($3,000) and Bronze ($1500) and Emerald
($500). Each level has corresponding benefits to express
appreciation and recognition for all donations. Pledges may be
made and paid for over a five-year period. Members may increase
their level of support at any time.
Membership in the Founders Club requires a donation to the Ohio
Turfgrass Research Trust. OTRT and is classified by the Interna
Revenue Service as a 501 (c) 3 charitable organization. Therefore
donations to OTRT are 100% tax deductible as a charitable
contribution.
OTRT thanks the following members (listed alphabetically) fo
making the commitment to Ohios turfgrass industry by already
joining the Founders Club:
Dr. Michael Boehm Paul Latshaw
Al Brandt John Lavelle
Dr. Karl Danneberger Don Lawrence
Dr. Chuck Darrah Paul MendezoffJim Dillard Joe Motz
Joe Duncan Harry Murray
Ed Eaton Bob OBrien
Joe Enciso Ed Odorizzi
Fairmount Minerals Walt Offinger
John Fitzgerald Gene Probasco
Doug Gallant Jerome Schwieterman
Tim Glorioso Jim Sharp
Greater Cincinnati GCSA Sam Stimmel
Doug Halterman Randy Tischer
Mark Heinlein Todd Voss
Paul Jacquemin Dick WarnerRick Kucharski Mark Yoder
SAY YES TO THE FOUNDERS CLUB!
For more information contact: Ohio Turfgrass Research Trust
1100-H Brandywine Blvd. Zanesville, OH 43701
Phone: 888-683-3445 Fax: 740-452-2552
Email: info@OhioTurfgrass.org www.OhioTurfgrass.org
Joe Motz, OTRT President, announcing
the Founders Clubs new Emerald Level
membership.
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New and exciting changes have been made to this yearsConference & Show as OTF continues to add value for its
members, attendees and exhibitors.
New Registration Options If you plan to stay for only one
day, simply register for that day and all workshops,
seminars, trade show and special events are included in
that fee. Great savings are available when you register for
all three days or when you bring a group with you.
Shortened Deadline to Pre-Register Waiting to see
what the weather will do? Trying to complete a late-season project? Cant decide if youll have time to attend?
No problem the deadline to pre-register is just 5 days
before the conference!
Discounted Fees for Members of all Turf Related
Associations Members of all related turf organizations,
including other states, will pay the same discounted fees
as OTF members.
Valuable Exhibitor Coupons All Conference & Show
attendees will receive a packet with show specials and
discount coupons provided by participating exhibitors.
Ask the Experts A panel of experts from the OSU Turf-
grass Science Team will be available on the show floor
to help solve your problems and answer those nagging
questions.
New Educational Tracks Turf Back to Basics, Human
Resources, and Managing a Low to Moderate Budget Golf
Course series of seminars have been added to this years
conference program.
Breakfast Roundtables Roundtable discussions feature
the best in networking and education. Learn from other
industry leaders and share your knowledge, methods and
procedures with your peers on a variety of topics. Enjoy a
breakfast buffet while discussing proven solutions with your
colleagues from around the region. Space is limited so
register early to reserve your seat.
The Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show
Whats New in 2006
PLANET Certification Testing
PLANET (The Professional LandCare
Network) now has 4 exams they can offer
to Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show attendees. If
you want to earn a credential in some aspect of interior-
scaping, landscaping, or turf care, select one of these
programs.
1. CTP-CSL (Certified Turfgrass Professional - Cool
Season Lawns) covers essential knowledge
needed by a turfgrass manager in northern grow-
ing zones. The study material weed, insect and
disease identification/control.
2. COLP (Certified Ornamental Landscape Pro-
fessional) emphasizes tree and shrub main-
tenance procedures with a concentration on land-
scape trees and ornamental woody plant physio-
logy, health care management and establishment.
3. CLP (Certified Landscape Professional) is a pro-
gram for business owners or managers.
4. CLT-I (Certified Landscape Technician - Interior)
is a program for Interior technicians who service
accounts. The study material covers horticulture,
maintenance, pesticide usage, plant ID and
customer service.
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The Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show
2006 Exhibitors
2WayRadioPlusAcorn FarmsAdvan LLCAdvanced Turf SolutionsAGRO-CHEM, INC.Allegheny Lawn & GolfAlvis MaterialsThe Andersons
Applied BiochemistsAQUA DOC Lake &
Pond ManagementAqua-Aid, Inc.AquatrolsArysta LifescienceBack To NatureBASFBayer Environmental ScienceBecker Underwood
Bell Laboratories, Inc.Best SandBlueYellow, LLCBradfield OrganicsBrookside LabsC&S Turf Care
Equipment, Inc.Central Farm & GardenCentral Sod Farms, Inc.Century EquipmentChemical ContainersCincinnati Booster
Pump Systems
The CISCO CompaniesClark State
Community CollegeCLC LABSThe Clear SolutionClub CarColumbus Turf NurseryCommercial Tire
Service Co., Inc.Compensation
Consultants, Inc.
Country Stone, Inc.Custom Manufacturing, Inc.Cutter Equipment Co.Dakota Peat & EquipmentDow AgroSciencesEagle One Golf ProductsEquipment CaddyESD Waste2Water, Inc.Excell MineralsFairway ProductsFirst ProductsFMCFoley UnitedForestry Suppliers, Inc.From Tee To GreenGCSAA Central Ohio ChaptersGeo. Shack GolfTechGolfweeks SuperNEWS
Golf Creations/Lohmann Golf DesignsGreen Velvet Sod
Farms, Ltd.GreenjacketGrigg BrothersGro-Power, Inc.Grounds MaintenanceH&E Sod NurseryH & H Farm Machine Co.Harco FittingsHarper IndustriesHelena Chemical Co.
Huggett Sod Farm, Inc.IKEX, LLCInfinity SportsITT Flowtronex PSIJ. Davis Marking SystemsJacklin Seed/JR SimplotJacobsen, A Textron CompanyJMD CompanyJohn Wiley & SonsKnox Fertilizer CompanyL.T. Rich Products
Landscape & Irrigation(Green Media)
Laser-Grader Mfg.LastecLavy Ents. Turf Grass, Inc.Lebanon TurfLely USA, Inc.Lesco, Inc.Liquid Fence Co.Locke Turf Corp.Logan Labs, LLCMarkers, Inc.Mid American Ag.
and Hort. Svcs.Mid Ohio Golf Car, Inc.Midwest Turf ConsultantsMillstone Golf &
Turf Products, Inc.
Morral Companies, LLCMusco Lighting, LLCNational Mower Co.Nature Safe Natural
& Organic FertilizersNeary TechnologiesOglebay NortonOhio Lawn Care AssociationOhio State ATIOhio Utilities Protection Svc.Otterbine Barebo, Inc.Par Aide Products Co.PBI Gordon Corp.
PermaGreen SupremePhoenix Environmental CarePitt Power Products Co.Plant Food Co., Inc.Power Equipment Dist., IncPrinceton Delivery
Systems, Inc.Professional Turf
Products, LLCProfile ProductsProSource One
Questex MediaRaden Enterprises, Inc.Range Servant AmericaReal Green SystemsRegal Chemical Co.Ring Industrial Group, LPRiverdale/NufarmSALSCO, Inc.Schreiner Golf, Inc.The Seed CenterSePRO CorporationSISCOSmithco, Inc.Southern Athletic FieldsSouthwest LandmarkSpyker SpreadersStrategic Turf Systems, Inc.Syngenta Professional
ProductsTECH Sales-Golf Course Div.Turf Diagnostics & DesignTurf ProductsTurfco Mfg.Turfgrass, Inc.Turfline, Inc.TurfWorks Int l, Ltd.TYCROP Manufacturing, Ltd.UAP
Ventrac By VentureProducts, Inc.
VGM Financial Services
Walker Supply, Inc.Watertronics, Inc.Wehrkamp Enterprises, Inc.Wolf Creek CompanyXenia Power EquipmentXGD Systems
Nearly every product or service for managing turfgrass will be on display at this years OTF show. More than 250 exhibitors willoccupy more than 50,000 square feet of exhibit space. This is a great chance to view the latest products and services while
learning from many of the industrys most knowledgeable experts the suppliers. Following is a list of companies already planning
to exhibit (as of September 22). To add your name to this growing list of leading industry suppliers, call OTF at 888- 683-3445.
