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Chapter 1. Separation Processes
2012. 1학기
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분리공정의 중요성
Energy Consumption• 분리공정이 화학 / 생물 공정에 !" #$ 에%&' (
)*+ .• ,-/ 0 / 23이 4요5 .
67!!8 -9의 생:• ; : enantiomerically pure components
• Softenon : (R-enantiomer), ?@ (S-enantio
mer)• Aspartame : AB (S, S) , B (R, R)• Limonen : DEF (S), GH&F (R)
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Separations
Separations• Enrichment
• Concentration
• urification
• Refining
• !solation
Separations are important to chemist an" chemical engineers• Chemist : Small scale (Analytical separation metho"s)
• Chemical Engineers : Economical, large scale metho"s
#
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!n"ustrial Chemical rocesses
$
• Natural raw material
• Plant or animal matter
• Chemical intermediate
• Chemicals of commerce
• Waste products
Feed
• Batchwise
• Continuous
• Semicontinuous
Mode of Operation
• Key Operation
• Reaction
• Separation
• Auxiliary Operation
• Heat Wor!
• "ixin#$ %i&idin#
• Si'e reduction
Operation
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%ypothetical &s. !n"ustrial rocesses
• Simple ,hypothetical process is not possi'le• !mpurities in the fee"
• Si"e Reactions
• Separation processes are important in real in"ustrial application
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echanism of Separation
i*ing : Spontaneous, natural process Separation : +ot spontaneous process
• Reuire energy (heat / or)
uestion : 0hy 1
2
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3eneral Separation 4echniue
Separation 'y hase Creation• Energy (heat/or) ' 이>IJ KLM NO Q• R , T정화
Separation 'y hase A""ition• - # 의 물U (SA : ass Separating Agent) ' V!IJ 분리• >- VW
Separation 'y 5arrier• 5arrier (mem'rane X ) O 이>IJ 분리• Y분리
Separation 'y Soli" Agent• Z[ 성U이 \]^ 6_' `>• , b리d
Separation 'y 6orce 6iel" or 3ra"ient• 중 , fg , ?" XO `>• fg 분리? , 7
8
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Classification of Separation 4echniues
9
5arrier
6orce fiel"or gra"ient
(eed
Phase )
Phase *
+i, By Phase Creation
(eed
Phase )
Phase *
(eed
Phase )
Phase *
(eed
Phase )
Phase *
(eed
Phase )
Phase *
+ii, By Phase Addition
+iii , By Barrier
+i-, By Solid A#ent +-i, By (orce (ield or .radient
"SA
ass Separating Agent
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ri&ing 6orce of Separation :3ra"ient of Concentration
• Rate of Separation : how fast ? • 3o&erne" 'y mass transfer
• E*tent of Separation : how far ? • Limite" 'y thermodynamics
•
roperties of !mportance"olecular Properties /hermodynamic and /ransport Properties
"olecular Wei#ht
-an der Waals -olume
-an der Waals Area
"olecular Shape +Accentric (actor,
%ipole "omentPolari'a0ility
%ielectric Constant
1lectric Char#e
Radius of .yration
-apor Pressure
Solu0ility
Adsorpti&ity
%iffusi&ity
;
• Handbooks• Journals• Electronic Databases• Commercial Process Simulators
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Separation 5y hase A""ition or Creation -
>>
@/L
L
L
%istillation
+Heat transfer +1SA, or sometimes wor! transfer,
• When the &olatility difference
amon# species are not sufficiently
lar#e
• "ost widely used industrial
separation techni3ue• "ultiple contact 0etween counter
current flow of -4 in trays
+sta#es, 5
Rectifyin# section
Strippin# section
Condenser
Re0oiler
Reflux
Re0oil
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istillation 4oer
>
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Separation 5y hase A""ition or Creation - #
>#
@/L
L
L
A'eotropic %istillation
4i3uid entrainer +"SA,
and Heat /ransfer +1SA,
Recycle MSA
Makeup MSA
Reco&ery of acetic acid from water
usin# n20utyl acetate
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Separation 5y hase A""ition or Creation - $
>$
MSA (L)
L>
L
L>
4i3uid 6 4i3uid 1xtraction
4i3uid sol&ent+"SA,
Reco&ery of Aromatics
MSA2 (L)
L
L
L
4i3uid24i3uid 1xtraction
+/wo Sol&ent,
7se of Propane and Cresylic acid as sol&ents to separate
paraffins from aromatics and naphthenes
MSA1 (L)
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Separation 5y hase A""ition or Creation -
>
%ryin# 1&aporation Crystalli'ation %esu0limation
@ (@)
L/(S) S
@
L
(@)
L L
S
@
S
L @
Removal of water from PVCEvaporationof water from
ater ! "rea
Cry#talli$ation o p%&ylenefrom m%&ylene
Recovery of p't'alic an'yrie
eat tran#fer (ESA)
eat tran#fer (ESA) eat tran#fer (ESA) eat tran#fer (ESA)
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CrystalliBer
>2
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Separation 5y hase A""ition or Creation - 2
>8
4eachin# +4i3uid2Solid 1xtraction, (oam (ractionation
S
SA (L)
S
L
L
SA (g)
L (foam)
@
L
E*traction of #u+ar u#in+ 'ot water
Li,ui Solvent
Recovery of eter+ent from water #oln-
.a# /u00le# (MSA)
etergent ten" torise ith gas 'u''le
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Separation 'y 'arrier - >
>;
Osmosis Re&erse Osmosis %ialysis
L
L
L
L
L
Nonporous mem0rane Nonporous mem0rane Porous mem0rane
Concentration #radient Pressure .radient Concentration .radient
Pressure .radient%esalination of sea water Reco&ery of caustic
from hemicellulose
sol&ent
sol&ent
smallersolute
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Separation 'y 'arrier -
?
