Sensation and Perception Unit 3 Chapter 4 Students will explain the processes of sensation and perception and describe the interaction between the person.
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Sensation and PerceptionSensation and Perception
Unit 3Unit 3
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Students will explain the processes of sensation and perception and describe the interaction between Students will explain the processes of sensation and perception and describe the interaction between the person and the environment to determine determining perception the person and the environment to determine determining perception
Basic ConceptsBasic Concepts
sensationsensation- stimulation of sense organs- stimulation of sense organs– converted into neural impulsesconverted into neural impulses
perceptionperception- selection, organization, and - selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory inputinterpretation of sensory input– meaningful experiencesmeaningful experiences
psychophysicspsychophysics- study of how - study of how physicalphysical stimuli are translated into stimuli are translated into psychologicalpsychological experiencesexperiences
P.23 Examine the processes of sensation and perception and elaborate on how they interact.P.23 Examine the processes of sensation and perception and elaborate on how they interact.
Thresholds: Looking for LimitsThresholds: Looking for Limits
thresholdsthresholds- dividing point between energy - dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a levels that do and do not have a detectable effectdetectable effect– absolute thresholdabsolute threshold:: minimumminimum stimulus stimulus
intensity detectedintensity detected– just noticeable differencejust noticeable difference: smallest : smallest differencedifference
in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detectdetect
P.24 Explain the concepts of threshold P.24 Explain the concepts of threshold and adaptation and adaptation
Examples of Absolute ThresholdsExamples of Absolute Thresholds
Sense Absolute Threshold
VisionVision A candle flame seen at 30 miles on a dark clear nightA candle flame seen at 30 miles on a dark clear night
HearingHearing The tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feetThe tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 feet
TasteTaste One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of waterOne teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water
SmellSmell One drop of perfume diffused into entire volume of a six One drop of perfume diffused into entire volume of a six room apartmentroom apartment
TouchTouch The wing of a fly falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 The wing of a fly falling on your cheek from a distance of 1 centimetercentimeter
P.24 Explain the concepts of threshold P.24 Explain the concepts of threshold and adaptation and adaptation
Signal Detection TheorySignal Detection Theory
proposes that detection of stimuli involves proposes that detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory decision processes as well as sensory processes, both influenced by variety of processes, both influenced by variety of factors besides stimulus intensityfactors besides stimulus intensity– expectationsexpectations– level of “noise”level of “noise”
Perception Without AwarenessPerception Without Awareness
subliminal perceptionsubliminal perception- registration of - registration of sensory input without conscious sensory input without conscious awarenessawareness– below thresholdbelow threshold– money, sex, money, sex,
religionreligion
Sensory AdaptationSensory Adaptation
gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulationstimulation
continued exposure = adaptation to continued exposure = adaptation to stimulusstimulus
automatic process that keeps people automatic process that keeps people tuned into tuned into changeschanges rather than rather than constantsconstants in their sensory inputin their sensory input
Our Sense of Sight: The Our Sense of Sight: The Visual SystemVisual System
Unit 3Unit 3
P.26 Describe the visual, sensory and P.26 Describe the visual, sensory and auditory sensory systems. auditory sensory systems.
The Stimulus: LightThe Stimulus: Light
lightlight- form of electromagnetic radiation that - form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wavetravels as a wave– Varies in both Varies in both amplitude amplitude and and wavelengthwavelength
Amplitude affects perception of brightnessAmplitude affects perception of brightness
Wavelength affects perception of colorWavelength affects perception of color
P.25 List forms of physical energy for which humans and nonhuman animals do and do not have sensory receptors. P.25 List forms of physical energy for which humans and nonhuman animals do and do not have sensory receptors.
The Eye: A Living Optical The Eye: A Living Optical InstrumentInstrument
cornea-cornea- provides 2/3 provides 2/3 of eyes total powerof eyes total power
lens-lens- focuses light focuses light rays on the retinarays on the retina
retinaretina- absorbs light, - absorbs light, processes images, processes images, sends visual info to sends visual info to brainbrain
pupil-pupil- permits light to permits light to pass into eyepass into eye
P.26 Describe the visual, sensory and auditory sensory systems. P.26 Describe the visual, sensory and auditory sensory systems.
Visual Receptors: Visual Receptors: Rods and ConesRods and Cones
RODSRODS
100-125 million rods100-125 million rods
night vision and night vision and peripheral visionperipheral vision
sensitive to dim lightsensitive to dim light
CONESCONES
5-6.4 million cones5-6.4 million cones
daylight vision and daylight vision and color visioncolor vision
visual acuityvisual acuity- - sharpness and sharpness and precise detailprecise detail
P.26 Describe the visual, sensory and P.26 Describe the visual, sensory and auditory sensory systems. auditory sensory systems.