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Over the last 30 years ice core records have been systematically
recovered from ten high-elevation ice fields, nine of which are
located in the low latitudes. Three lines of evidence for abrupt
climate change both past and present are presented. First, annually
and decadally temperature proxy and net mass balance histories
for the last 400 years and 2000 years, respectively, demonstrate
that the current warming at high elevations in the mid- to lower
latitudes is unprecedented for at least the last two millennia.
Second, the continuing retreat of most mid to low-latitude glaciers,
many having persisted for thousands of years, signals a recent
and abrupt change in the Earths climate system. Finally, rooted,
soft-bodied wetland plants, now exposed along the margins as the
Quelccaya ice cap (Peru) retreats, have been radiocarbon dated and
when coupled with other widespread proxy evidence, provides strong
evidence for an abrupt mid-Holocene climate event that marked the
transition from early Holocene warmer conditions in Peru to cooler,
late Holocene conditions.
This abrupt event, roughly 5200 years ago, was widespread and
spatially coherent through much of the world and was coincident
with structural changes in several civilizations. These three lines
of evidence argue that the present warming and associated glacier
The Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show
Keynote Address
retreat are unprecedented in some areas for at least 5200 years
The ongoing global scale, rapid retreat of mountain glaciers is no
only contributing to global sea level rise, but threatening fresh wate
supplies in many of the worlds most populous regions. The current
and present danger posed by ongoing climate change and the human
response will be discussed.
Lonnie G. Thompson is one of the worlds foremost authorities on
paleoclimatology and glaciology. He has led more than 50 expedi-
tions during the last 30 years, conducting ice-core drilling programsin the worlds polar regions as well as in tropical and subtropical ice
fields.
Recently, Thompson and his team developed lightweight solar-
powered drilling equipment for the acquisition of histories from ice
fields in the high Andes of Peru and on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania
The results of these histories, published in more that 180 articles
have contributed greatly toward the understanding of the Earths
past, present and future climate system.
Other Thompson-led expeditions have recovered a 460-meter-long
ice core, the worlds longest from a mountain range (Alaska, 2002)the first tropic ice core (Peru, 1983); and cores containing the
entire sequence of the Last Glacial Stage as well as cores dating ove
750,000 years in age, the oldest outside the polar regions (Tibet
1992). Thompsons research has resulted in major revisions in the
field of paleoclimatology, in particular, by demonstrating how tropica
regions have undergone significant climate variability, countering an
earlier view that higher latitudes dominate climate change.
Thompson has received numerous honors and awards. In 2005, he
was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and was awarded
the John and Alice Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement. He
has been selected by TimeMagazine and CNN as one of Americas
Best in science and medicine. His research has been featured in
hundreds of publications, including National Geographic and the
National Geographic AdventureMagazines.
He and his team are the subject of a new book entitled: Thin Ice
Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the Worlds Highest Mountains
by Mark Bowen published in late 2005. In 2006, he has been elect-
ed member of the American Philosophical Society, Alumni membe
of Phi Beta Kappa and chosen to receive the Roy Chapman Andrews
Society, 2007 Distinguished Explorer Award.
OTF is pleased to welcome Dr. Lonnie Thompson as this years
Keynote. This is one presentation you will not want to miss!
Tuesday, December 5 3:00 4:30 pm
ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE:
PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Dr. Lonnie Thompson
Distinguished University Professor,
School of Earth Sciences
Senior Research Scientist,
Byrd Polar Research Center, OSU
Sponsored By:
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The Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show
Hotel Information/
Conference Preview
Hotel Accommodations
Planning an overnight stay during the 2006 Ohio Turf-grass Conference & Show? Plan ahead and reserveyour hotel rooms early. Many hotels may be sold out ifyou wait too long.
Discount pricing has been negotiated at the following
hotels. Make sure to inform the reservation desk thatyou are with the Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Showwhen making reservations.
IMPORTANT: OTF urges you to make accommodationsby contacting the following hotels. Room reservationsmade outside the OTF room block may result in financialpenalties to OTF and lead to higher registration andexhibitor fees in the future!
Hyatt Regency Columbus (Host Hotel)
350 North High St Columbus, OH 43215614-463-1234$126 + Tax Single/Double$146 + Tax Triple$155 + Tax QuadCut-off date: November 7, 2006Online Reservations:www.columbus.hyatt.com/groupbooking/cmhrcgras2006
Hampton Inn & Suites
501 North High St Columbus, OH 43215614-559-2000$112 + Tax Single/Double$152 + Tax King Suite
Cut-off date: November 3, 2006(Refer to Code OT6 when making reservations)
Drury Inn & Suites
88 East Nationwide Blvd Columbus, OH 43215614-221-7008$99 + Tax Single/Double$109 + Tax Triple/QuadCut-off date: November 18, 2006
2006 OTF CONFERENCE PROGRAM
TUESDAY, DECEMBER 5
GOLF TRACK
8:00 AM 3:00 PM
GCSAA Workshop Taking Control of Green SpeedDr. Thomas Nikolai, Michigan State University, Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences
SPORTS TURF TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
Managing Sports Fields with Limited PesticidesDr. Dave Shetlar, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Entomology
9:00 AM 10:00 AMField Construction Options with Budgets in MindMark Heinlein, The Motz Group
10:00 AM 11:00 AM
New Developments in Turfgrass Species and Cultivars for Sports FieldsDr. Leah Brilman, Seed Research of Oregon
11:00 AM 12:00 PM
Topdressing Sports FieldsDr. Chuck Darrah, CLC LABS
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
Infield DirtLuke Yoder, San Diego Padres, PETCO Park
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Water Movement in Sports Field Profiles and Related Drainage StrategiesDr. Ed McCoy, OARDC School of Natural Resources
LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
Irrigation Layout and DesignRob Kurtz, Century Equipment
9:00 AM 10:00 AM
Winterization of Landscape Irrigation SystemsGreg Hymer, C-Tech Solutions
10:00 AM 11:00 AM
Water Audits for Landscape Irrigation SystemsScott Knowles, Wolf Creek Company
11:00 AM 12:00 PM
Equipment Options for Maximum System PerformanceSteve Young, Century Equipment
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
Bidding and PricingJim Burkart, James Burkart Associates
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Proper Techniques for Landscape Irrigation Installation and RepairScott Yerkes, Southern Lawn Sprinklers
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ASSISTANTS/TECHNICIANS TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
Effective Use of Dry/Liquid PesticidesDr. John Street, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
9:00 AM 10:00 AM
Understanding the Dos & Donts of Plant Growth RegulatorSelection and UseDr. Dennis Shepard, Syngenta Chemical Co.