"icrofiltration 7ltrafilration Per&aporation
L
L
L
L
@
"icroporous mem0rane "icroporous mem0rane Nonporous mem0rane
Pressure #radient Pressure .radient Pressure .radient
Separation of whey from
cheese
Separation of a'eotropic
mixtures
L
L
L
Remo&al of 0acterial
(rom drin!in# water
L
?.?->? µm > – ? nm
sol&entsol&ent gas (e&aporation)
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Separation 'y 'arrier - #
>
.as permeation4i3uid "em0rane
@
@
@
@/L
@/L
Nonporous mem0rane4i3uid mem0rane
Pressure .radient Pressure .radient
Hydro#en enrichment Remo&al of hydro#en sulfide
@/L
gas
3as mi*ture
Liui" layer
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Liui" em'rane
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Separation 'y soli" agent
$
Adsorption Chromato#raphy 8on 1xchan#e
Solid Adsor0ent Solid adsor0ent or li3uid
Adsor0ent on solid support
Resin with ion2acti&e sites
Separation of xylene isomers
and ethyl0en'ene
%eminerali'ation of water
Purification of
p2xylene
@/L
@/L
@/L @/L
@/L
L
L
L
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Separation 'y soli" agent
• A"sorption• A"sor'ent
• Acti&ate" car'on
• Aluminum o*i"e
• Silica gel
• Deolite a"sor'ents (olecularsie&e)
• A"sorption / Regeneration
• Regeneration metho"s• 4hermal Sing (4SA)
• ressure Sing (SA)
• !nert purge stripping• isplacement "esorption
%y"rogen SA nits
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Centrifugation
8
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Electro"ialysis
9
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Electrophoresis ( ?jk )
;
"#in+ ifferent mi+ration velocitie# of c'ar+e colloial or#u#pene #pecie# in a electrical fiel
Application /ioc'emical#
6i l" 6l S ti
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6iel" 6lo Separation6iel" 6lo 6ractionation (666)
#?
Micromolecular ancolloial material#
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Component Reco&eries an" ro"uct urity
• Separation process• +o reaction
• Continuous an" stea"y state
i : 1 ~ C Number of Components
p : 1~ N Product phases F : feed
)()1()()!()1(
1
)()(
""" N
i
N
iiii
N
p
p
i
F
i nnnnnnn +++++== −
=∑
#>
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E*ample %y"rocar'on Reco&ery lant
#
urpose :ro"uction of polymers
- - 5….
S li 6 i " S li R i
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Split 6raction an" Split Ratio
• Split fraction ( ? >)
• Split ratio ( ? &ery large &alue)
)(
#
)1(
#
# F
k i
k i
k in
nSF =
)1( #
#
)!(
#
)1(#
#
k i
k i
k i
k i
k iSF
SF
n
nSR
−==
##
i : component
k : separator
(F) : feed
(1) : first product (ex: top product)
(2) : second product (ex : bottom product)
성분 i 의 pro"uct /fee"
성분 i 의 top / 'ottom
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Separation oer
)1$()1(
$
$
$)!()1(
)!()1(
#
ji
ji
j
i
j j
ii ji
SF SF
SF SF
SR
SR
C C
C C SP
−−===
%e&'component split Column SPSeparation Po(er
nC)H1* $ iC+H1! C1 1,"1
CH-$iC)H1* C! ,1*
iC)H1*$nC)H1* C ,,".
#$
l i f i'l i
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Selection of 6easi'le Separation
Selection of a 'est separation processes• Selection among a num'er of feasi'le can"i"ates
• 4o or more operations may 'e the 'est
!mportant 6actors that influence the selectionof feasi'le separation operations
• 6ee" con"itions
• ro"uct con"itions
• roperty "ifferences
• Characteristics of separation
#
6 h ! fl h S l i f 6 i'l
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6actors that !nfluence the Selection of 6easi'leSeparation Fperation
(eed condition Compositions
(low rate
/emperature
Pressure
Phase state
Product conditions Re3uired purities of products
/emperatures
Pressures
Phase states
Property differences "olecular
/hermodynamic
/ransport
Characteristics of separationoperation
1ase of scale2up1ase of sta#in#
/$ P$ Phase2state re3uirements
Physical si'e limiation
1ner#y re3uirement
#2
"ost important
Can 0e altered 0y pump$
Compressor$ heat exchan#ers$ 9
4echnological an" se aturity of Separation rocess
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4echnological an" se aturity of Separation rocesses
#8
Separation/y /arrier
Separation 0y Soli a+ent
Creation of Aition ofSecon P'a#e Cheap
E*pensi&e
E f S l
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Ease of Scale-up
#9
G H ?? I H >? I
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