Visual DeficienciesVisual Deficiencies
NearsightednessNearsightedness
close objects seen close objects seen clearly but distant clearly but distant objects appear blurryobjects appear blurry
light falls short of light falls short of retinaretina
eyeball is too longeyeball is too long
FarsightednessFarsightedness
distant objects seen distant objects seen clearly but close clearly but close objects appear blurryobjects appear blurry
light falls behind light falls behind retinaretina
eyeball is too shorteyeball is too short
P.26 Describe the visual, sensory and auditory sensory systemsP.26 Describe the visual, sensory and auditory sensory systems. .
Visual AdaptationVisual Adaptation
Dark AdaptationDark Adaptation
process by which the process by which the eyes become more eyes become more sensitive to light in sensitive to light in low illuminationlow illumination
Complete in 30 Complete in 30 minutesminutes
Light AdaptationLight Adaptation
process whereby process whereby eyes become less eyes become less sensitive to light in sensitive to light in high illuminationhigh illumination
Improves visual acuityImproves visual acuity
Viewing the World in ColorViewing the World in Color
trichromatic theorytrichromatic theory- human eye has three - human eye has three types of receptors with differing types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengthssensitivities to different light wavelengths– red, green and bluered, green and blue– ““color mixing” allows for all colorscolor mixing” allows for all colors
afterimageafterimage- visual image that persists after - visual image that persists after a stimulus is removeda stimulus is removed– color will be complement of original colorcolor will be complement of original color
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxqsBk7Wn-Yhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxqsBk7Wn-Y
Perceiving Forms, Patterns, Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objectsand Objects
Unit 3Unit 3
Perceptions are SubjectivePerceptions are Subjective
same visual input can result in radically same visual input can result in radically different perceptionsdifferent perceptions
perceptual setperceptual set- readiness to perceive a - readiness to perceive a stimulus is a particular waystimulus is a particular way
inattentional blindnessinattentional blindness- involves failure to - involves failure to see visible objects or events because see visible objects or events because attention is focused elsewhereattention is focused elsewhere
Looking at the Whole Picture: Looking at the Whole Picture: Gestalt PrinciplesGestalt Principles
Figure and GroundFigure and Ground
figurefigure is thing being is thing being looked at, while looked at, while groundground is background is background against which it against which it standsstands
figures appear closer, figures appear closer, stand out and have stand out and have more substancemore substance
P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of perception. perception.
P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of perception. perception.
Gestalt PrinciplesGestalt Principles
ProximityProximity
things that are near things that are near one another seem to one another seem to belong togetherbelong together
P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of perception. P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of perception.
Gestalt PrinciplesGestalt Principles
ClosureClosure
group elements to group elements to create completenesscreate completeness
fill in gapsfill in gaps
P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of perception. perception.
Gestalt PrinciplesGestalt Principles
SimilaritySimilarity
tendency to group tendency to group stimuli that are similarstimuli that are similar
same characteristicssame characteristics
P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of perception. perception.
Gestalt PrinciplesGestalt Principles
SimplicitySimplicity
Tendency to group Tendency to group elements that elements that combine to form a combine to form a good figuregood figure
Organize forms in Organize forms in simplest way possiblesimplest way possible
P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of perception. perception.
Gestalt PrinciplesGestalt Principles
ContinuityContinuity
follows in direction ledfollows in direction led
connect points that connect points that result in straight or result in straight or gently curved lines gently curved lines that create “smooth” that create “smooth” pathspaths
P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of P.28 Explain Gestalt’s principles of perception. perception.
Perceiving Depth of DistancePerceiving Depth of Distance
Binocular CuesBinocular Cuesclues about distance based on clues about distance based on differing views of the differing views of the two eyestwo eyes
retinal disparityretinal disparity- images - images projected to different locations projected to different locations on right and left retinason right and left retinas
convergenceconvergence- sensing the - sensing the eyes converging toward each eyes converging toward each other as they focus on closer other as they focus on closer objectsobjects
Monocular CuesMonocular Cuesclues about distance based on clues about distance based on the image in either eye the image in either eye alonealone
motion parallaxmotion parallax- images - images projected at different distances projected at different distances moving across retina at moving across retina at different ratesdifferent rates
pictorial depth cuespictorial depth cues- -
clues about distanceclues about distance
given in a flat picturegiven in a flat picture
depth perceptiondepth perception- interpretation of visual cues - interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects arethat indicate how near or far away objects are
P.29 Describe binocular and monocular depth cues. P.29 Describe binocular and monocular depth cues.