10:00 AM 11:00 AMBasic Safety Its an Every Minute ThingGary Hanson, American Safety & Health
11:00 AM 12:00 PM
Keys to Diagnosing Abiotic and Biotic Disorders of TurfgrassJoe Rimelspach, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Plant Pathology
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
Safe Machinery OperationGary Hanson, American Safety & Health
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Selecting the Right Nozzle for the Right Job
Dr. Mike Fidanza, Penn State University/Berks Campus
GENERAL SESSIONS TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
Aquatics/Pond ManagementCharles Behnke, Horticulturist and Ohio State University Emeritus
9:00 AM 10:00 AM
Shrub and Flower Bed Weed ControlDr. Mimi Rose, Rose Consulting
10:00 AM 10:30 AM
New Approaches to Controlling Fairy Ring in Lawn Turf
Dr. Mike Fidanza, Penn State University/Berks Campus
10:30 AM 11:15 AMEndophyte Enhanced Turfgrasses and Fertility Getting the Most Out of Turf Plant ResistanceDr. Doug Richmond, Purdue University
11:15 AM 12:00 PM
How to Incorporate Organic Programs into Your Current Serviceand Make it ProfitableMark Grunkemeyer, Buckeye Ecocare and Ken Quandt, Nature Safe
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
Turf Insect Control on a Tight Budget
Dr. Doug Richmond, Purdue University
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Interpreting the Label to Be Legal, Safe and Environmentally ProtectiveJoanne Kick-Raack, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Entomology
HUMAN RESOURCES TRACK
8:00 AM 9:30 AM
Ten Reasons I Wont Work for YouBill Hoopes, Grass Roots Training
9:30 AM 12:00 PM
Employee DisciplineDr. Bernie Erven, The Ohio State University
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
How to Be An Amazing LeaderBill Hoopes, Grass Roots Training
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Removing Barriers to CommunicationDr. Bernie Erven, The Ohio State University
GENERAL EVENING WORKSHOPS
7:00 PM 9:00 PM
Turfgrass Insects Facts, Fictions, Myths and RealitiesDr. Dave Shetlar, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Entomology
7:00 PM 9:00 PM
Ornamental Weed Control StrategiesDr. Hannah Mathers, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 6
GOLF TRACK
7:00 AM 9:00 AM
Breakfast with the USGA
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
Poa annua Control The Latest Scoop and Agronomic PerceptionsDr. Bruce Branham, University of Illinois, Natural Resources & Eco. Sciences
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Effect of Nozzle Type and Spray Volume on Fungicide PerformanceDr. Mike Fidanza, Penn State University/Berks Campus
3:00 PM 4:00 PM
Understanding the Phosphonate Products and their Usein Disease Control StrategiesDr. Peter Landschoot, Penn State University, Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences
4:00 PM 4:30 PM
Researching the New Bentgrasses Agronomic Interpretations
Dr. Cale Bigelow, Purdue University, Dept. of Agronomy
SPORTS TURF TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AMNew Herbicide Technology & Their Use Strategies for Sports Field ManagementDr. Bruce Branham, University of Illinois, Natural Resources & Eco. Sciences
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
Renovation of Fields in the Dominican RepublicLuke Yoder, San Diego Padres, PETCO Park
2:00 PM 3:00 PMRenovation and Management of Purdue University Ross Ade FieldDr. Cale Bigelow, Purdue University, Dept. of Agronomy
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3:00 PM 4:00 PM
Selection and Assessment of Infill Turf SystemsDr. Chuck Darrah and Dr. Charles Mancino, CLC LABS
GENERAL SESSIONS TRACK
7:00 AM 8:00 AMBreakfast Roundtables
7:00 AM 8:00 AM
Nozzle Selection for Enhancing Pesticide Application EfficiencyDr. Dennis Shepard, Syngenta Chemical Co.
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
Ten Keys to Tree Problem DiagnosticsJim Chatfield, OSU Extension-Wooster
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
Bug Alert!/Strategies for Rescue TreatmentsDr. Doug Richmond, Purdue University
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Industrial Vegetation ControlScott Lucas, Ohio Dept. of Transportation
3:00 PM 4:00 PM
Termites in the Landscape Mulch Mania!Dr. Susan Jones, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Entomology
SOD PRODUCERS TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
New Developments in Turfgrass Species and Cultivars for Sod ProductionDr. Leah Brilman, Seed Research of Oregon
9:00 AM 10:00 AM
Latest Developments with Heat Tolerant BluegrassesDr. Travis Teuton, University of Missouri-Columbia, Div. of Plant Sciences
10:00 AM 11:00 AM
New Herbicide Technology in Turfgrass Weed ManagementDr. Bruce Branham, University of Illinois, Natural Resources & Eco. Sciences
LAWN & GROUNDS TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
The Business of Snow RemovalDoug Freer, Blue Moose Co., Inc.
1:00 PM 2:00 PMThe Future of H2B in the Industry
Chris Hayes, Groundmasters, Inc.
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Defining IPM and Techniques That Really WorkDr. Thomas Nikolai, Michigan State University, Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences
3:00 PM 4:00 PMNew Herbicide Technology for Perennial Grassy Weedsand Other Weed Control AdvancesDr. Bruce Branham, University of Illinois, Natural Resources & Eco. Sciences
MISCELLANEOUS SESSIONS
1:00 PM 2:00 PM
Back Yard Aquatic HabitatsDr. Laura Deeter, OSU/ATI
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Useful Native Trees, Shrubs and Flowers for Ohio LandscapesDr. Pablo Jourdan, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
3:00 PM 4:00 PM
ODA Enforcement Guidelines and Regulatory UpdateDr. Bill Pound, Ohio Dept. of Agriculture
4:00 PM 5:00 PM
OSU Turf Science Team Question and Answer (on the trade show floor)Dr. John Street, Pam Sherratt, Dr. Ed McCoy, Joe Rimelspach, Dr. Mike
Boehm, Dr. Dave Gardner, Dr. Karl Danneberger and Dr. Dave Shetlar
EVENING PANELS
7:00 PM 9:00 PM
The Thinking Superintendent: Stress Management StrategiesDr. Karl Danneberger, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
and a Panel of Superintendents
7:00 PM 9:00 PM
Turf & Landscape Diagnostics:
An Evening with the Treevorkians and the BugDoc!
Joe Boggs, Jim Chatfield and Dr. Dave Shetlar, OSU Extension
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7
GOLF TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
Strategies to Delay Disease ResistanceRick Fletcher, Cleary Chemical Company
9:00 AM 10:00 AM
Selecting Bentgrasses for Greens, Tees and Fairwayswith Emphasis on Disease ResistanceDr. Peter Landschoot, Penn State University, Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences
10:00 AM 11:00 AM
Making Sense of Dollar Spot Research from Across the CountryDr. Mike Boehm, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Plant Pathology
1:00 PM 2:00 PMOverview and Update of Moss Control Products for Putting GreensDr. Peter Landschoot, Penn State University, Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Maintaining Bentgrass Fairway Quality Using PGRs, Wetting Agentsand Supplemental Foliar NitrogenDr. Cale Bigelow, Purdue University, Dept. of Agronomy
3:00 PM 4:00 PM
Is There Magic in Liquid Fertilizers?Dr. Chuck Darrah, CLC LABS
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MANAGING A LOW TO MODERATE BUDGET GOLF COURSE TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
Calculating Fertilizer Costs and Decision MakingDr. John Street, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
9:00 AM 10:00 AM
Marketing Your Golf Course Thinking Outside the BoxHank Chafin, Turfgrass Consultant
10:00 AM 11:00 AM
Economical Design Changes and Upgrades to Enhance Your CoursesImage and MarketabilityBrian Huntley, Golf Sense, Inc.
11:00 AM 12:00 PM
Creative Agronomics with Cost in MindDr. Jim Fenstermocher, Robin Hood Golf Course
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Economical Approaches to Disease ControlJoe Rimelspach, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Plant Pathology
3:00 PM 4:00 PM
Economical Approaches to Insect Control
Dr. Dave Shetlar, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Entomology
SPORTS TURF TRACK
8:00 AM 9:15 AM
Morning with the NFL/MLB/MCSTom Jones, Pizza Hut Park, Dallas
9:15 AM 10:00 AM
Athletic Field Paint Selection and UseMark Whitlam, Whitlam Paint Co.
10:00 AM 11:00 AM
Field Presentation on a Limited Budget
John Mott, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Rec. & Grounds
11:00 AM 12:00 PMConstruction of Pizza Hut ParkTom Jones, Pizza Hut Park, Dallas
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Heat Tolerant Bluegrasses Characterization and UseDr. Travis Teuton, University of Missouri-Columbia, Div. of Plant Sciences
3:00 PM 4:00 PMManaging a Multi-Complex Athletic Facility Sharing Some Experiences and Management AdviceTom Jones, Pizza Hut Park, Dallas
TURF BACK TO BASICS TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AMTurfgrass Selections and Keys to Successful EstablishmentPamela Sherratt, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
9:00 AM 10:00 AM
Pre-emergence and Post-emergence Herbicide Performance:Expectations and Reality Panel DiscussionDr. Dave Gardner and Dr. John Street, OSU, Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
10:00 AM 11:00 AM
Understanding Turfgrass Insect Life Cycles and Habitsand Control StrategiesDr. Dave Shetlar, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Entomology
11:00 AM 12:00 PM
Relationships Between Basic Turfgrass Growth and Development,the Environment and Agronomic ProgrammingDr. Karl Danneberger, The Ohio State Univ., Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
Broadleaf Weed Herbicides, Modes of Action and Use StrategiesDr. Dave Gardner, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Hort. & Crop Sciences
3:00 PM 4:00 PM
Regulatory Issues, Future Legislation and Trends in CurrentPesticide Use/MisuseDr. Bill Pound, Ohio Dept. of Agriculture
LAWN & GROUNDS TRACK
8:00 AM 9:00 AM
Animal Control for Turf and OrnamentalsEric Gerhartz, Liquid Fence
10:00 AM 11:00 AM
Heat Tolerant Bluegrasses Characterization and UseDr. Travis Teuton, University of Missouri-Columbia, Div. of Plant Sciences
11:00 AM 12:00 PM
Developing Sound Fertility and Agronomic Programs Based on CurrentResearch and TechnologyDr. Cale Bigelow, Purdue University, Dept. of Agronomy
2:00 PM 3:00 PM
What Does it Take to Make Money Mowing GrassMark Williams, Groundmasters, Inc.
