Sensory Memory Iconic Memory Echoic Memory. Iconic Memory What is the evidence? Subjective experience Objective measurements Judge duration of a light.
Post on 15-Dec-2015
220 Views
Preview:
Transcript
Sensory Memory
Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
Iconic Memory
What is the evidence?
Subjective experienceObjective measurements
Judge duration of a lightInterferenceSperling’s (1960) work
capacitydecay (forgetting)
Echoic Memory
What is the evidence?
InterferenceDarwin, Turvey & Crowder’s (1972) work capacity (auditory span of apprehension) decay (forgetting)Modality Effect (in terminal list positions)
Though there are problems for echoic memory
Info
SENSORY
STORES
Info
Info
SENSORY
STORES
Info InfoShort-termMemory
Info
SENSORY
STORES
Info InfoShort-termMemory
Long-term
Memory
Info InfoShort-termMemory
Long-term
Memory
Demo
Bottleneck
Info InfoShort-termMemory
Long-term
Memory
Info InfoPrimaryMemory
SecondaryMemory
Waugh & Norman (1965)
Rehearsal
Note: Terms consistent with those used
by W. James (1890)
Forgetting
Info
SENSORY
STORES
Info Info
Short-termMemory
Controlprocesses
Long-term
Memory
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1971)
Forgetting Responseoutput
Primary Memory Secondary Memory
Short-term Store Long-term Store
Short-term Memory Long-term Memory
Immediate Memory(Miller, 1956)
Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction
What is the evidence?
Different capacitiesForgetting
Serial position curveAn approach to measurement
Dissociations
Quick Demo
Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction
What is the evidence?
Different capacitiesSTM - - 7 2 bits Chunking (recoding) in STM
LTM - - huge, don’t know whether we can max out
Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction
What is the evidence?Different capacities STM - - 7 2 bits Chunking (recoding) in STM LTM - - huge, don’t know whether
we can max out
Retention of info (forgetting) STM - - about 30 s LTM - - relatively permanent (one view)(can remember some things a very long time)
Refer back to demo
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position
List Position
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position
List Position
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Primacy
Recency
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position
List Position
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Primacy and middle
Recency
Recall from LTM
Recall fromSTM
Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction
What is the evidence?
Different capacities
Serial position curveAn approach to measurement
Dissociations
Serial position curveAn approach to measurement
How do you know whether an item has beenrecalled from STM or LTM?
Tulving and Colotla (1970) method count number of trials between study position and recall position (intratrial retention interval, ITRI)
If ITRI 7, item has been recalled from STM If ITRI > 7, item has been recalled from LTM
Study Position
aunt cat eye lace lid sap sun led sore red gap flu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Recall Position
flu red sore gap aunt cat lace 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Study Position
aunt cat eye lace lid sap sun led sore red gap flu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Recall Position
flu red sore aunt cat gap lid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ITRI 7, STM; flu: 0, red: 3, sore: 5, gap: 6ITRI > 7, LTM; aunt: 14, cat: 14, lid: 13
Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction
What is the evidence?
Different capacities
Serial position curveAn approach to measurement
Dissociations
Logic of a dissociation Try to find out whether there is more than one thing (e.g., memory store or memory process)
Water and mountain example
How can you find out whether there is one body of water or twobodies of water?
Do something to the water on the left – does it influence all of the water or just the water on the left?
Influence all of the water (in same way), then conclude one body of water.
Influence only the water on the left, then conclude two bodies of water.
Let’s say you do something to the water on left ( water level) and it affects only the water on the left. Conclusion: Two bodies of water.
What do you do if you want to be really sure about your conclusion?
Let’s say you do something to the water on left and it affects onlythe water on the left. Conclusion: Two bodies of water.
What do you do if you want to be really sure about your conclusion? Also do something to water on right (make ripples) and see what happens.
Dissociation
Employ a manipulation of some type
Performance in one condition changes but performance in another condition does not.
DissociationEmploy a manipulation of some type
Performance in one condition changes but performance in another condition does not.
In water example, left body of water changes (e.g., water level gets higher) but right body does not (e.g., water level doesn’t change)—dissociation.
If do something else (make ripples) to the right body of water at the same time and the right body changes (ripples) but the left body of water does not (no ripples)—dissociation.
Dissociation Apply this logic to the serial position curve
Dissociation Apply this logic to the serial position curve
Conduct some manipulationIf whole curve changes in same way,then conclude: just one type of memoryor memory store
If one part of curve changes but another part does not change, then conclude: more than one type of memory or memory store(e.g., two memory stores)
Manipulation #1
Presentation rate
Fast vs. slow
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and Presentation Rate
List Position
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Slow presentation
Fast presentation
Manipulation #1
Presentation rate
Fast vs. slow
dissociationaffect primacy and middle positionsbut not recency positions
Manipulation #1
Presentation rate
Fast vs. slow
dissociationaffect primacy and middle partsbut not recency part
Conclusion: Two different types of memory
Manipulation #1
Recall delay (retention interval)
Immediate vs. delayed recall
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and Recall Delay
List Position
Immediaterecall
Delayed recall
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
P(r)
1.0
0.0
Proportion of Items Recalled as a Function of List Position and Recall Delay
List Position
Immediaterecall
Delayed recall (10 s)
Delayed recall (30 s)
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Manipulation #1
Retention Interval
Immediate vs. delayed
dissociation affect recency positions but not primacy and middle positions
Manipulation #2
Retention Interval
Immediate vs. delayed
dissociation affect recency postitions but not primacy and middle positions
Conclusion: Two different types of memory
Short-term memory/Long-term memory distinction
What is the evidence?
Different capacitiesForgetting
Serial position curveAn approach to measurement
Dissociations
Have a good day!
top related