Phi PhenomenonPhi Phenomenon
• illusion of movement created by illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid presenting visual stimuli in rapid successionsuccession
• our perceptions fill in the gaps to perceive our perceptions fill in the gaps to perceive motionmotion
Stroboscopic PhotographyStroboscopic Photography
Our Sense of Hearing: Our Sense of Hearing: The Auditory SystemThe Auditory System
The Stimulus: SoundThe Stimulus: Sound
sound waves are vibrations of molecules sound waves are vibrations of molecules that travel through physical mediumthat travel through physical medium– wavelengthwavelength described in terms of frequency described in terms of frequency
cycles per second, hertz (Hz)cycles per second, hertz (Hz)
– amplitudeamplitude described in terms of loudness described in terms of loudnessmeasured in decibels (dB)measured in decibels (dB)
Sensory Processing in the EarSensory Processing in the Ear
external earexternal ear– vibration of air vibration of air
moleculesmolecules
middle earmiddle ear– vibration of movable vibration of movable
bonesbones
inner earinner ear– waves in a fluidwaves in a fluid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flIAxGsV1q0
The human earThe human ear
pinnapinna- sound - sound collecting bonecollecting bone
hammer, anvil, hammer, anvil, stirrupstirrup- amplify tiny - amplify tiny changes in air changes in air pressurepressure
cochleacochlea- contains - contains receptors for hearingreceptors for hearing
Our Chemical Senses: Our Chemical Senses: Taste and SmellTaste and Smell
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJud8MKrvBEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJud8MKrvBE
Taste: The Gustatory SystemTaste: The Gustatory System
Chemical substances that are solubleChemical substances that are soluble
Receptors are clusters of taste cells on Receptors are clusters of taste cells on taste budstaste buds– short life of 10 daysshort life of 10 days– perception depend on patterns from receptorsperception depend on patterns from receptors
Four primary tastesFour primary tastes– sweet, sour, salty, bittersweet, sour, salty, bitter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyrIxAXZISchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyrIxAXZISc
Smell: The Olfactory SystemSmell: The Olfactory System
chemical substances-volatile ones that chemical substances-volatile ones that evaporate and spread throughout the airevaporate and spread throughout the air– dissolved in fluid, mucus in the nosedissolved in fluid, mucus in the nose
olfactory ciliaolfactory cilia- hairlike structures in upper - hairlike structures in upper portion of nasal passagesportion of nasal passages– short life (30-60 days)short life (30-60 days)
Sensory adaptation = 4 minutesSensory adaptation = 4 minutes
Our Sense of TouchOur Sense of Touch
conversion of physical sensation into a conversion of physical sensation into a psychological experiencepsychological experience
mechanical, thermal and chemical energymechanical, thermal and chemical energy– pressure of touch in warmth, cold and painpressure of touch in warmth, cold and pain
P.27 Describe other sensory systems, including olfaction and gustation, and identify skin senses, kinesthesis, and vestibular P.27 Describe other sensory systems, including olfaction and gustation, and identify skin senses, kinesthesis, and vestibular sense.sense.
Puzzles in Pain PerceptionPuzzles in Pain Perception
Pain PathwaysPain Pathways1.1. Fast- registers Fast- registers
localized pain and localized pain and relays it to cortex in relays it to cortex in fraction of a secondfraction of a second
2.2. Slow- conveys Slow- conveys longer lasting, longer lasting, aching or burning aching or burning pain that comes pain that comes after initial injuryafter initial injury
Gate Control TheoryGate Control TheoryIncoming pain Incoming pain sensations must pass sensations must pass through “gate” in through “gate” in spinal cord that can spinal cord that can be closed, blocking be closed, blocking ascending pain ascending pain signalssignalsCognitive and Cognitive and emotional processes emotional processes block pain signalsblock pain signals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mHIv5ToMTMhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mHIv5ToMTM
Our Other SystemsOur Other Systems
KinestheticKinesthetic
monitors positions of monitors positions of various body partsvarious body parts
receptors located in joints receptors located in joints and musclesand muscles
VestibularVestibular
responds to gravity and responds to gravity and keeps you informed keeps you informed about you body’s about you body’s location in spacelocation in space
provides the sense of provides the sense of balance and equilibriumbalance and equilibrium
receptors located within receptors located within semicircular canals of semicircular canals of earear
P.27 Describe other sensory systems, including olfaction and gustation, and identify skin senses, kinesthesis, and P.27 Describe other sensory systems, including olfaction and gustation, and identify skin senses, kinesthesis, and vestibular sense.vestibular sense.
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