3:00 PM 4:00 PM
How to Estimate or Bid Lawn and Grounds WorkScott Huvler, TD Landscapes, Doug Freer, Blue Moose Co., Inc., Kim Kellogg,
Grasshopper Property Maint., Inc., Mark Grunkemeyer, Buckeye Ecocare and
Mark Williams, Groundmasters, Inc.
MECHANICS WORKSHOP
9:00 AM 11:00 AM
Mechanics WorkshopXenia Power Equipment
12:00 PM 4:00 PMPLANET testing for:
Certified Turfgrass Professional Cool Season Lawns (CTP-CSL) Certified Landscape Professional (CTP)
Certified Landscape Technician-Interior (CLT-I)
Certified Ornamental Landscape Professional (COLP)
2:00 PM 4:00 PM
ODA Testing Pesticide Applicator License Testing for all Categories
ALL SESSION TOPICS, TIMES AND SPEAKERS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE.
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Your Four Best Friends Until Seasons EndJohn Street, Pamela Sherratt and Deborah Holdren, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science,
The Ohio State University
Fall sports is well under way in the Midwest and sports fields are
under the pressure of a variety of sports and levels of activity.
The four keys to success at this time of year or YOUR FOUR
BEST FRIENDS to enhance or maintain field quality to an
acceptable level are fertility, seed, some type of cultivation
and light irrigation.
FERTILIZATION is critical to provide adequate color and
turfgrass growth for regrowth/recuperation from wear and tear.
The key nutrient for color and recuperation is nitrogen. It should
be applied in a complete fertilizer using ratios of approximately
3-1-2 to 5-1-2 of N: P2O5: K
2O. On sand fields, the N:K
20 ratio
can be closer to 1:1. In the fall while soil temperatures are still
at 50 F or higher the nitrogen component of the fertilizer should
be 30-50% slow-release nitrogen. At least two fall applications
of nitrogen fertilizer should be made with the first in early to
mid September and the second as a late-season application
in early November to early December at 1 pound and 1-1/2
pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet, respectively.
For heavily trafficked and worn fields a third application would
be beneficial between the latter two applications in early to
mid October. The late-season fertilization can be mostly or
totally quick-release nitrogen (i.e. urea) because it releases
nitrogen best in the colder weather of November and December.
For late-season fertilization the earlier date is suggested
for the northern Midwest (i.e.Cleveland/Toledo) and the latter
date for the southern Midwest (i.e. Cincinnati). Late-season
fertilization should be applied when turfgrass topgrowth is
slowing or actually stopped and this corresponds to consistent
daytime air temperatures of less than 50 F. The late-season
fertilization applied in the late fall when the grass is still green
but significantly slowed in topgrowth will extend fall greening
enhance late fall/winter/spring root growth, promote winter and
summer hardiness and provide a source of late winter/early
spring nutrients for new seedlings and existing turf.
SPORTST U R F
TIPS
Early to Mid Sept. 1 lbs. N per 30-50%1,000 sq. ft. slow-release
Early to Mid Oct. 1 lbs. N per 30-50%
(optional under heavy use) 1,000 sq. ft. slow-release
Early Nov. to Early Dec. 1 1.5 lbs. per Quick release1,000 sq. ft.
Table 1.FALL ATHLETIC FIELD FERTILIZATION GUIDELINES
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SEED is the second best friend of the sports field manager
during and after the fall playing season. The aim is to provide
seed by over-seeding on a weekly basis to ensure a bank or
reservoir of seed in the soil to germinate and provide cover
when areas become thin and worn. Too often over-seeding
is delayed until after substantial cover has been lost. Also,
usually not enough seed is applied to provide necessary cover
following wear and tear. It is best to top-up the field with
at least 1-2 lbs. of Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass,
or typically a KB/PR mixture (see Table 2). If the budget is
tight, then still it is a must to over-seed the most trafficked,
worn, and damaged areas of the field. Remember seed-
soil contact is the key for best success and this is usually
accomplished by slit seeding in 2 to 4 different directions.
However, our sports turf specialist Pam Sherratt has
preliminary research from last fall (2005) that shows
over-seeding prior to wear or traffic with cleats can result
in as effective or better establishment than slit-seeding.
Cleats must obviously be pressing seeds into the soil in
wear areas creating seed-soil contact. Interesting! Lets
call this seeding method broadcast cleating! So, under the
latter scenario a broadcast seeding before a major game can
be very beneficial for those lacking slit seeders.
Kentucky bluegrass (KB), perennial ryegrass (PR), and tall
fescue (TF) are the three predominant athletic field grasses
for sports fields in the Midwest. The speed of germination
and establishment rate differs markedly among these three
grasses and, therefore, dictates our over-seeding guidelines
and reflects the most beneficial species for over-seeding
during the playing season or in-season (see Table 2). The
Turfgrass Evaluation Program called NTEP is the best sourceof information on cultivar/variety selection for all species. The
on-line site address is www.ntep.org. It is essential in over-
seeding with mostly PR that gray leafspot resistant cultivars
be the primary choice.
DORMANT SEEDING is a practice that is carried out at the
end of the season usually in late November/December in
combination with coring. Temperatures are not conducive for
seed germination at this time of year so the seeds remain
dormant and ready to germinate with the first favorable
soil temperatures in the spring. This is the best time to
reintroduce mainly KB seed into the field for germination
and establishment the next spring. Coupling late fall dorman
over-seeding of KB, coring and late-season fertilization is a
great way to end the season and start 2007.
CULTIVATION in the fall once play resumes is primarily
limited to solid tining with solid tine sizes of 1/4", 1/2", to
5/8", slicing, or spiking on an as needed basis. These latte
practices help relieve compaction by breaking and loosening
the surface crust, provide some openings and channels
for water movement and root growth and provide lodging
channels for additional seed/soil contact. Hollow tine coring
can be done but usually requires core removal to avoid a
messy soil surface for play.
The time for hollow core tining is late fall after the playing
season ends and should be performed 6-8 times across the
field and even more in heavily trafficked areas. Soil cores
need not be removed. The old coring motto for fall renovation
after the season on sports fields is you should make it look
a little worst in order to ultimately make it look better.
This is also a great time, as mentioned, to couple major
KB over-seeding and late-season fertilization.
Finally, LIGHT WATERING OR IRRIGATION to provide surface
moisture in the upper 1/4" is beneficial to enhancing both the
speed of germination and the rate of establishment. On dryer
and warmer days in the early part of the season this may need
to be done several times a day to stimulate germination and
avoid desiccation and seedling mortality. This light watering isusually best performed once around 11 AM to noon and again
around 2 to 4 PM, if possible. Light watering for this purpose
is defined as syringing and usually requires only a few turn
cycles of an automatic irrigation system (i.e. maximum of
2-3 minutes to just moisten the surface). I recommended
hand syringing for several reasons: (1) it can be more exactly
monitored, (2) water can be targeted to only those areas tha
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 13
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need it and (3) certain areas can be syringed more often if
needed without over watering the entire field. Hand syringing
is more labor intensive and will usually require one man to
commit several hours a day to this effort. Avoid watering
before a field event and over watering. Watering for seed
germination and seedling establishment is both an art
and science in that the objective is to grow new grass but
not over water the field or have it to wet or moist before
an event. It takes good logic, some common sense, short
term decision making, and yes, a little luck.
Obviously, avoiding traffic on damaged areas that are
under this type of recovery is highly beneficial, if possible
Finally, for those on a tight budget, seek volunteers in the
community (i.e. retirees, booster club members, etc.) tha
could effectively perform tasks like hand syringing in a
reliable manner with just a little schooling. I have seen this
approach work very well because many of these individuals
are looking for something to do for 3-5 hours a day and
consider it an honor to help. They take pride in what they
do and their community.
SPECIES TIME NEEDED ESTABLISHED RATE TYPICAL SEED RATE IN-SEASON RATE
BETWEEN (PER WEEK)
SEEDING & PLAY
KB 9 Months + Slow 1 2 lbs. NA**
TF/KB (90% 10%) 9 Months + Moderate 4 6 lbs. NA
KB/PR (80% 20%) 6 Months + Moderate 2 3 lbs. NA
TF/PR (80% 20%) 6 Months + Moderate 5 6 lbs. NA
KB/PR (50% 50%)* 3 Months + Moderate/Quick 3 4 lbs. 1 2 lbs.
PR/KB (80% 20%)* 3 4 Weeks Quick 6 8 lbs. 3 4 lbs.
(visible greening
in 5 10 days)
PR alone (100%)* 3 4 Weeks Quick 6 8 lbs. 3 4 lbs.
(visible greening
in 5 10 days)
* PR/KB and PR alone are the most realistic and cost effective for over-seeding in-season. The slow germination and establishment rateof KB in- season results in little, if any, in-season benefit.
** NA (Not Applicable) due to slow to moderate estab rate for in-season over-seeding.
Table 2.SPECIES SELECTION GUIDELINES FOR FALL OVER-SEEDING
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Watch for Drought Stress over Drain-Lines
on your Push-up GreensDr. Ed McCoy, The Ohio State University, OARDC
Its an unavoidable consequence that soil water content in the
surface layer of a push-up green varies with the pattern of
effective subsurface drainage elements. That is, if a drainage
system is doing its job, water contents will always be greater
midway between drain-lines and lower over the drain-lines.
And it bears repeating that this is particularly so for push-up
greens containing a topdressing sand cap.
Consider, for example, PCD and XGD, two common drainage
systems that can be installed in push-up greens and seek to
avoid the turf management problems associated with the use of
coarsely textured and clean sands placed to the surface of the
green. The PCD system consists of FloWick elements placed
at 9 to 10 inch depth and at 3 foot spacing within the area
being drained. Additionally, a 3/8 inch wide sand curtain ex-
tends from the base of the sand cap to the FloWick drain. The
XGD system consists of corrugated plastic pipe at 14 to 16
inch depth and 6 foot spacing across the green. The 2 inch
diameter pipe with sand-slot perforations is placed in a 4 inch
wide trench backfilled with a 6:2:2 sand:soil:peat blend.
Our illustration of soil water content variation for both systems
results from a water flow simulation where both systems are
placed in a 12 foot wide by 35 inch deep push-up green soi
profile consisting of a 4 inch sand cap over a clay loam soil
Additionally, both systems are uniformly wetted and flow i
initiated by a 1 inch rain.
Shown below are water contents along a 3660 mm (12 foot
transect intersecting 4 drain-lines of a PCD system and 2 drain-
lines of an XGD system. In both cases, the water content curves
correspond to 12 hours after the end of the rain (when flow
from the XGD system had ceased) and a depth of 0.5 inches.
The graphs show that both systems create a water conten
pattern with higher water contents between the drainage
GOLFC O U R S E
TIPS
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RESIDENTIAL
LAWN CARE
TIPS
Identification & Control of Wintertime
Turfgrass WeedsD.S. Gardner, Dept. of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University
Most of the weeds that we encounter in turfgrass are either
summer annuals (which germinate in spring, grow and set seedin summer, then die in the fall), or, perennials (which persist
for multiple seasons). There are, however, a few winter annual
weeds in turfgrass, such as annual bluegrass, common chick-
weed, and henbit. Less common winter annual weeds in turf
include shepards purse, veronica, and purple deadnettle.
In some years, these weeds may warrant control and some un-
derstanding of the ecology and life cycle of these weeds can be
of assistance in determining control strategies. Winter annuals
germinate in the fall and bloom and set seed in the spring. Like
summer annual weeds, they spread by seed, not vegetatively
like ground ivy or other perennial weeds.
Proper identification of a weedy species is the first step to
determining the best control strategy. Use the information in
the figure captions to identify common chickweed and henbit,
which are the two most common winter annual weeds in turf in
Ohio (Figure 1). There are also a few perennial weeds that are
more visible in late winter or early spring, such as wild onion,
wild garlic, and Star-of-Bethlehem (Figure 2).
Henbit and Common Chickweed
Both are highly competitive in thin or dormant turf or in newly
seeded areas. However, a vigorous lawn will tend to out-compete them. So, the best defense against henbit and
common chickweed is to properly maintain your turfgrass.
This includes selecting the right species for the location
and usage and proper cultural practices (proper mowing,
fertility, irrigation and aeration).
If, however, a herbicide is required, the timing of application is
very important for optimal control. The chief concern is that a
dense mat of winter annual weeds, after they die in the spring,
will open a bare spot in the turf that may be filled in by crabgrass
and other summer annual weeds. Since winter annuals thrive incool, moist conditions, germination depends on a combination
of lower soil temperature and increased precipitation. In years
in which there are very warm temperatures and little precip-
itation in early fall, germination is delayed. Therefore, timing of
pre- and especially postemergence herbicides would need to
be delayed.
Both species can be controlled preemergence with a fall app-
lication. However, this application will likely degrade and not be
effective against annuals next spring so a specific preemergence
application targeting these weeds would only be justified in
the most severe cases of infestation. Best control of winter an-nuals with postemergence herbicides is achieved if applications
are made in the fall to actively growing plants. Remember to
read and follow manufacturer directions and recommendations
on the label. Ideally, henbit and chickweed can be controlled
with the same fall application that targets dandelions and other
perennial broadleaf weeds. However, if the application is made
too early in the fall, these species will continue to germinate
from seed, which will require reapplication for effective control
If necessary, postemergence herbicides can be used on winte
annuals in the spring. You must use extra caution with spring
applied herbicides, since newly emerging leaves of ornamentals
are extra sensitive to broadleaf herbicides. Avoid applicationswhen temperatures are above 80F or when it is windy. Also
you must target the application no later than when the weed is
flowering. Since they are annuals, control after it has set seed
is not warranted.
Annual Bluegrass
Poa annuamay be annual or perennial. The annual biotypes are
opportunistic, that is they germinate at just about any time of the
year. However, annual bluegrass is technically a winter annua
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with a primary flush of germination in October. Development of
100% effective annual bluegrass controls has been elusive, but
there are some recommendations. Velocity is an example of a
postemergence herbicide for annual bluegrass control. Consult
the label for specifics. Some superintendents report good
success with sequential applications of Prograss post-
emergence. In addition, some of our preemergence herbicides
are also labeled for annual bluegrass control and most research
shows that you can achieve an 80-90% reduction in germ-ination. It is very important to consult the label and begin
preemergence applications in early September, before annual
bluegrass begins to germinate. The problem with using pre-
emergence controls may be one of economics and also safety
to creeping bentgrass (if attempting to control annual blue-
grass on a putting green).
Wild Garlic and Wild Onion (Allium sp.) and Star of
Bethlehem (Ornithogalum sp.)
These species become quite noticeable in turf in late winter or
early spring, because they green up and grow a few week before
the turf does. As a result, they tend to be visible as clumps of
foliage up to 12 inches in height in otherwise still dormant turf.
They are monocots, like our grasses, but they are not grasses.
Just as sedges are a different than grasses, so to are the
Allium and Ornithogalum species. In fact, these are more close
ly related to amaryllis and daffodils. There in lies the problem
There are not scads of research dollars being devoted to de-
velop herbicides that effectively control daffodils or related
species. Thus, dedicated selective controls for these weeds do
not exist. If you have a serious problem, you can attempt to
treat them with the three way post-broadleaf herbicide o
your choice, but with the caveat that the herbicides are notspecifically designed to control these weeds and therefore you
results may be variable. 2,4-D alone is also a good choice. Your
best option may be to keep them cut short, either by mowing
or with hand shears. As bulbs, they persist vegetatively fo
a period after flowering and then the foliage dies back for the
season. If you mow or otherwise defoliate them early, you
weaken the plant and diminish its ability to develop next year.
Winter annual and perennial weeds are usually not our most
serious weeds in turf. However, they can, on occasion, become
quite noticeable. The key is to recognize the uniqueness of the
life cycle, and target your herbicide application for the right time
of year.
Common Chickweed Stellaria media(Glabrous leaves are rounded at the base and pointed at the tip.
Small white flowers with deeply notched petals.)
Wild Garlic Allium vineale
Wild Onion A. Canadense(Garlic has hollow leaves, onion has flat leaves.)
Star of Bethlehem Ornithogalum umbellatum(White flowers with 6 petals.
Leaves have a distinct, grooved midrib.)
FIGURE 1. WINTER ANNUAL BROADLEAF WEEDS
FIGURE 2. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS WEEDS OF WINTER
Henbit Lamium amplexicaule(Square stems. Terminal leaves attached directly
to main stem. Lower leaves on short branches.)
Annual Bluegrass Poa annua(Boat shaped leaf tips. Bunch type growth habit
and a distinct membranous ligule.)
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The Time for the Next STEP is Now!Jim Chatfield & John Conglose, OSU Extension Center, Wooster and T. Davis Sydnor, School of Natural
Resources, The Ohio State University
This project started in 2005 at the Ohio State University Extension
Center at Wooster with strong partnership of a number of OSU
entities and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of
Forestry, the Ohio green industry and Ohio communities. Why is it
time to take the Next STEP?
We are at a critical juncture for public awareness of the impacts
of community forests in the Midwest and throughout the U.S. This
is due to two key developments. First is the threat to these forests
and local economies and environments from a number of major
invasive species, most notably for us in Ohio the emerald ash
borer. Second is the emergence of powerful tools to measure the
environmental, economic and social impacts of why trees matter,
most notably the development of the iTree suite of analysis by the
U.S Forest Service, Davey Tree Expert Co., the National Arbor Day
Foundation and the Society of Municipal Arborists.
Because of these two factors, this is the teachable moment for
raising public awareness of why trees in community forests
matter. Utilizing tools such as iTree, our Ohio Street Tree Ev-
aluation Program, and our Master Gardener Tree Steward Program,
we plan to develop a set of training tools for urban foresters,
arborists, community tree programs and volunteers, and public
officials that will arm them to make the case for developing of
local and regional tree management programs. These tools include
street tree inventory training protocols, targeted case studies
illustrating the effects of street tree selection decisions, pub-
lications detailing the economic, environmental, and social effects
illustrating why trees matter and website tools including tree
identification guides.
Next STEP will build upon two programs of OSU and its partners
that ran from the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s: the Shade Tree
Evaluation Plot at OSUs Secrest Arboretum at the Ohio Agricultura
Research and Development Center in Wooster and the origina
Street Tree Evaluation Program at 96 sites throughout Ohio. This
two-pronged effort was started by M.W. Staples, retired vice-
president of the Davey Tree Expert Company and Dr. L.C. Chadwick
professor emeritus of Ohio State Universitys Department of
Horticulture.
These projects resulted in a great deal of good information. The
Shade Tree Evaluation Plot was widely relied upon by the green
industry, urban foresters, researchers, graduate students and
many others until its decommission in 1996. For example, as Keith
Warren of J. Frank Schmidt and Sons Co. noted, If it had not been
for the ratings of Red Sunset red maple at Secrest, it would have
never reached its claim to fame. In recent years the plot has been
thinned by Secrest Arboretum curator Ken Cochran with retention
of many of the more successful specimens as a demonstration
plot.
The Street Tree Evaluation program also produced useful results
regarding how much particular species and cultivars grew and how
many survived from the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s. These results
were published in OSU Bulletin 877. With the Next STEP program
HORTS H O R T S
COLUMN
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however, we want to go beyond the horticulture findings of how
many trees survived and how much they grew. We want to look
more carefully at how these trees affected their communities.
With that in mind, an important community tree forum is scheduled
for October 11 of this year. Here are the details:
Next STEP Community Tree Forum: October 11, 2006
Why Trees Matter Environmental, Economic and Social
Benefits and Impacts of Community Forests
WHO: This forum is a program of the Ohio State University Next
STEP (Street Tree Evaluation Program), OSUs Secrest Arboretum,
and the Ohio State Universitys Extension Center at Wooster.
Why Trees Matter is for all those interested in Ohios commun-
ity forests: street tree commissions, mayors, arborists and urban
foresters, utility companies, economic development and resource
managers, nurserymen and landscapers, and all citizens of Ohio in-
terested in the resource of trees in our urban and suburban areas.
WHAT: The keynote address is by Dr. David V. Bloniarz, the project
coordinator of the USDA Forest Services Northeast Center for Urban
and Community Forestry at the University of Massachusetts/
Amherst. Dr. Bloniarz has worked on numerous urban forestry
projects throughout the northeast U.S., including volunteer street
inventories in communities of various sizes in Massachusetts and
in New York City. He is a key scientist in developing models and
software for determining values of streetscape trees, developing
volunteer-driven inventories of urban forests and in community and
natural resource management in community forests. Dr. Bloniarz
will address Why Trees Matter in terms of current and emerging
research of environmental, social and economic benefits of trees.
WHEN: Wednesday, October 11, 9:30 AM 4:00 PM
WHERE: Fisher Auditorium and Secrest Arboretum, OSUs Ohio
Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster Ohio.
WHY: To activate Ohioans to understand, engage in and enhance
the enormous environmental, economic and social assets of their
community forests.
HOW: To register, contact Sue Beasley at beasley.37@osu.edu
or at Secrest Arboretum, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster OH 44691
(330-263-3886). There is a registration fee of $50 which includes
lunch, refreshments and educational materials. If you have
questions about the Forum, please contact Jim Chatfield
(chatfield.1@osu.edu or John Conglose (conglose.1@osu.edu)
330-263-3799, OSU Extension Center at Wooster, 1680 Madison
Ave., Wooster OH 44691).
THE SCHEDULE FOR THE DAY IS:
9:30 9:50 Arrival, Registration and Refreshments
9:50 10:00 Welcome John Conglose and Jim Chatfield,
OSUE Next STEP Program
10:00 11:30 Why Trees Matter Dr. Paul Bloniarz, USDA
11:30 12:00 Why Tree Research in Ohio Matters
Dr. Dan Herms, OSU Entomology
12:00 12:45 Lunch
12:45 1:15 Community Tree Resources for Ohio
OSU Next STEP Program
1:15 2:45 Tour of New Site for OSU Community
Forest Research Plot
2:45 3:00 Break
3:00 4:00 Facilitated Discussion of Community
Tree Plots at Secrest and Throughout Ohio
From Dr. Bloniarz and Why Trees Matter to being present a
the seeds of creation of the next tree plots in Wooster and a
sites throughout Ohio what a day! Parvis e glandibus quercus
Mighty oaks from little acorns grow.
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kind of funny when I went to meet with the other assistants.
Adam walked out of his office to shake hands, we looked at each
other and said, wait a minute, I know you. What a surprise. Having
worked as an assistant superintendent at both Hurstbourne
Country Club and Louisville Country Club in Kentucky, no one put
together the Ohio State connection between Adam and me.
Mahl also entered Ohio State ATI in the autumn of 1998 to pursuea degree in Turfgrass Management. During his educational
experience at Ohio State, Jason served as President of ATIs Turf
Club and was recognized by OTF for outstanding scholarly per-
formance. In 1999, he successfully completed his turfgrass
management industry internship at the Kirtland Country Club, in
Cleveland, Ohio, and after graduation in the spring of 2000 accept-
ed an apprentice superintendent position at the Sharon Golf Club
near Akron. Since graduation from ATI, each professional position
I have held has been instrumental in preparing me for stepping to
the next level. Most recently at Pine Valley, I have primarily been
responsible for our pest management program, Mahl offers.
Its always intrigued me about the uniqueness and historical
significance of the golf course/turfgrass management industry.
The industry is big, yet its a small world. Somebody knows some-
one that knows you. Networking is huge. Mahl says. Whats also
interesting is that I have enjoyed the opportunity of working at
two distinctly different golf facilities with an architectural tie. Pine
Valley was designed by George Crump and H. S. Holt dated 1918and Kirtland Country Club was designed by H. S. Holt and C. H.
Allison in 1921. Considering my brief career in this business, what
kind of coincidence is that?
It was learned just prior to my visit to Pine Valley, that Jason Mahl
had just accepted the golf course superintendents position at the
Moraine Country Club in Dayton, Ohio. Jason will be taking over
for long time superintendent Jerry Overbay who is retiring after a
highly successful career of serving the members of Moraine. During
my visit to Pine Valley, Jason and wife Carrie were in Dayton house
hunting.
Zac Wike, Brookfield, Ohio just outside of Youngstown, started
his career in the turfgrass industry at Yankee Run Golf Course,
honored as the number one public golf course in Ohio in 2001. Zac
started out working as a clubhouse assistant. After spending a
couple of years in the clubhouse, I decided to move to the
maintenance crew. My best friends brother, Brian Smoot (OSU
ATI 98), was the superintendent so it made the move a comfort
able one for me, says Wike.
While working under Smoots direction at Yankee Run, Zacs
interest in pursuing a career in the turfgrass industry continued
to grow. Upon graduation from high school in 2004, Zac decided
to enter OSU ATI and seek a degree in turfgrass management. was excited about school, and Brian, who interned at Pebble
Beach, encouraged me to select an internship experience tha
would be both challenging and rewarding. So, I applied at The
Honors Course in Ooltewah, Tennessee outside of Chattanooga
David Stone, superintendent at The Honors Course, allowed me
the opportunity to gain valuable experience in all aspects of golf
course management.
After successfully completing his internship, Zac returned t
school and was elected president of the OSU ATI Turf Club for
the 2005-2006 school year. He was also honored by OTF in 2005
through receiving an academic scholarship. This spring Zac
choose to participate in a second internship in order to gain more
valuable experience. I was invited to return to The Honors Course
which was difficult to turn down, Zac shares. I applied at
Medinah Country Club with the idea of gaining experience in putting
on a major PGA tournament. I was offered a position at Medinah
but, after discussing the Pine Valley internship program with Jason
Mahl, and interviewing over the winter, I decided, it was a oncein a lifetime opportunity. Its turned out to be one of the greatest
decisions Ive made in my short career, reveals Wike. The entire
Pine Valley Golf Club experience was awesome.
Zac will be returning to ATI during the autumn quarter to complete
his degree. Upon completion of my degree, I have several options
to consider. Im just going to take it one step at a time to see
what happens, says Zac.
Josh Hollins, from Oxford, Ohio, had early aspirations of be-
coming a professional golfer and possibly getting into managing
clubhouse operations. Prior to attending Ohio State ATI, Josh
earned an Associate Degree in Golf Shop Operations from the Golf
Academy of the Carolinas. Having worked for the past six seasons
in both clubhouse and maintenance operations, it didnt take long
CONTINUED ON PAGE 24
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to figure out I wanted to be outside and pursue a career as a golf
course superintendent, states Hollins.
In recent years, Hollins has held positions at Indian Ridge Golf Club
and the Oxford Country Club. He has also worked in outside
services at the Desert Mountain Country Club in Scottsdale,Arizona. During the spring and summer of 2005, Josh successfully
completed his turfgrass management internship at Sand Ridge
Golf Club in Chardon, Ohio. I still had a few quarters of school
remaining. So, like Zac, I choose to do a second internship. I en-
joyed the fast paced maintenance intensity at Sand Ridge, so, I
contacted Jason and Adam to get more information about Pine
Valley. They told me to apply and the rest is history.
Hollins will return to ATI during the winter quarter in order to
complete his degree. I wanted to experience the entire fall re-
novation process, so Im sticking around until December. Its been
a great experience and Rick Christian and the entire leadership
team at Pine Valley is the best! Josh plans to keep an open mind
for what lies beyond school. Hes gained turfgrass management
experience in the far west, the midwest and now the east coast.
After returning from New Jersey and reflecting on my visit,
remembered pinching myself several times as I walked around
the golf course taking in the sites. In entering the clubhouse
and gazing at the pictures hanging on the wall and reading the
inscriptions on the silver cup trophies in their cases, I could only
imagine the overwhelming experiences and the lasting impressionsheld by the people who have walked and graced the grounds o
Pine Valley. What an experience. Nearing the end of my visit
I was asked how Pine Valley compares with Augusta National
After a long period of silence, I replied, Each of these golf courses
are unique in their own way and I cant and wont compare them
It wouldnt be fair.
Having enjoyed the pleasure of working at and visiting hundreds
of golf courses and sports turf facilities through the years, its
great to see how young people grow, develop and become
successful. Whats so special about this story is that four ex-
ceptional young people from Ohio State ATI work hard with a great
golf course maintenance team to maintain Hells Half Acre and
the historical integrity of George Crumps dream at Pine Valley
Golf Club in New Jersey, the number one golf club in the world.
Pine Valley GC Assistant Superintendent, Jason Mahl, leading
fall renovation operations on the greens.
Zac Wike after completing a Spray Hawk pesticide application
on the greens.
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 23
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PRODUCT AND SERVICE DONATIONSBy: Jill Taylor, OSU Turfgrass Facility Manager
As you all know, it would be very difficult to deal with plant pests
and broken sprinkler heads without preplanning for pesticides and
backup parts. The Ohio State University OTF Research & Education
Facility is no different.
Working only off of a budget grant each year from the Ohio Turfgrass
Foundation, we are in a position to solicit the help of companies to
donate product to help supplement our budget. We would like to
thank and recognize those companies that keep our facility
running with herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, seed, insecticides,
pond control products and other goods and services. At our recent
Field Day on August 16, we featured these companies with a
display area near the registration area.
It is truly incredible the response we get with our product requests,
even in these tough financial times. I am listing below the donors
that have helped us out in recent seasons. Maybe your company
could be on this list in the future.
Donation of spreaders, fertilizer and other pest control products
Lesco, Monsanto, Verdicon/UAP, Turfgrass South, Syngenta, BASF
Bayer Crop Science, Arvesta, AgroSolutions, Precision Labs, SQM
America, Becker/Underwood, The Andersons, PBI Gordon, Xeni
Power Company, Dow, Helena Chemical, Walker Supply, Griggs
Brothers
Donation of seed for research and general areas:
Jacklin Seed/Simplot, Blue Yellow, Johnson Seed, Central Farm
Barenbrug Seed, Seed Research of Oregon
Donation of sod and spreaders:
Green Velvet Sod Farms
Donation of irrigation parts and service:
Hunter Golf, Irrigation Supply Company, Toro/Century Equipment
Rain One Irrigation, Wolf Creek Company
Donation of various products and services:
OGLEBAY-NORTON COMPANY
USGA topdressing sand & delivery
STRATEGIC TURF
Deep tine aerification service for improving drainage
CLC LABS
Soil testing and consultation
OHIO LANDSCAPE IMPROVEMENT CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION
Earth moving equipment & labor
OHIO MASTER GARDENERS
Landscaping recommendations; turf cultivar trial ratings
MOGAVERO EQUIPMENTLoan of laser equipment for leveling research areas
COVER MASTER & FUTURA
Turf blankets
CITY OF COLUMBUS
Com-Til mulch
THE MOTZ GROUP
Product and service
A display of various products donated to the OTF Research and
Education Facility in 2006.
Ryan Morrison, student employee at the OTF Research and EducationFacility, loads top dressing sand for application. The sand was
donated by Oglebay-Norton Company.
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Managing Earthworm Castings in Low-CutGolf Course TurfR. Chris Williamson, Ph.D. and Seung (Steve) Hong
Earthworms are abundant, well-known inhabitants of the soil,
belonging to the order Oligochaeta, they are often referred to by a
variety of names such as angleworms, fish worms, night crawlers
and dew worms. They are widely considered beneficial organisms
due to certain favorable attributes such as soil formation, aeration
and drainage, organic matter breakdown and incorporation, and
even enhancement of microbial activity (Edwards 2004). It is
estimated that there are as many as 8000 species from about 800
genera worldwide (Edwards 2004). They live in diverse locations,
ranging from forests to lakes and streams, as well as grasslands,
agroecosystems, including turfgrass (Lee 1985, Kirby and Baker
1995, Edwards 2004). Earthworms are found in many regions of
the world occurring in a wide variety of soil types, though they
tend to be relatively scarce in primarily sandy soils.
Earthworms have two primary requirements: moist soil and an
organic-matter food source, both of which are commonly plentiful
on golf courses. In North America, it is estimated that there are
24 species of earthworms, however only three have been report-
ed in turfgrass.
Friend or Foe?
Despite the aforementioned beneficial attributes of earthworms,
they can be problematic due to the earthen casts that they pro-
duce on golf course turf, particularly in shaded, well-irrigated
sites (Backman et al. 2001, Potter 1998, Beard 1973). Of the
three earthworm species found in turf, only two species create
soil castings. The night crawler, Lumbricus terrestrisLinnaeus, is
the most common and abundant species of the two that construct
earthen castings. Earthworm casts are most common on low
cut turf including putting greens, approaches and collars, tee
boxes and fairways (Potter 1998) (Figure 1).
NEWGROWTH &TECHNOLOGY
Figure 1
26
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Earthworm casts disrupt the uniformity, appearance, and play-
ability of affected areas (Beard 1973). Soft wet castings are read-
ily squashed flat by early morning mowing operations, and closely
mowed turf beneath the leveled casting is smothered. As a result,
appearance and playability are negatively impacted in areas of
the course where earthworm populations are dense. Further-
more, such impacted turf areas often experience turf damage or
loss due to the inability of the plants to properly photosynthesize
(Kirby and Baker 1995). Moreover, mechanical damage to mow-
ing equipment including bed knives and reels may occur.
Because earthworms are considered beneficial organisms, no
pesticides are registered or labeled for their control, and any
pesticide application specifically intended to control earthworms
is illegal in the United States. Therefore, alternative, non-
chemical earthworm management strategies are needed.
Earthworms migrate up and down through the soil profile in re-
sponse to changes in soil moisture content and soil temperature.
Because the cuticle (skin) of earthworms is quite sensitive, sand
and other abrasive substances likely irritate and repel them.
This research was aimed at exploiting this weakness.
Casting Suppression Studies
A three-year study was initiated in 2002 on two golf course
fairways at Blackhawk Country Club (Madison, Wis.) where
earthworms were problematic. The fairway was comprised of
a mixture of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris)and annual
bluegrass (Poa annua)maintained at approximately 7/16 inch
(11 millimeters). Respective treatments were applied to 10 x 10
feet plots (i.e., 100 ft2) in a randomized design with four re-
plications per treatment.
Several diverse earthworm casting suppression treatments were
applied in 2002. Based on the promising results obtained from
2002 study, another similar experiment was initiated in 2003 and
2004 that included new treatments. These treatments included a
coarser grade of Black Jack (Figure 2), another abrasive aggregate
called Amber Jack (Figure 3), a subangular topdressing sand, and
Best Sand, an angular topdressing sand (Figure 4).
Figure 4
Figure 3
Figure 2
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Black Jack, a byproduct of the coal industry, is composed of the
remains of coal after it is burned for production of electricity.
Once the coal is burned, the resulting 1-2 inch (2.5-5 centimeter)
colloids are crushed, fractionated into respective size ranges,
demagnetized and kiln-dried. Black Jack is essentially inert,extremely hard, highly angular and predominantly black in color.
Amber Jack, a byproduct of the paper mill industry, is comparable
to Black Jack. It, too, is inert, highly angular and extremely hard,
but it is considerably lighter in color, ranging from almost clear
to reddish amber. Respective treatments and regimes for 2002
and 2003-2004 are as follows:
2002 Treatments
In spring 2002, an earthworm activity study was initiated that
included the following treatments:
Untreated control
Thiophanate-methyl (Clearys 3336) fungicide applied every
14-21 days
Carbaryl (Sevin) insecticide applied every 14-21 days
Soap, Joy dishwashing detergent applied every 7 days
Hydroject, water-injection every 28 days
Dragon spice (ground oriental mustard seed), one application
Zeolite, soil amendment, one 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) application
Black Jack 20/40 crushed coal slag, one 1/8 inch (3.2 mm)
application
2003 2004 Treatments
Untreated control
Thiophanate-methyl, fungicide applied every 21-28 days
(1 gallon spray volume/M)
Thiophanate-methyl, fungicide applied every 21-28 days
(2 gallon spray volume/M)
Black Jack 20/40, spring application only
Black Jack 20/40, fall application only
Black Jack 20/40, spring and fall application
Black Jack 30/60, spring application only
Black Jack 30/60, fall application only
Black Jack 30/60, spring and fall application
Amber Jack, spring application only
Amber Jack, fall application only
Amber Jack, spring and fall application
Best Sand, spring application only
Best Sand, fall application only
Best Sand, spring and fall application 2002 application of Black Jack 20/40
2002 Results
Respective turf plots were evaluated for the mean number o
castings every seven days during the growing season (i.e. Apri
November). The fungicide and insecticide treatments dram
atically reduced earthworm castings to an acceptable level. The
soil amendments (i.e., Black Jack and Zeolite) reduced earth-
worm castings to levels comparable to pesticide applications
All other treatments had relatively little effect on earthworm
activity (Figure 5).
2003 Results
The effects of spring versus fall applications and a combination
of spring and fall application of abrasive topdressing aggregates
were evaluated in the 2003 growing season (April November)
Turf quality, thatch accumulation and disease activity were also
rated throughout the 2003 season to document any possible
adverse effects that a thin layer of abrasive material might have
in the upper root zone of intensively managed golf course turf.
When data collection resumed in April 2003, it was revealed tha
the effectiveness of the Black Jack treatment applied in spring
2002 (more than 12 months earlier) had decreased measurably
We hypothesized that the aggregates effectiveness had de-
creased because of its dispersion or its incorporation into the soil
Similarly, after almost four months, the effectiveness of the spring
2003 application of Amber Jack, Black Jack and Best Sand also
began to decrease. These results further support the idea tha
the aggregates eventually disperse into the soil, thus lose thei
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 27
CONTINUED ON PAGE 30
28
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Figure 5
Figure 6
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effectiveness over time. As a result, additional applications of the
aggregates may be necessary to maximize their effectiveness.
When angular soil aggregates such as Amber Jack, Best Sand
or Black Jack were applied in both spring and fall (combin-ation), sustained suppression of earthworm castings occurred
(Figure 6). No measurable differences the aforementioned
aggregates occurred, or did particle size did have any meaning-
ful effect.
2004 Results
The results in 2004 were similar to 2003. The fungicide treat-
ments provided the greatest reduction in earthworm casting pro-
duction compared to all other treatments, regardless of spray
volume (1 or 2 gallons of water/M) (Figure 7). All of the soil
aggregates tested provided measurably better suppression of
earthworm castings compared to the untreated control. The
combination spring and fall application exhibited sustained
suppression of earthworm castings compared to the spring only
or fall only treatment application, regardless of treatment or
particle size. As previously mentioned, the residual activity
(effectiveness) of single season applications of soil aggregates
appear to decline over time. Thus, multiple treatment app-
lications may be necessary. Since earthworm activity is most
pronounced in the spring and again in the fall when ambient and
soil temperatures are typically lower and soil moisture is greater,
spring and fall topdressing applications of highly angular,
abrasive aggregates may reduce earthworm populations to
tolerable levels.
Potential for use of Abrasive, Angular Aggregates for
Suppression of Earthworm Casts
The results of this study suggest that abrasive, angular aggre-
gates such as Amber Jack, Best Sand and Black Jack may pro-
vide an alternative, legal, non-pesticidal management strategy
for reducing earthworm castings to tolerable levels on low-cut
golf course turf. However, because the potential negative, long-
term attributes of abrasive, highly-angular soil aggregates are
not understood, careful forethought and consideration should be
administered before completely adopting this novel management
strategy. When considering the use of such amendments, begin
by treating only small areas of turf where earthworms are highly
problematic to evaluate this management strategy before adopt-
ing for widespread use.
Making a Decision
What is the significance of this research to superintendents
and why is further research needed? Compare the following
scena
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